Sequence organisation in conversation Sequence expansion Sequence expansion
- Slides: 37
Sequence organisation in conversation: Sequence expansion
Sequence expansion • Adjacency pairs can be expanded in various places in their production. • Expansions may occur – prior to the articulation of the base FPP (pre-expansion), – between the base FPP and the base SPP (insert expansion), and – following the base SPP (post-expansion). • Expansions are commonly also sequences made up of an FPP and an SPP.
Pre-expansion • Pre-expansions are designed to be preliminary to some projected base sequence and are hearable by participants as preludes to some other action. • Pre-sequences come in two basic kinds: – generic pre-sequences, which are used with any form of following talk – type-specific pre-sequences, which are designed to lead to some particular kind of base sequence.
Generic pre-expansion • There is one pre-sequence type which can be found with any base sequence: the summons-answer sequence. It is designed to gain the attention of a recipient. • The FPP may consist of – an address term, – a politeness term such as excuse me, – an attention getting token such as hey, or – A nonverbal element such as touching the intended recipient.
Generic pre-expansion • The SPP may consist of: – redirecting eye gaze to the summoner – using verbal tokens such as what or yes/yeah, – changing body position to orient to the summoner. • The production on an SPP makes further talk by the summoner conditionally relevant
Generic pre-expansion • Silence constitutes a failure to respond and may be repaired. • Some responses block or delay the projected talk. – delaying responses: just a minute, I’ll be right there, etc. , – blocking responses: I’m busy, I’m on the phone, etc. , – rejecting responses: leave me alone, go away, etc. .
Type specific pre-expansions • Type specific pre-expansions project a particular upcoming action. • The FPP of type-specific pre-sequences projects the next activity as relevant for talk. • The SPP influences the way in which the subsequent talk will unfold, and even if the projected base sequence will be done
Pre-invitations • Pre-invitation FPPs are designed determine if the response is likely be preferred by asking about availability. • Answers such as nothing show there is nothing to prevent acceptance (go-ahead response).
Pre-invitations • Answers with a competing activity indicate the invitation is likely to be declined and prevent an invitation being made (blocking response). • Why-type answers indicate that the response depends on the invitation (hedging response).
Pre-invitations • Speakers may display their orientation to invitations as relevant next activities after pre-invitation sequences.
Pre-requests • Pre-requests also orient to whether or not a response will be preferred. • They gauge the likelihood of the request being granted.
Pre-requests • Pre-requests also receive go-ahead, blocking or hedged responses
Preliminaries to preliminaries • The form is typically Can I … or Let me … + projected base sequence • ‘Can I ask you a question? ’, ‘Can I make a suggestion? ’, ‘Can I ask a favour? ’, etc. • Pre-pres are project preliminary matters relating to a base sequence.
Preliminaries to preliminaries • There are two main types of preliminaries which follow pre-pres: – pre-mentions: speakers provide information to their recipients relevant to the upcoming FPP. – pre-conditions: speakers ensure that the necessary conditions for complying with the base FPP exist.
Multiple pre-expansions • Several pre-expansions may precede a base FPP: – a generic and type-specific sequences, – a number of type specific sequences. 1 1 2 2 3 3
Insert expansion • Insert expansion occurs within the adjacency pair itself and separates the FPP from the SPP. • Insert expansion does not cancel the relevance of the projected SPP but does preparatory work for it. • Insert expansion is realized through a sequence (insert sequence). • Once the sequence is completed, the base SPP once again becomes relevant as the next action.
Post-first insert expansion • Post-first insert expansions are designed to address issues arising from the FPP. • They typically repair problems in the FPP.
Post-first insert expansion • Insert sequences can be implicated in the possible production of a dispreferred SPP.
Post-first insert expansion • Post-first insert sequences can be repeated if the first attempt is not successful.
Pre-second insert expansion • Pre-second insert expansions are designed to do work relevant to the up-coming SPP. • They are type-specific: the work that needs to be done is different for different SPPs.
Pre-second insert expansion • Direction giving
Pre-second insert expansion • Requests
Post-expansion • Sequences can be expanded after the completion of the base SPP (post-expansion). • Post-expansions may be – sequences (non-minimal post-expansion, postsequences) – single turns (minimal post-expansion, sequence closing thirds)
Minimal post-expansion • Minimal post-expansion is minimal in several senses: – It consists of the addition of only a single turn after the SPP. – It may be made up of a single item although longer turns are also possible. – They do not project any further talk beyond their turn. • Minimal post-expansions are designed to propose closing of a sequence (sequence closing thirds).
SCT: oh • The SCT oh registers receipt of information and that the recipient has moved from a state of not knowing to a state of knowing.
SCT: okay • Okay usually claims acceptance of an SPP and what the SPP has done in the sequence
SCT: assessments • Assessments display a stance toward what an SPP speaker has said or done in the prior turn.
Composite SCTs • SCTs may be made up of several components in the one turn. • In this case, each SCT does something additional.
Non-minimal post-expansion • Non-minimal post-expansions are made up of sequences with FPPs and SPPs of their own. • Non-minimal expansions take a number of different forms, each of which undertakes a different interactional project following the base SPP.
Post-second repair • Post-second repair deals with problems of hearing or understanding the base SPP. • They may also relate to upcoming disagreement.
Rejecting SPPs • Post-expansion provides a location for challenging an SPP, for disagreeing with it or for rejecting it, without initiating a repair sequence.
FPP reworkings • Sequences can be expanded by reworking the FPP as a consequence of a dispreferred SPP.
Post completion musings • Post-completion musings are designed to be “out aloud” mutterings related to the prior talk which have an ambiguous status between being public talk and private thinking out aloud.
Topicalization • Speakers may prolong a sequence of talk after a base SPP by marking the SPP itself as something of interest about which they would be prepared to continue to talk. • Topicalizations include devices such as repeats tokens such as really, or questions such as did you? .
Sequence closing sequences • In sequences which have a lot of post-expansion, the organization of the sequence becomes less clear or less orderly as the post-expansion proceeds because there is no clearly projected end point. • Participants in talk need to achieve closure for these sequences in the absence of a projectable future point. • Sequence closing sequences consist of a series of “empty” turns and work to negotiate closure in such cases.
Sequence closing sequences
Sequence closing sequences • Participants can resist closure in such sequences by withholding alignment with the closing.
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