CHAPTER 5 CHANGES ON THE WESTERN FRONTIER AMERICA

CHAPTER 5: CHANGES ON THE WESTERN FRONTIER AMERICA SETTLES THE WESTLATE 19 TH CENTURY

CHANGES ON THE WESTERN FRONTIER The culture of the Plains Indians declines as white settlers transform the Great Plains. Meanwhile, farmers form the Populist movement to address their economic concerns.

Where is the West?

SECTION 1: CULTURES CLASH ON THE PRAIRIE I. Culture and Life of the Plains Indians A. The culture of the Plains Indians was not well known to Easterners 1. Great Plains — grasslands in westcentral portion of the U. S. 2. Mountains, treeless plains made it difficult to farm and live. THE PLAINS

B. Where are the Great Plains? 1. area between and the

1. area between MS River and the

1. area between MS River and the Rocky Mountains-

1. area between MS River and the Rocky Mountains. Great American Desert (In the beginning) later the Wheat Belt also the Breadbasket

2. MS River to to and from

2. MS River to Rocky Mountains and from

2. MS River to Rocky Mountains and from Texas to

2. MS River to Rocky Mountains and from Texas to Dakotas

C. THE HORSE AND THE BUFFALO WERE USED FOR FOOD, SHELTER AND CLOTHING 1. introduction of horses by Spanish (1598) and guns, meant Native Americans able to travel and hunt 2. Plains tribes nomadic by mid 1700 s 3. horse provided speed and mobility, the buffalo provided for all needs l hides used for teepees, clothes, blankets 4. horses changed the way of life and warfare- increased mobility. a) touch enemy or capture weaponknown as counting coup

D. FAMILY LIFE ON THE PLAINS 1. Small extended families were the norm Tribes were very spiritual, believe in powerful spirits that control natural world 2. land was communal, or common OSAGE TRIBE

II. SETTLERS PUSH A. Settlers who pushed WESTWARD westward had a different A COVERED WAGON HEADS WEST idea about land ownership 1. Native Americans- land cannot be owned; settlerswant to own land B. Settlers think Native Americans forfeited land because did not improve it 1. Concluding that the plains were “unsettled, ” thousands advanced to claim land. C. Gold being discovered in Colorado, 1858, only intensified the rush for land.

III. THE GOVERNMENT RESTRICTS NATIVE AMERICANS A. As more settlers headed west, the U. S. government increasingly protected their interests 1. 1834, government designates Great Plains as one huge reservation 2. 1850 s, treaties define specific boundaries for each tribe B. Railroad Companies influenced government decisions C. As settlers moved west conflict occurred between them and Native Americans RAILROADS GREATLY IMPACTED NATIVE AMERICAN LIFE

NATIVES AND SETTLERS CLASH D. 1864 - Massacre at Sand Creek; US Army troops kill over 200 Arapaho women and children at Sand Creek, Colorado E. Bozeman Trail 1. Overland trail connecting Oregon trail to Montana 2. Trail crosses Sioux hunting grounds. 3. Red Cloud asks for end of settlements; Crazy Horse ambushes troops 4. Treaty of Fort Laramie — U. S. closes trail to settlers; Sioux forced to reservation 5. Sitting Bull, leader of Sioux, does not sign treaty

OTHER CONFLICTS AND BATTLES F. 1874 George A. Custer reports gold in Black Hills rush begins 1. Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull, waged war against settlers for refusal to stay off of tribal lands Black Hills in SD 2. Troops sent in to force Native Americans into reservations 3. The Battle of Little Big Horn, or Custer’s Last Stand, occurred in early 1876 when Colonel Custer reached Little Big Horn, MT 4. Native Americans, led by Sitting Bull, outflanked and defeated Custer’s troops ONE OF THE FEW NATIVE AMERICAN VICTORIES WAS LITTLE BIG HORN

Sitting Bull

Colonel Custer

IV. THE DAWES ACT - 1887 A. 1881, Helen Hunt Jackson exposes US gov’t mistreatment of Indians in A Century of Dishonor B. 1887, US Gov’t passes the Dawes Act attempted to assimilate Native Americans 1. Assimilation —give up way of life, join American culture FAMOUS DEPICTION OF NATIVE STRUGGLE

C. 1887, Dawes Act to “Americanize” Native Americans, break up reservations 1. gives land to individual Native Americans for farming

THE DARK AREAS DEPICT NATIVE AMERICAN LANDS BY 1894

D. THE DESTRUCTION OF THE BUFFALO 1. The most significant blow to tribal life was the destruction of the buffalo • Tourist and fur traders shot buffalo for sport 2. 1800: 65 million buffalo roamed the plains 3. 1890: less than 1000 remained

V. BATTLE OF WOUNDED A. Ghost Dance —ritual to regain KNEE lost lands 1. spreads among Sioux on Dakota reservation B. Dec. 15, 1890, Sitting Bull is killed when reservation police try to arrest him C. On December 29, 1890, the Seventh Cavalry (Custer’s old regiment) surround Lakota Sioux performing Ghost Dance at Wounded Knee, S. D. D. Shot fired trying to unarm Sioux –the Seventh Cavalry slaughtered 300 unarmed Native Americans E. This event brought the “Indian Wars”– and an entire era to an end

Wovoka—Paiute spiritual leader and creator of the Ghost Dance

F. Buffalo Soldiers were African American soldiers sent to fight Indian Wars.

BLACK ELK SPEAKING ABOUT WOUNDED KNEE BLACK ELK “I did not know then how much was ended. When I look back now from this high hill of my old age, I can still see the butchered women and children lying heaped and scattered along the crooked gulch as plain as when I saw them with eyes still young. And I can see that something else died there in the bloody mud, and was buried in the blizzard. A people’s dream died there. It was a beautiful dream. . . The nation’s hoop is broken and scattered. There is no center any longer, and the sacred tree is dead. ”

VI. CATTLE BECOMES BIG BUSINESS A. Ranching became increasingly profitable B. Texas rangers learned how to handle the Texas Longhorns from Mexican rangers

VOCABULARY BORROWED MEXICAN “VAQUEROS” (COW MAN) PROVIDED THE VOCABULARY FOR THE AMERICAN COWBOY l Vanilla, bronco, mustang, chaps, mosquito, pronto, tuna, stampede, tornado, chili, cigar, shack, savvy, siesta, wrangler, lasso, lariat, ranch, corral, burro, canyon, bandit, fiesta, guerrilla, hurricane, matador, plaza, rodeo, vigilante, desperado, cockroach, buckaroo

C. GROWING DEMAND FOR BEEF 1. After the Civil War the demand for beef surged 2. Urbanization and the rise of the railroad was instrumental in the increase of beef consumption 3. Chicago Union Stock Yards was a famous meat packing district after 1865 POSTCARD OF CHICAGO UNION STOCK YARDS

refrigerated railcar

Long Drives l Most cattle ranches were far away from the closest railhead so ranchers had to have crews drive the cattle across open country to the nearest train. l Often took weeks, months

D. COW TOWN & THE TRAIL 1. Abilene, Kansas became famous for being a place where the Chisholm Trail met the railroads 2. Tens of thousands of cattle came from Texas through Oklahoma to Abilene via the Chisholm trail 3. Once in Abilene the cattle would board rail cars for destinations across the country Chisholm Trail

TRAILS CONNECTED TO RAILROADS

What is this? How you think it change life in the west?

VII. THE END OF THE OPEN RANGE A. Almost as soon as ranching became big business, the cattle frontier met its end B. Overgrazing, bad weather, and the invention of barbed wire were responsible

SECTION 2: SETTLING ON THE GREAT PLAINS I. Manifest Destiny A. The belief that the United States was meant to expand across the continent B. Sea to shining sea

C. Why Move West? 1. Push Factors a. Overcrowded, dirty cities b. Oppressive Jim Crow laws in the south 2. Pull Factors a. Ways to make money • Mining • Farming • Ranching

II. Railroads Open the West A. 1850– 1871, huge land grants to railroads for laying track in West- helps western settlement B. 1860 s, Central Pacific goes east from California, Union Pacific west from Nebraska, meet in Promontory Point, Utah (1 st transcontinental railroad May 10, 1869) l By 1880 s, 5 transcontinental railroads completed C. Railroads sell land to farmers, attract many European immigrants

The transcontinental railroad was completed in 1868. The Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads met in Promontory Point, Utah and laid a Golden Spike

III. Settlers Move Westward A. Federal land policy and the transcontinental railroad led to the rapid settlement of American west B. 1862 – Congress passed Homestead Act which offered 160 free acres to any “head of household” l 1862– 1900, up to 600, 000 families settle C. Railroad, state agents, speculators profit; 10% of land to families

D. EXODUSTERS MOVE WEST 1. African Americans who moved from the post-Reconstruction South to Kansas were called Exodusters

E. OKLAHOMA SOONERS 1. In 1889, a governmental land giveaway in what is now Oklahoma attracted thousands l. In less than a day, 2 million acres were claimed by settlers 2. Some took possession before the government had declared it open – known as the “Sooner State”

F. The Closing of the Frontier 1. 1872, Yellowstone National Park created to protect some wilderness 2. 1890 s, no frontier left; some regret loss of unique American feature

IV. SETTLERS ENCOUNTER HARDSHIPS A. The frontier settlers faced extreme hardships B. Population grew from 1% of the nation’s population in 1850 to almost 30% in 1900 LOCUST SWARM

1. Transformed into America’s “Bread Basket”--Wheat Belt l Dakotas, Kansas, Nebraska. l Wheat was the main crop grown and became very profitable.

C. DUGOUTS & SODDIES 1. Few trees, pioneers often dug their homes out of the sides of ravines or hills (Dugouts) 2. Those in the flat plains made freestanding homes of turf or sod home by stacking blocks of turf (Soddies) DUGOUT SODDY

D. Women’s Work 1. Homesteaders virtually alone, must be self-sufficient 2. Women do men’s work—plowing, harvesting, shearing sheep 3. Do traditional work—carding wool, making soap, canning vegetables 4. Work for communities —sponsor schools, churches

E. FARMER EDUCATION SUPPORTED 1. The federal government financed agricultural education 2. The Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890 gave federal land to states to help finance agricultural colleges F. Farmers in Debt 1. 1885– 1890 droughts bankrupt single-crop operations 2. Rising cost of shipping grain pushes farmers into debt

SECTION 3: FARMERS AND THE POPULIST MOVEMENT I. Farmers Unite to Address Common Problems A. In the late 1800 s, crop prices were falling, debt increased B. Mortgages were being foreclosed by banks

C. Economic Distress 1. Farmers buy more land to grow more crops to pay 2. Prices of crops fall dramatically 3. 1870 s, farmers want government to increase money supply or put more money in circulation 4. Why? inflation -value of each dollar falls because so much money in circulation; causes price to go up 5. 1878 Bland. Allison Act —put silver dollars into circulation, money supply increase not enough for farmers

D. Problems with the Railroads EX. Between 1867 and 1887 the price of a bushel of wheat fell from $2. 00 to 68 cents Railroads conspired to keep transport costs artificially high Farmers got caught in a cycle of debt 1. Lack of competition lets railroads overcharge to transport grain 2. Farms mortgaged to buy supplies; suppliers charge high interest

E. FARMERS ORGANIZE FOR CHANGE 1. 1867 – Oliver Hudson Kelley started the Grange, an organization for framers 2. By 1870, the Grange spent most of their time fighting the railroads 3. Farmers’ Alliances — lectures on interest rates, government control of railroads, banks

II. POPULIST PARTY IS BORN A. Leaders of the farmers organization realized they needed to build a base of political power B. Populism – the movement of the people – 1892 with the founding of the Populist, or People’s Party THIS POLITICAL CARTOON SHOWS A POPULIST CLUBBING A RAILROAD CAR

C. The Populist Party Platform 1. Populism—movement of the people; Populist Party wants reforms 2. economic reforms included; increase of money supply, rise in crop prices, graduated income tax (lower taxes), federal loan program 3. political reforms included; direct election of senators or by popular vote (17 th Amendment 1913); secret ballot; 8 -hour day and reduced immigration

POPULISTS MAKE GAINS D. 1892, Populist candidates elected at different levels of government (Democratic Party eventually adopts platform) 1. wanted to lift burden from farmers 2. wanted more voice in government 3. graduated income tax 4. increase in money supply FRED AND PHIL VOTED FOR THE PEOPLE’S PARTY

E. THE PANIC OF 1893 1. some Railroads go bankrupt 2. Government’s gold supply depleted, leads to rush on banks - businesses, banks collapse - panic becomes depression Ex. the stock market lost value, 15, 000 businesses and 500 banks collapsed, 3 million people lost their jobs – putting unemployment THE STOCK MARKET at 20% CRASHED IN 1893

F. SILVER OR GOLD? 1. Central issue of the 1896 Presidential campaign was which metal would be the basis of the nation’s monetary ($) system 2. Political divisions also regional: Republicans: Northeast business owners, bankers; Democrats: Southern, Western farmers, laborers 3. Bimetallism —system using both silver and gold to back currency- Democrats 4. Gold standard —backing currency with gold only-Republicans 5. Paper money considered worthless if cannot be exchanged for metal 6. Silverites: bimetallism would create more money, stimulate economy 7. Gold bugs: gold only would create more stable; if expensive currency 8. Farmers want silver l Greenbacks Ø Paper money issued by the government starting in the 1860 s. Ø Supply of money increased and so did prices. Ø Inflation. Decline in the value of money.

Inflation l Decline in the value of money. l Prices go up.

Deflation l Rise in the value of money. l Prices should go down. l Government stopped printing greenbacks and silver coins. l After Civil War, Amount of money decreased, which led to a rise in prices. l Hurt small businesses, farmers.

Silver Coinage l Farmers wanted the government to resume coining silver. l Increase money supply. l Causing inflation.

G. BRYAN AND THE “CROSS OF GOLD” BRYAN’S CROSS OF GOLD SPEECH 1. Republicans favored the Gold standard and nominated William Mc. Kinley 2. Democrats & Populist favored Bimetallism and nominated William Jennings Bryanfamous speech “Cross Of Gold”- supported Bimetallism 3. Despite Bryan’s stirring words, “You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold, ” Mc. Kinley won the 1896 election

William Jennings Bryan

William Mc. Kinley

H. THE END OF POPULISM 1. With Mc. Kinley’s election victory, Populism collapsed, burying the hopes of the farmer 2. Populism left two important legacies: 1) A message that the powerless can organize, have political impact and 2) An agenda of reforms enacted in the 20 th THE PEOPLE’S PARTY WAS century SHORT-LIVED BUT LEFT AN IMPORTANT LEGACY

STR Quizzes Get your STR study guide out! You will have weekly quizzes over this study guide. The questions will be comprehensive and will be fill in the blank. The number of questions will range from 10 -20. Upcoming quizzes will be under homework the day before the quiz.

Review Western Expansion 1. During what time period did Western Expansion occur? late 1800 s-early 1900 s 2. What three industries led to the expansion of the West? mining, ranching, farming 3. This animal provided most of the food and many supplies for Plains Indians. Buffalo 4. What were the series of battles fought throughout the American West between the Indians and US army? Indian Wars 5. What was the name of the tragic massacre in Colorado where over 200 unarmed Indians promised protection were killed? Sand Creek Massacre 6. What was the name of the Battle in which General Custer and his men lost their lives? Little Big Horn

Review Western Expansion 7. This battle officially ended the Indian Wars. Battle of Wounded Knee 8. What was the name of Helen Hunt Jackson’s book that chronicled the mistreatment of Indians by the US government and army? A Century of Dishonor 9. Which Act gave land to Native Americans in an attempt to make them farmers and land owners? Dawes Act 10. What was the forcing of Indians to live as white Americans? Assimilation 11. What was the moving of cattle from grazing fields to stockyards called? Long drive

Review Western Expansion 12. What was the most famous trail for long drives? Chisholm Trail 13. What was the invention that ended the open grazing fields by containing cattle? Barbed wire 14. What type of mining requires digging deep below the earth’s surface? quartz 15. What type of mining uses picks, pans and shovels? placer 16. What Act provided 160 acres of land to settlers who would develop the land? Homestead Act