A Map of the Known World pre 1492

A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492

Motives for European Exploration 1. To find a quicker trade route to Asia. 2. Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples. 3. Gold, Glory, and God (spread Christianity) 4. Monarchs seeking new sources of wealth and increased power. 5. Technological advances (Magnetic Compass, caravel, astrolabe, better maps).

New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan] Hartman Astrolabe (1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant

New Weapons Technology

Prince Henry, the Navigator School for Navigation, 1419

Museum of Navigation in Lisbon

Christofo Colon [1451 -1506]

Columbus’ Four Voyages

Other Voyages of Exploration

Important Portuguese Explorers Vasco De Gama- found a direct sea route to India Bartolomeu Dias- first explorer to round the tip of Africa- opened up European exploration into the Indian Ocean Ferdinand Magellan- first to circumnavigate the Globe. Why do you think Portugal would be the first country to explore? Hint: Where is it located…?

The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

Map of Spanish and Portuguese Colonies. Red=Spain Blue=Portugal

Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16 c

Atlantic Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

The “Middle Kingdom”- China is dependent upon two main rivers-the Huang He “Yellow” and Yangtze. Much of Western China is taken up by the Gobi desert, therefore much of the population is concentrated along the coasts of the Pacific Ocean or on the Yellow and Yangtze rivers China is separated from India by the Himalaya Mountains- largest mountain range in the world.

The Greener the Better!- China

Chinese Exploration Unlike European countries, China was not interested in taking over foreign lands. The Chinese explored in an attempt to gain tribute from other Asian nations. Chinese stop exploring and attempt to become an Isolationist country. China gained great wealth from trading silk and porcelain to European countries=favorable balance of trade

Admiral Zheng He Each ship was 400’ long and 160’ wide, larger than European ships like the caravel! 1371 -1435

Zheng He’s Voyages In 1498, Da Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port!

Geography of Japan is made up of a chain of Islands (archipelago) located in the Pacific Ocean Japan has a mountainous landscape that makes it difficult for agriculture, travel and trade over land. Thus, Japan uses and relies upon the sea for travel, trade, and food.

Map of Japan

Japanese Feudalism

Tokugawa Government The Emperor of Japan is only a “Figure head” Real power in Japan held by the Shogun (military dictators). However, Tokugawa Shogunate did increase centralized control over Japan and feudalism slowly begins to end

Tokugawa Japan Foreign Policy Japan chose isolation much like China did Similar to China, Japan was not interested in acquiring European goods. Believed Europeans would harm Japanese society with their goods and ideas

Confucianism Most popular belief system in China and influenced Japan Basic Beliefs: Filial Piety (respect for your elders) 5 relationships provide a social hierarcy Confucius valued education China created civil service exams that emphasized intellectual skill to receive a government job.

Other items that will be tested! Mansa Musa- leader of Mali who spread Islam through Africa on his way to Mecca Ibn Battuta- Muslim traveler who also spread the religion of Islam Qur'an dictates all Muslims must make a pilgrimage to Mecca

The Ottoman Empire Conquered Constantinople and brought an end to the Byzantine Empire Suleiman the Lawgiver led the empire through a Golden Age The Ottoman empire gained wealth through controlling the Mediterranean Sea trade.

Humanism A study that focused on human potential and ability Humanist popularized subjects like history, literature, astronomy and philosophy.

Ch 20 Global 10

Christofo Colon [1451 -1506]

Columbus’ Four Voyages

Christopher Columbus First explorer to reach the “New World ” (North and South America) in 1492 He wanted to find a quicker trade route to Asia Thought he reached India-thus called the “Indians” Motivated by God, Gold, and Glory

Impact of Columbian Exchange “The Encounter” Most native populations reduced to slave labor and many died due to smallpox and other European diseases New foods led to massive population increase in Europe; healthier diets lead to longer life expectancy and higher birth rates Decline of the Native population led to an increase in the African Slave Trade New social classes and mixed races occur in the Americas

The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs vs. Fernando Cortez Montezuma II

The Death of Montezuma II

Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa

Spanish Conquest of South America Guns, Germs, and Steel Better weapons allowed the Spanish to defeat the Aztec and Inca Empires Smallpox killed almost 90 percent of the Aztec and Inca populations Spanish begin to colonize all of South America with the exception of Brazil (Portguese)

European Empires in the Americas

Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World 1. Encomienda or forced labor. 2. Council of the Indies governed the colonies. .

Father Bartolome de Las Casas New Laws 1542

Treasures from the Americas!

The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

Impact of Spanish in South America Set up Encomienda system and Atlantic Slave Trade Spanish created large slave forces to work sugar plantations and silver mines. Natives populations die off in huge numbers New mixed races were created

SOCIAL HIERARCHY Creoles: People of pure European blood But born in the New World Mestizos: Indian + European blood CAUSES P Peninsulares: Native Spaniards C M&M I&A Indians and Africans Mulattos: African + European blood

The “Columbian Exchange” v Squash v Avocado v Peppers v Sweet Potatoes v Turkey v Pumpkin v Tobacco v Quinine v Cocoa v Pineapple v Cassava v POTATO v Peanut v TOMATO v Vanilla v MAIZE v Syphilis v Trinkets v Liquor v GUNS v Olive v COFFEE BEAN v Banana v Rice v Onion v Turnip v Honeybee v Barley v Grape v Peach v SUGAR CANE v Oats v Citrus Fruits v Pear v Wheat v HORSE v Cattle v Sheep v Pigs v Smallpo v Flu v Typhus v Measles v Malaria v Diptheria v Whooping Cough x

Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Explorers Conq uista dore s M Perm a Set nent tler s is si on ar ie s Official European Colony!

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade The “Middle Passage”

The Slave Trade 1. Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. 2. Portuguese first Europeans to use African slaves. Sugar cane & sugar plantations. First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518. Soon the Spanish also import slaves. 3. Between 16 c & 19 c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

Slave Ship “Middle Passage”

“Coffin” Position Below Deck

African Captives Thrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!

New Colonial Rivals 1. Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean. 2. Spain in Asia consolidated its holdings in the Philippines. 3. First English expedition to the Indies in 1591.

New Colonial Rivals

Impact of European Expansion 1. Native populations ravaged by disease. 2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe will lead to an increase in trade with China. 3. New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”]. 4. Deepened rivalries in Europe as countries compete for land.

5. New Patterns of World Trade

Emergence of Mercantilism and Capitalism Growth in world trade led to new economic policies in Europe. Mercantilism- accumulating wealth and power by gaining gold and silver and selling more goods than you buy. Capitalism- private ownership of land business. Feudalism and barter economies have been replaced by gold, silver, and paper money