Ecology Part 3 Food chain is the sequence
![Ecology Part 3 Ecology Part 3](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-1.jpg)
![Food chain is the sequence of organisms including producers (autotrophs), primary consumers (herbivores), secondary Food chain is the sequence of organisms including producers (autotrophs), primary consumers (herbivores), secondary](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-2.jpg)
![These are 2 food chains for two different environments, terrestrial and marine. These are 2 food chains for two different environments, terrestrial and marine.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-3.jpg)
![The mouse in the food chain to the left is operating as a: A) The mouse in the food chain to the left is operating as a: A)](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-4.jpg)
![ANS: B The mouse is consuming a grasshopper, which is primary consumer. Secondary consumers ANS: B The mouse is consuming a grasshopper, which is primary consumer. Secondary consumers](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-5.jpg)
![The primary consumer in this food chain is A) the hawk B) the daisy The primary consumer in this food chain is A) the hawk B) the daisy](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-6.jpg)
![ANS: C The grasshopper is eating plants, which makes the grasshopper a primary consumer. ANS: C The grasshopper is eating plants, which makes the grasshopper a primary consumer.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-7.jpg)
![The phytoplankton in this food chain is operating as a A) primary consumer B) The phytoplankton in this food chain is operating as a A) primary consumer B)](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-8.jpg)
![ANS: E Phytoplankton (such as algae) are producers that can make their own “food” ANS: E Phytoplankton (such as algae) are producers that can make their own “food”](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-9.jpg)
![In most communities the food chains are completely intertwined to form a food web. In most communities the food chains are completely intertwined to form a food web.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-10.jpg)
![The successive levels of food and energy in the food chains are called trophic The successive levels of food and energy in the food chains are called trophic](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-11.jpg)
![This pyramid reflects a(n) _______ in moving from the bottom to the top. A) This pyramid reflects a(n) _______ in moving from the bottom to the top. A)](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-12.jpg)
![ANS: C There is a loss energy from one trophic level to the ANS: C There is a loss energy from one trophic level to the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-13.jpg)
![Less than 10 % of the energy can make it from level to the Less than 10 % of the energy can make it from level to the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-14.jpg)
![Which of the following is NOT a reason why some of the usable energy Which of the following is NOT a reason why some of the usable energy](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-15.jpg)
![ANS: B There is a loss energy from one trophic level to the next ANS: B There is a loss energy from one trophic level to the next](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-16.jpg)
![This is represented by the pyramid of productivity with the producers at the base This is represented by the pyramid of productivity with the producers at the base](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-17.jpg)
![The pyramid of productivity is the basis that a pyramid of biomass exists. In The pyramid of productivity is the basis that a pyramid of biomass exists. In](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-18.jpg)
![Which of the following is not supported by the pyramid of productivity? A) Pyramid Which of the following is not supported by the pyramid of productivity? A) Pyramid](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-19.jpg)
![ANS: B Net productivity is the excess amount of carbon that is fixed into ANS: B Net productivity is the excess amount of carbon that is fixed into](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-20.jpg)
![Because of energy loss, in general moving from the producers to the tertiary consumers, Because of energy loss, in general moving from the producers to the tertiary consumers,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-21.jpg)
![The pyramid of productivity and the pyramid of biomass support the pyramid of numbers. The pyramid of productivity and the pyramid of biomass support the pyramid of numbers.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-22.jpg)
![Gross primary productivity is the rate at which producers to “fix” or convert carbon Gross primary productivity is the rate at which producers to “fix” or convert carbon](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-23.jpg)
![Sea otters are considered to be a keystone predator species. Sea otters prey on Sea otters are considered to be a keystone predator species. Sea otters prey on](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-24.jpg)
![Which of the following is considered to the keystone species in this drawing? A) Which of the following is considered to the keystone species in this drawing? A)](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-25.jpg)
![ANS: B A keystone species is one that would have devasting effects if is ANS: B A keystone species is one that would have devasting effects if is](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-26.jpg)
![Foundation species are species that exert their effect by changing their environment profoundly. Ex. Foundation species are species that exert their effect by changing their environment profoundly. Ex.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-27.jpg)
![While both of these ecosystems have the same number of species of trees, the While both of these ecosystems have the same number of species of trees, the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-28.jpg)
![Which of the following is more susceptible to damage from some sort of ecological Which of the following is more susceptible to damage from some sort of ecological](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-29.jpg)
![ANS: D A cornfield typically has only one species of plant. This makes the ANS: D A cornfield typically has only one species of plant. This makes the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-30.jpg)
![Which of the following is true concerning the drawing? A) Community 2 has more Which of the following is true concerning the drawing? A) Community 2 has more](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-31.jpg)
![ANS: D Both forest have four different species of trees present but the first ANS: D Both forest have four different species of trees present but the first](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-32.jpg)
![Succession: is the process of change in which one community of organisms replaces another. Succession: is the process of change in which one community of organisms replaces another.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-33.jpg)
![Primary succession: begins with bare rock or sand involves the first building of soil. Primary succession: begins with bare rock or sand involves the first building of soil.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-34.jpg)
![Primary succession: often the first organisms to colonize a “new” area will be lichens Primary succession: often the first organisms to colonize a “new” area will be lichens](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-35.jpg)
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-36.jpg)
![Another example of succession is that found in a pond. First the pond is Another example of succession is that found in a pond. First the pond is](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-37.jpg)
![The beginnings of pond succession. It is barren with little vegetation. 50 yrs. the The beginnings of pond succession. It is barren with little vegetation. 50 yrs. the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-38.jpg)
![Secondary succession- Soil is present and occurs at a much more rapid rate. The Secondary succession- Soil is present and occurs at a much more rapid rate. The](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-39.jpg)
![Which of the following is an example of an event that would require primary Which of the following is an example of an event that would require primary](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-40.jpg)
![ANS: A Primary succession involves the building of soil. Of the conditions listed above, ANS: A Primary succession involves the building of soil. Of the conditions listed above,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-41.jpg)
![Ecological succession may lead to a stable community of plants and animals called the Ecological succession may lead to a stable community of plants and animals called the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-42.jpg)
![Most land (terrestrial) biomes are named for their climax community or dominant type of Most land (terrestrial) biomes are named for their climax community or dominant type of](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-43.jpg)
![TUNDRA Where Found: northern North America, Europe, Asia Plants: mosses, lichens, grasses, a few TUNDRA Where Found: northern North America, Europe, Asia Plants: mosses, lichens, grasses, a few](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-44.jpg)
![TAIGA (sometimes called “coniferous forest”) Where Found: most of Canada and Asia Plants: pine TAIGA (sometimes called “coniferous forest”) Where Found: most of Canada and Asia Plants: pine](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-45.jpg)
![TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST Where Found: southern Canada, eastern U. S. , Europe, and Japan TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST Where Found: southern Canada, eastern U. S. , Europe, and Japan](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-46.jpg)
![GRASSLANDS Where Found: interior of many continents Plants: grasses and small leafy plants Animals: GRASSLANDS Where Found: interior of many continents Plants: grasses and small leafy plants Animals:](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-47.jpg)
![TROPICAL RAIN FORESTS Where Found: South America, S. E. Asia, Central Africa, Central America TROPICAL RAIN FORESTS Where Found: South America, S. E. Asia, Central Africa, Central America](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-48.jpg)
![DESERTS Where Found: northern Africa, southern Asia, central Australia Plants: cactus and other non-leafy DESERTS Where Found: northern Africa, southern Asia, central Australia Plants: cactus and other non-leafy](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-49.jpg)
![Nutrients are recycled into the ecosystem unlike energy which passes through. The major nutrient Nutrients are recycled into the ecosystem unlike energy which passes through. The major nutrient](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-50.jpg)
![In the carbon cycle, carbon is recycled mainly through the process of photosynthesis, cellular In the carbon cycle, carbon is recycled mainly through the process of photosynthesis, cellular](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-51.jpg)
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-52.jpg)
![Nitrogen is used for proteins and nucleic acids. The air is over 75% N Nitrogen is used for proteins and nucleic acids. The air is over 75% N](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-53.jpg)
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-54.jpg)
![Plants absorb water through their roots. Land animals absorb water from their food or Plants absorb water through their roots. Land animals absorb water from their food or](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-55.jpg)
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-56.jpg)
![Thermoclines and Lake Turnover Lake turnover is the process of a lake's water turning Thermoclines and Lake Turnover Lake turnover is the process of a lake's water turning](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-57.jpg)
![The phosphate cycle is the one nutrient that does not have an atmospheric component. The phosphate cycle is the one nutrient that does not have an atmospheric component.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-58.jpg)
![There are times when unwanted chemicals accumulate in organisms through the food chain. In There are times when unwanted chemicals accumulate in organisms through the food chain. In](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-59.jpg)
- Slides: 59
![Ecology Part 3 Ecology Part 3](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-1.jpg)
Ecology Part 3
![Food chain is the sequence of organisms including producers autotrophs primary consumers herbivores secondary Food chain is the sequence of organisms including producers (autotrophs), primary consumers (herbivores), secondary](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-2.jpg)
Food chain is the sequence of organisms including producers (autotrophs), primary consumers (herbivores), secondary consumer, (carnivores eating herbivores), tertiary consumers (carnivore eating carnivores), and decomposers, through which energy and materials may move in a community. In most communities the food chain are called trophic levels.
![These are 2 food chains for two different environments terrestrial and marine These are 2 food chains for two different environments, terrestrial and marine.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-3.jpg)
These are 2 food chains for two different environments, terrestrial and marine.
![The mouse in the food chain to the left is operating as a A The mouse in the food chain to the left is operating as a: A)](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-4.jpg)
The mouse in the food chain to the left is operating as a: A) primary consumer B) secondary consumer C) tertiary consumer D) quaternary consumer E) producer
![ANS B The mouse is consuming a grasshopper which is primary consumer Secondary consumers ANS: B The mouse is consuming a grasshopper, which is primary consumer. Secondary consumers](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-5.jpg)
ANS: B The mouse is consuming a grasshopper, which is primary consumer. Secondary consumers “eat” primary consumers.
![The primary consumer in this food chain is A the hawk B the daisy The primary consumer in this food chain is A) the hawk B) the daisy](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-6.jpg)
The primary consumer in this food chain is A) the hawk B) the daisy C) the grasshopper D) the mouse E) Snake
![ANS C The grasshopper is eating plants which makes the grasshopper a primary consumer ANS: C The grasshopper is eating plants, which makes the grasshopper a primary consumer.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-7.jpg)
ANS: C The grasshopper is eating plants, which makes the grasshopper a primary consumer.
![The phytoplankton in this food chain is operating as a A primary consumer B The phytoplankton in this food chain is operating as a A) primary consumer B)](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-8.jpg)
The phytoplankton in this food chain is operating as a A) primary consumer B) secondary consumer C) tertiary consumer. D) quarternary consumer E) producer
![ANS E Phytoplankton such as algae are producers that can make their own food ANS: E Phytoplankton (such as algae) are producers that can make their own “food”](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-9.jpg)
ANS: E Phytoplankton (such as algae) are producers that can make their own “food” through photosynthesis
![In most communities the food chains are completely intertwined to form a food web In most communities the food chains are completely intertwined to form a food web.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-10.jpg)
In most communities the food chains are completely intertwined to form a food web. The direction of the arrow indicates the movement of energy and material.
![The successive levels of food and energy in the food chains are called trophic The successive levels of food and energy in the food chains are called trophic](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-11.jpg)
The successive levels of food and energy in the food chains are called trophic levels. The producers constitute the first trophic level, and the primary consumers, the second and so on. Since many species eat a varied diet, trophic levels are not hard-and-fast categories. At each trophic level there is a loss of energy from the system. Only a small percentage of the energy at one trophic level is available for the next.
![This pyramid reflects an in moving from the bottom to the top A This pyramid reflects a(n) _______ in moving from the bottom to the top. A)](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-12.jpg)
This pyramid reflects a(n) _______ in moving from the bottom to the top. A) a gain in biomass B) increase in numbers of individuals C) loss of energy D) decrease in the size of the organism E) in light energy
![ANS C There is a loss energy from one trophic level to the ANS: C There is a loss energy from one trophic level to the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-13.jpg)
ANS: C There is a loss energy from one trophic level to the next due to % of energy converted to unusable energy, when consumed, not all the energy (matter) is used, and if it is a stable ecosystem some of the food will not be eaten.
![Less than 10 of the energy can make it from level to the Less than 10 % of the energy can make it from level to the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-14.jpg)
Less than 10 % of the energy can make it from level to the next. There are reasons why only 10% of the energy can move from one level to the next. 1. Lack of complete consumer harvest of available biomass. 2. The inability to assimilate all that is consumed. 3. Loss of energy due to dissipation of heat energy. 4. Energy used for growth and reproduction.
![Which of the following is NOT a reason why some of the usable energy Which of the following is NOT a reason why some of the usable energy](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-15.jpg)
Which of the following is NOT a reason why some of the usable energy is not transferred from one trophic level to another? A) There is a loss in usable energy due to conversion to heat energy. B) There is less food eaten at each successive level C) The supporting trophic level is not completely consumed by the successive trophic level. D) Food consumed is not completely digested. E) A great amount of energy is used for growth and reproduction
![ANS B There is a loss energy from one trophic level to the next ANS: B There is a loss energy from one trophic level to the next](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-16.jpg)
ANS: B There is a loss energy from one trophic level to the next due to % of energy converted to unusable energy, when consumed, not all the energy (matter) is used, and if it is a stable ecosystem some of the food will not be eaten.
![This is represented by the pyramid of productivity with the producers at the base This is represented by the pyramid of productivity with the producers at the base](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-17.jpg)
This is represented by the pyramid of productivity with the producers at the base and the last consumer at the top. Usually producers are engaged in photosynthesis but the term also includes chemosynthesis. In general only 10% of the energy from one level can move to a successive level. The right is showing the flow of energy.
![The pyramid of productivity is the basis that a pyramid of biomass exists In The pyramid of productivity is the basis that a pyramid of biomass exists. In](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-18.jpg)
The pyramid of productivity is the basis that a pyramid of biomass exists. In general the decrease of energy at each successive trophic level means that less biomass can be supported at each level. Hence the total mass of carnivores in a given community is almost always less than the total mass of herbivores. However the size, growth rate, and longevity of the species at various trophic levels are important determining factors.
![Which of the following is not supported by the pyramid of productivity A Pyramid Which of the following is not supported by the pyramid of productivity? A) Pyramid](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-19.jpg)
Which of the following is not supported by the pyramid of productivity? A) Pyramid of numbers B) Pyramid of net productivity C) Pyramid of energy D) Pyramid of biomass
![ANS B Net productivity is the excess amount of carbon that is fixed into ANS: B Net productivity is the excess amount of carbon that is fixed into](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-20.jpg)
ANS: B Net productivity is the excess amount of carbon that is fixed into organic compounds after the consumers have utilized the organic compounds in the ecosystem. Net productivity can either positive meaning that more carbon is being fixed than consumed or it can be negative meaning that more carbon compounds are being consumed than fixed.
![Because of energy loss in general moving from the producers to the tertiary consumers Because of energy loss, in general moving from the producers to the tertiary consumers,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-21.jpg)
Because of energy loss, in general moving from the producers to the tertiary consumers, there is a decrease in biomass. However in certain aquatic ecosystems this is not the case because the reproduction of the algae occurs at a fast rate, and they are consumed at a fast rate. At any one moment, there may be a greater mass of primary consumers than producers (this is an exception!)
![The pyramid of productivity and the pyramid of biomass support the pyramid of numbers The pyramid of productivity and the pyramid of biomass support the pyramid of numbers.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-22.jpg)
The pyramid of productivity and the pyramid of biomass support the pyramid of numbers. This is because in general, carnivores are larger than the herbivorous prey. Since total biomass tends to decline at successive trophic levels, it follows the number of individuals must decline at each level (except decomposer which outnumber all other groups combined).
![Gross primary productivity is the rate at which producers to fix or convert carbon Gross primary productivity is the rate at which producers to “fix” or convert carbon](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-23.jpg)
Gross primary productivity is the rate at which producers to “fix” or convert carbon dioxide into organic material. Consumers reduce gross primary productivity by consuming the producers. Producers also reduce gross primary productivity because they also engage in cellular respiration. Net primary productivity is the rate at which organic material is produced beyond what is needed by the producers in an ecosystem. A dominant species in an ecosystem is a species present in the greatest numbers or greatest biomass. A keystone species is an important species that can exert an effect on regulating others in a community.
![Sea otters are considered to be a keystone predator species Sea otters prey on Sea otters are considered to be a keystone predator species. Sea otters prey on](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-24.jpg)
Sea otters are considered to be a keystone predator species. Sea otters prey on sea urchins. Sea urchins eat kelp. Where sea otters are plentiful, sea urchins are rare and kelp beds are plentiful. Where sea otters are population is low, sea urchins are plentiful and kelp beds are almost absent. Whales in the last 20 years have been preying on sea otters, this has increased the sea urchin population and decreased the kelp beds off the coast of western Alaska.
![Which of the following is considered to the keystone species in this drawing A Which of the following is considered to the keystone species in this drawing? A)](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-25.jpg)
Which of the following is considered to the keystone species in this drawing? A) whales D) kelp B) otters E) cannot be determined C) sea urchins
![ANS B A keystone species is one that would have devasting effects if is ANS: B A keystone species is one that would have devasting effects if is](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-26.jpg)
ANS: B A keystone species is one that would have devasting effects if is were removed from the ecosystem. Otters are the keystone species. For example, otters feed on sea urchins and sea urchins feed on kelp. Where otters are present, sea urchins are rate and kelp beds are abundant. When otters are absent, urchins a plentiful and the kelp beds are reduced. Recently the orca whales have been preying on sea otters. This increases the sea urchins and decreases the kelp beds.
![Foundation species are species that exert their effect by changing their environment profoundly Ex Foundation species are species that exert their effect by changing their environment profoundly. Ex.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-27.jpg)
Foundation species are species that exert their effect by changing their environment profoundly. Ex. Beavers can profoundly change the environment by damming a creek or river. Species diversity refers to the different number of species in a given area. One should also looks at relative numbers of each species as well. This factor is called species richness. In general, the greater the species diversity of an ecosystem, the more stable the ecosystem. An ecosystem with fewer species may be more susceptible to damage from some sort of disturbance, however it may recover quickly. An ecosystem with more species may be more stable and less resistant to change from a disturbance, however it may be more difficult for the ecosystem to recover when a serious disturbance does occur.
![While both of these ecosystems have the same number of species of trees the While both of these ecosystems have the same number of species of trees, the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-28.jpg)
While both of these ecosystems have the same number of species of trees, the first community is more stable because of the relative number of individual trees is almost equal unlike the second community where one species dominates. This first community is described as having species richness.
![Which of the following is more susceptible to damage from some sort of ecological Which of the following is more susceptible to damage from some sort of ecological](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-29.jpg)
Which of the following is more susceptible to damage from some sort of ecological disturbance? A) a desert B) a temperate deciduous forest C) a coniferous forest D) a corn field E) a savannah
![ANS D A cornfield typically has only one species of plant This makes the ANS: D A cornfield typically has only one species of plant. This makes the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-30.jpg)
ANS: D A cornfield typically has only one species of plant. This makes the biome very vulnerable to disease compared to the other biomes
![Which of the following is true concerning the drawing A Community 2 has more Which of the following is true concerning the drawing? A) Community 2 has more](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-31.jpg)
Which of the following is true concerning the drawing? A) Community 2 has more species diversity than community 2. B) Community 2 has more species diversity than community 1. C) Community 2 has more species richness than community 1. D) Community 1 has more species richness than community 2.
![ANS D Both forest have four different species of trees present but the first ANS: D Both forest have four different species of trees present but the first](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-32.jpg)
ANS: D Both forest have four different species of trees present but the first forest has almost equal numbers of the four different trees whereas the second drawing has mostly species A. The first drawing is considered to have more species richness than the second drawing.
![Succession is the process of change in which one community of organisms replaces another Succession: is the process of change in which one community of organisms replaces another.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-33.jpg)
Succession: is the process of change in which one community of organisms replaces another. This happens after some sort of change- volcano, fire, tornado, etc has disturbed the environment. As each community is established, the environment is modified and change making it possible for another community to become establish.
![Primary succession begins with bare rock or sand involves the first building of soil Primary succession: begins with bare rock or sand involves the first building of soil.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-34.jpg)
Primary succession: begins with bare rock or sand involves the first building of soil. Once organisms colonize an area, they change it so that other organisms may follow. Examples include what happens after a volcano erupts or glacier retreats.
![Primary succession often the first organisms to colonize a new area will be lichens Primary succession: often the first organisms to colonize a “new” area will be lichens](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-35.jpg)
Primary succession: often the first organisms to colonize a “new” area will be lichens followed by mosses. These plants may produce acids as a waste produce that breaks down rocks leading to the formation of soil. Once soil formation is begun, ferns may come in and colonized the area. Its rhizoids helping to form more soil, and as they die and decompose, the soil may become more rich suitable for different types of organisms. It is easy to see that organisms can change the environment they interact with.
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-36.jpg)
![Another example of succession is that found in a pond First the pond is Another example of succession is that found in a pond. First the pond is](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-37.jpg)
Another example of succession is that found in a pond. First the pond is barren but then the aquatic plants die and sediments begin to fill in and begins to be ringed by vegetation.
![The beginnings of pond succession It is barren with little vegetation 50 yrs the The beginnings of pond succession. It is barren with little vegetation. 50 yrs. the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-38.jpg)
The beginnings of pond succession. It is barren with little vegetation. 50 yrs. the pond is bordered by mature cottonwood trees. 2 yrs. the pond is ringed by vegetation including cotton wood saplings. 150 -200 yrs. the pond has become a meadow, the pond is ringed by vegetation.
![Secondary succession Soil is present and occurs at a much more rapid rate The Secondary succession- Soil is present and occurs at a much more rapid rate. The](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-39.jpg)
Secondary succession- Soil is present and occurs at a much more rapid rate. The disturbance can be the result of fire, tornados, floods and other like events, with secondary succession being the recovery of the community after that disturbance. Examples: abandoned crop lands, unused rail roads etc.
![Which of the following is an example of an event that would require primary Which of the following is an example of an event that would require primary](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-40.jpg)
Which of the following is an example of an event that would require primary succession to reestablish the biome? A) a retreating glacier D) a flood B) a forest fire E) a hurricane C) a field being plowed
![ANS A Primary succession involves the building of soil Of the conditions listed above ANS: A Primary succession involves the building of soil. Of the conditions listed above,](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-41.jpg)
ANS: A Primary succession involves the building of soil. Of the conditions listed above, a retreating glacier, would leave an area behind that would require the building of soil.
![Ecological succession may lead to a stable community of plants and animals called the Ecological succession may lead to a stable community of plants and animals called the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-42.jpg)
Ecological succession may lead to a stable community of plants and animals called the climax community. Catastrophic events (hurricanes, volcanoes, fires, etc. ) may disturb a climax community, causing the process of succession to occur again. A biome is an environment that has a characteristic climax community. The earth has two main types of biomes, land biomes and aquatic biomes.
![Most land terrestrial biomes are named for their climax community or dominant type of Most land (terrestrial) biomes are named for their climax community or dominant type of](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-43.jpg)
Most land (terrestrial) biomes are named for their climax community or dominant type of plant life. The major types of biomes are the tundra, taiga, temperate deciduous forest, grassland, tropical rain forest, and desert.
![TUNDRA Where Found northern North America Europe Asia Plants mosses lichens grasses a few TUNDRA Where Found: northern North America, Europe, Asia Plants: mosses, lichens, grasses, a few](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-44.jpg)
TUNDRA Where Found: northern North America, Europe, Asia Plants: mosses, lichens, grasses, a few stunted trees Animals: caribou, reindeer, wolves Other Characteristics: permafrost – creates freezing and thawing cycle
![TAIGA sometimes called coniferous forest Where Found most of Canada and Asia Plants pine TAIGA (sometimes called “coniferous forest”) Where Found: most of Canada and Asia Plants: pine](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-45.jpg)
TAIGA (sometimes called “coniferous forest”) Where Found: most of Canada and Asia Plants: pine trees Animals: bears, wolves, moose, elk, voles, wolverines, Characteristics: long and cold winter, summers completely thaws the soil. Play coniferous forest movie
![TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST Where Found southern Canada eastern U S Europe and Japan TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST Where Found: southern Canada, eastern U. S. , Europe, and Japan](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-46.jpg)
TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST Where Found: southern Canada, eastern U. S. , Europe, and Japan Plants: trees that lose their leaves (oak, maple, birch) Animals: huge variety, including fox, deer, moose, etc. Characteristics: lands cleared by hunting and farming
![GRASSLANDS Where Found interior of many continents Plants grasses and small leafy plants Animals GRASSLANDS Where Found: interior of many continents Plants: grasses and small leafy plants Animals:](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-47.jpg)
GRASSLANDS Where Found: interior of many continents Plants: grasses and small leafy plants Animals: grazers and browsers Characteristics: Large variation in temperature and seasonal changes. Grazing and prairie fires halts succession.
![TROPICAL RAIN FORESTS Where Found South America S E Asia Central Africa Central America TROPICAL RAIN FORESTS Where Found: South America, S. E. Asia, Central Africa, Central America](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-48.jpg)
TROPICAL RAIN FORESTS Where Found: South America, S. E. Asia, Central Africa, Central America Plants: rich vegetation in canopy and undergrowth Animals: colorful insects, lizards, amphibians, reptiles, small mammals Characteristics: 200 – 400 cm rain, constant (25 o C)
![DESERTS Where Found northern Africa southern Asia central Australia Plants cactus and other nonleafy DESERTS Where Found: northern Africa, southern Asia, central Australia Plants: cactus and other non-leafy](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-49.jpg)
DESERTS Where Found: northern Africa, southern Asia, central Australia Plants: cactus and other non-leafy plants Animals: lizards, small rodents Other Characteristics: very little rainfall, although some deserts have seasonal rain
![Nutrients are recycled into the ecosystem unlike energy which passes through The major nutrient Nutrients are recycled into the ecosystem unlike energy which passes through. The major nutrient](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-50.jpg)
Nutrients are recycled into the ecosystem unlike energy which passes through. The major nutrient cycles are water, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus.
![In the carbon cycle carbon is recycled mainly through the process of photosynthesis cellular In the carbon cycle, carbon is recycled mainly through the process of photosynthesis, cellular](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-51.jpg)
In the carbon cycle, carbon is recycled mainly through the process of photosynthesis, cellular respiration and burning of fossil fuels. In the carbon cycle, carbon is recycled mainly through the process of photosynthesis, cellular respiration and burning of fossil fuels. Carbon dioxide (CO 2) and carbon monoxide emissions have been increasing and increasing in the atmosphere. It allows light energy in but traps the reflected heat energy in atmosphere so that it does not go back into space. It causes global warming.
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-52.jpg)
![Nitrogen is used for proteins and nucleic acids The air is over 75 N Nitrogen is used for proteins and nucleic acids. The air is over 75% N](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-53.jpg)
Nitrogen is used for proteins and nucleic acids. The air is over 75% N 2. However, this nitrogen can not be used by plants or animals because of its triple bond. N 2 is broken down by bacteria into NH 4 (ammonia) then NO 2 (nitrite) and finally NO 3 (nitrate). Plant roots absorb this NH 4, NO 2 or NO 3 and then make amino acids and then proteins. Animals get their nitrogen from eating plants or other animals. Nitrogen also gets into the soil when man uses fertilizers made from factories. Nitrification is the process of putting N 2 into the ecosystem. Another way to get nitrogen into the ecosystem is through decaying organisms and wastes.
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-54.jpg)
![Plants absorb water through their roots Land animals absorb water from their food or Plants absorb water through their roots. Land animals absorb water from their food or](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-55.jpg)
Plants absorb water through their roots. Land animals absorb water from their food or drink it. Aquatic animals are bathed in it. Water gets into the atmosphere from cellular respiration, transpiration and evaporation from the oceans. Water vapor condensing will result in percipitation (rain or snow). The excess nitrogen and sulfur in the air (pollution) combines with the water. This results in acid rain. This leech minerals from the soil killing plants.
![](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-56.jpg)
![Thermoclines and Lake Turnover Lake turnover is the process of a lakes water turning Thermoclines and Lake Turnover Lake turnover is the process of a lake's water turning](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-57.jpg)
Thermoclines and Lake Turnover Lake turnover is the process of a lake's water turning over from top (epilimnion) to bottom (hypolimnion). During the summer, the surface layer, is the warmest. It is heated by the sun. The deepest layer is the coldest. The sun's radiation does not reach this cold layer. During the fall, the warm surface water begins to cool. As water cools, it becomes more dense, causing it to sink. This dense water forces the water of the hypolimnion to rise, "turning over" the layers.
![The phosphate cycle is the one nutrient that does not have an atmospheric component The phosphate cycle is the one nutrient that does not have an atmospheric component.](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-58.jpg)
The phosphate cycle is the one nutrient that does not have an atmospheric component. It cycles through the soil and water. The main source of phosphorous is the weathering of rocks.
![There are times when unwanted chemicals accumulate in organisms through the food chain In There are times when unwanted chemicals accumulate in organisms through the food chain. In](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image/9ce3b534bc0c024570394a9519d5f0c6/image-59.jpg)
There are times when unwanted chemicals accumulate in organisms through the food chain. In the 1960's, cities sprayed with DDT, a chemical to get rid of mosquitoes. This chemical accumulated in the lakes. It found its way into the aquatic plants. Fish ate the plants and DDT accumulated in the fish. Eagles ate the fish. DDT accumulated in the eagles. It affected their eggs as the shells were not hard. The chicks would not hatch. As a result, eagles became endangered. This process that results in greater and greater concentrations of a toxin as one moves up the food chain is called biological magnification.
Sequence of food chain
ห่วงโซ่ อาหาร
Which sequence of organisms represents a food chain
Alligator food chain
What secondary consumer eats zooplankton
Food chain relationships
Food web and food chain
Food chain and food web examples
Desrt food web
Level of ecosystem
Ecology part 1
Unit 2 food food food
Nucleotide to amino acid
Pseudocode selection
Differentiate finite sequence and infinite sequence.
Convolutional sequence to sequence learning.
Supply chain management is the management of the
Value chain and supply chain difference
Open kinematic chain
Hát kết hợp bộ gõ cơ thể
Frameset trong html5
Bổ thể
Tỉ lệ cơ thể trẻ em
Gấu đi như thế nào
Tư thế worms-breton
Alleluia hat len nguoi oi
Các môn thể thao bắt đầu bằng tiếng chạy
Thế nào là hệ số cao nhất
Các châu lục và đại dương trên thế giới
Công thức tính thế năng
Trời xanh đây là của chúng ta thể thơ
Cách giải mật thư tọa độ
Làm thế nào để 102-1=99
Phản ứng thế ankan
Các châu lục và đại dương trên thế giới
Thơ thất ngôn tứ tuyệt đường luật
Quá trình desamine hóa có thể tạo ra
Một số thể thơ truyền thống
Cái miệng nó xinh thế
Vẽ hình chiếu vuông góc của vật thể sau
Thế nào là sự mỏi cơ
đặc điểm cơ thể của người tối cổ
Thế nào là giọng cùng tên? *
Vẽ hình chiếu đứng bằng cạnh của vật thể
Fecboak
Thẻ vin
đại từ thay thế
điện thế nghỉ
Tư thế ngồi viết
Diễn thế sinh thái là
Các loại đột biến cấu trúc nhiễm sắc thể
Bảng số nguyên tố
Tư thế ngồi viết
Lời thề hippocrates
Thiếu nhi thế giới liên hoan
ưu thế lai là gì
Khi nào hổ mẹ dạy hổ con săn mồi
Khi nào hổ mẹ dạy hổ con săn mồi
Sơ đồ cơ thể người
Từ ngữ thể hiện lòng nhân hậu