Multimedia Technologies UNIT3 Bharati Vidyapeeths Institute of Computer

Multimedia Technologies UNIT-3 © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 1

Internet History and Growth Evolution of the Internet First Vast Computer Network Silicon Envisioned Chip A 1962 Mathematical 1958 Theory of Communication Memex 1948 Conceived Packet Switching Invented 1964 Hypertext Invented 1965 TCP/IP Created ARPANET 1972 1969 Mosaic WWW Created Internet Created 1993 Named 1989 and Goes TCP/IP 1984 Age of e. Commerce Begins 1995 1945 © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak 1995 U 3. 2

Internet History and Growth We will prove that packet switching works over a WAN. Hypertext can be used to allow rapid access to text data Packet switching can be used to send digitized data though computer networks We can accomplish a lot by having a vast network of computers to use for accessing information and exchanging ideas We can do it cheaply by using Digital circuits etched in silicon. We do it reliably with “bits”, sending and receiving data We can access information using electronic computers 1945 1969 © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 3

Internet History and Growth Great efficiencies can be accomplished if we use The Internet and the World Wide Web to conduct business. The World Wide Web is easier to use if we have a browser that To browser web pages, running in a graphical user interface context. Computers connected via the Internet can be used more easily if hypertext links are enabled using HTML and URLs: it’s called World Wide Web The ARPANET needs to convert to a standard protocol and be renamed to The Internet We need a protocol for Efficient and Reliable transmission of Packets over a WAN: TCP/IP Ideas from 1940 s to 1969 1970 1995 © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 4

How the Internet Developed • The Internet developed from a research project started by the U. S. Defense Department in 1969. • Three inventions that spread the use of the Internet were: § The personal computer (early 1980 s) § The World Wide Web (1989) § The browser (1991) © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 5

Internet History and Growth What Was the “Victorian Internet” The Telegraph Invented in the 1840 s. Signals sent over wires that were established over vast distances Used extensively by the U. S. Government during the American Civil War, 1861 - 1865 The electronic signal standard of +/- 1. 5 v. is still used in network interface cards today. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 6

Internet History and Growth What Is the Internet? -A network of networks, joining many government, university and private computers together and providing an infrastructure for the use of E-mail, bulletin boards, file archives, hypertext documents, databases and other computational resources. -The vast collection of computer networks which form and act as a single huge network for transport of data and messages across distances which can be anywhere from the same office to anywhere in the world. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 7

Internet History and Growth What is the Internet? The largest network of networks in the world. Uses TCP/ IP protocols and packet switching. TCP/ IP is invented by Robert E. Kahn From Dr. Vinton Cerf, Co-Creator of TCP/IP © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 8

Internetworking challenges • Challenges: § heterogeneity ü lots of different kinds of networks (Ethernet, FDDI, ATM, wireless, point-to-point) ü how to unify this mixture? § scale ü how to provide uniques names for potentially billions of nodes? (naming) ü how to find all these nodes? (forwarding and routing) • Note: internet refers to a general idea, Internet refers to a particular implementation of that idea (The global IP Internet). © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 9

Internetworking with repeaters Telnet, FTP, HTTP, email 10 Base-T application transport network data link physical Host on network A Repeater (forwards bits) Host on network B © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 10

Internetworking with routers Telnet, FTP, HTTP, email application transport network CSMA/CD data link 10 Base-T physical IP Host on network A Router (forwards IP packets) Host on network B © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 11

The Internet and How It Works Internet Addresses 1. Address syntax üa) Internet addresses use the following syntax: [protocol]: //[domain name]/[path]/[file name] ( http: //www. sjcny. edu) for example üb) The server directory path and file name are often left off. üc) The protocol usually does not need to be typed. üd) The protocol is also often hidden, such as (1) mailto (2) news © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 12

The Internet and How It Works Internet Addresses ü 2. Top-level domains (TLDs) a) The current Domain Name System (DNS) was developed in 1983. b) TLDs were established for various categories. c) The TLD is part of the domain name, such as (1) . com (2) . net (3) . gov (4) . mil (5) . Edu (6)Two-letter country codes © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 13

Important Domain Suffixes to Know AC - Academic (same as. edu) CO - Commercial (same as. com) COM - Commercial EDU - Educational Site in the U. S. GOV – U. S. Government INT - International MIL – U. S. Military NET - Network ORG - Non-Profit Organization ARPA – Research Organization NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 14

Internet addresses • Each host h has a physical address P(h) and a unique IP address I(h). • IP addresses contain a network part and a host part: 3 main classes of addresses: 012 8 16 0 network(7) 10 110 24 31 Class A (128 nets, 16 M hosts/net) host (24) network (14) network (21) host (16) host (8) Class B (16 K nets, 65 K hosts/net) Class C (2 M nets, 256 hosts/net) Note: this simple A, B, C scheme has been largely replaced by the CIDR (classless interdomain routing) technique allows for variable bit length network numbers. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 15

© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 16

© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 17

• The Internet protocol suite is the set of communications protocols used for the Internet and similar networks, and generally the most popular protocol stack for wide area networks. • It is commonly known as TCP/IP, because of its most important protocols: Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first networking protocols defined in this standard. It is occasionally known as the Do. D model due to the foundational influence of the ARPANET in the 1970 s (operated by DARPA, an agency of the United States Department of Defense). © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 18

• TCP/IP provides end-to-end connectivity specifying how data should be formatted, addressed, transmitted, routed and received at the destination. • From lowest to highest, the layers are: • The link layer (commonly Ethernet) contains communication technologies for a local network. • The internet layer (IP) connects local networks, thus establishing internetworking. • The transport layer (TCP) handles host-to-host communication. • The application layer (for example HTTP) contains all protocols for specific data communications services on a process-to-process level (for example how a web browser communicates with a web server). • © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 19

The Internet and How It Works Internet Services ü 1. Services include http, ftp, telnet, Usenet, SMTP and others. • Broadband provides improved access to Internet services such as: • Faster world wide web browsing • Faster downloading of documents, photographs, videos, and other large files • Telephony, radio, television, and videoconferencing • Virtual private networks and remote system administration • Online gaming, especially massively multiplayer online roleplaying game © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 20

Internet Services • E-mail, news alerts (clipping services), weather, reference resources, entertainment guides, online games, picture and image sharing, social networking, gambling, pornography, music downloads, software of all sorts, banking, investment tracking, online shopping, and government affairs. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 21

The Internet and How It Works HTTP The Hypertext Transfer Protocol ( HTTP) provided rules for a simple transaction: 1. Establishing a connection 2. Requesting that a document be sent 3. Sending a document 4. Closing the connection © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 22

The Internet and How It Works HTML -The HTTP protocol also required a simple document format called HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) for presenting text and graphics. -The HTML document can contain hotlinks which a user can click to jump to another location. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 23

Internet History and Growth The Creation of the Internet The creation of the Internet solved the following challenges: § Basically inventing digital networking as we know it § Survivability of an infrastructure to send / receive highspeed electronic messages § Reliability of computer messaging © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 24

Internet History and Growth Tribute to the Internet Pioneers -The Internet we know and love today, would not exist without the hard work of a lot of bright people. -The technologies and standards they created make today’s Internet and World Wide Web possible. -They deserve recognition and our gratitude for changing the world with the Internet. -In this presentation, we will identify and pay tribute to several of the people who made the Internet and the World Wide Web possible © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 25

Internet History and Growth Tim Berners-Lee -The inventor of HTML. -In 1989 he invented the World Wide Web, an internet-based hypermedia initiative for global information sharing. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 26

Internet History and Growth Internet Growth Trends 1977: 111 hosts on Internet 1981: 213 hosts 1983: 562 hosts 1984: 1, 000 hosts 1986: 5, 000 hosts 1987: 10, 000 hosts 1989: 100, 000 hosts 1992: 1, 000 hosts 2001: 150 – 175 million hosts 2002: over 200 million hosts By 2011, about 80% of the planet will be on the Internet © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 27

HTML: Hypertext Markup Language Markup languages § Specify document page layout § These languages need specialized interpretation programs Internet browsers serve to interpret HTML § HTML is further specialized to deal with Internet links § “what separates it from most other markup languages is its features for hypertext and interactive documents” © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 28

HTML A web page Create an empty text file § type the following with a text editor (not a word processor!!!) <html></html> § Main tag for page § Your HTML is all nested in this Title tag: Title for the browser window <title>My first HTML document</title> Add a heading § h 1 is tag for most important heading <h 1>An important heading</h 1> © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 29

HTML web page - 2 Images <img src=“tiny_pw 5. gif" width=“ 104" height=“ 52"> § Units of width and height: pixels (? ) So, what is src=? width=? Height=? § These are attributes § Tag may have a set of mandatory/optional tags Another tag: short description <img src=“tiny_pw 5. gif“” width=“ 104" height=“ 52“ alt="World Class Glider"> © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 30

HTML web page - 3 The “a” tag: anchor to a resource § E. g. , interactive hyperlinks to other web pages § href attribute specifies location of a web resource üURI: Uniform Resource Identifier Can be links to html files on local computer § Or links to http-obtained files on remote computers © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 31

HTML General Structure of HTML File <HTML> <HEAD> <TITLE>My first HTML document</TITLE> </HEAD> <BODY> Hello world! </BODY> </HTML> © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 32

HTML Tools Text editor (e. g. , ultraedit) § Typing text and tags directly Dreamweaver, Front. Page, Page. Mill § Each will give you some GUI support for HTML editing Translation from word processors § Varying support © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 33

HTML Benefits and Issues Benefits of HTML § Standard Internet markup language § Generally good cross platform support § Provides one basis for interactive multimedia § E. g. , a good medium for documentation Issues § Variations in browser implementations § Limited translation from other document formats © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 34

HTML Multimedia To enhance Web pages with sound and video To Use <BGSOUND> to add background sounds To use the <IMG> element’s DYNSRC property to incorporate video into web pages. To use the <EMBED> to add sound or video to web pages. Microsoft agent as Active. X tools © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 35

HTML Background Element <BGSOUND ID =“audio” SRC =“abc. mid” loop =2”></BGSOUND> Function change. Properties() { Audio. loop =1 Audio. volume = 50 } © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 36

The Internet and How It Works Dynamic Web pages and XML ü 1. Advanced tools can be used to make a Web page dynamic. a) Dynamic technologies include (1) Java Script (2) Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) (3) Active Server Pages (ASP) b) Dynamic pages work in conjunction with database applications to look up data. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 37

The Internet and How It Works (XML) Extensible Markup Language § a) XML goes beyond HTML and is the next step in developing web pages. § b) This markup language allows developers to define their own styles and elements. § c) It allows you to create your own tags to describe what the data means § d) Whether or not XML is the future of Web design is still somewhat questionable. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 38

Tools For the World Wide Web Beyond HTML ü 1. Programming technologies can be used for online content delivery, such as a) Common Gateway Interface (CGI) programming b) PERL d)Java e)Java. Script f) PHP © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 39

Tools For the World Wide Web Beyond HTML ü 2. You can interact online with conferencing tools such as----a)Being. There b) CU-See. Me from White Pine c) Live. Media from Netscape d) Netmeeting from Microsoft ü 3. 3 -D worlds (1) Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) (2) Macromedia Director/Shockwave Player (3) Apple Quick. Time (4) Java © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 40

Tools For the World Wide Web Page Makers and Site Builders A. Learn HTML ü 1. Although site building tools seem to remove the need to learn HTML, some knowledge is still important. ü 2. An HTML document can be created or edited using only a text editor. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 41

Tools For the World Wide Web Page Makers and Site Builders B. Site building tools ü 1. Various tools help you create Web pages in a WYSIWYG editing environment. ü 2. The markup created by editors is often complicated and bloated. ü 3. Inspite of this, these tools can be timesavers. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 42

Tools For the World Wide Web Page Makers and Site Builders ü 4. Common site building tools include a) Adobe Go. Live b) Macromedia Dreamweaver c) Microsoft Front. Page d) Myrmidon e) Netscape Composer © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 43

Web Server & Web Browser --WWW is based upon Clients & Servers. --A WWW client is called Web Browser / Browser. and a WWW Server is called Web Server/ Server. --Internet Explorer / Netscape Navigator are two most popular web browsers. --Unlike FTP & Telnet, browsers do not require a user to remotely login to a server computer and then log out again when the user has finished accessing information stored on the server computer. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 44

Web Browser • A web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) and may be a web page, image, video, or other piece of content • Hyperlinks present in resources enable users easily to navigate their browsers to related resources. • A web browser can also be defined as an application software or program designed to enable users to access, retrieve and view documents and other resources on the Internet. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 45

Web Browser --Browser allows a user to create and maintain a personal “Hot list” of favorite URL address of server computers that the user is likely to frequently visit in future. --Allows to upload / download files in various formats ( txt / html files etc. ). Examples of Browsers § Internet Explorer § Netscape § Mozilla Firefox üSome alternate browsers, are a) Opera b)Emacs c) i. Cab © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 46

Web Browser © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 47

Web Browser Every browser features a toolbar that allows you to perform various functions like: • Go back to the first page you started on the internet which is called Home. • Book your favorite websites • Print content you find interesting on web pages • Check your web history, like the websites you visited in the past • You can go forward and backwards to see the previous sites you viewed © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 48

Web Browsers How to use a browser URL (Universal Resource Locator) - address of information on the World Wide Web Use Hyper. Text Transport Protocol (http) or HTTP over Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), abbreviated https http: //www. sitename. com https: //www. sitename. com Domain suffixes (e. g. “. com”) tell you the type of site or where it is located. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 49

Tools For the World Wide Web Browsers - Web browsers have increasingly grown to support plug -in technologies such as FLASH and Java. ü. Web browsers often vary from the HTML standards. a) Support for features such as cascading style sheets (CSS) is inconsistent -The majority of visitors to your web site will be using Internet Explorer or Netscape with plug-ins. -You should be sure that your content looks good in both of them. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 50

Tools For the World Wide Web Browsers and Plug-Ins Plug-ins and delivery vehicles ü 1. Plug-ins add capabilities to the Web browser. a) Plug-ins are also sometimes called helper applications. ü 2. If your content requires a plug-in, don’t forget that users must have the plug-in installed. a) Provide a link to help the user obtain the plug-in. b) Decide whether requiring a plug-in is worthwhile. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 51

Tools For the World Wide Web Browsers and Plug-Ins ü 3. Types of plug-ins include a) Text ( such as Adobe Acrobat Reader) b) Images ( such as Macromedia Shockwave which allows the display of vector graphics. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 52

Tools For the World Wide Web Browsers and Plug-Ins c)Sound Plug-ins such as Real. Player, Quick. Time, and Windows Media Player can play music. d)Animation, video, and presentation 1. Real. Player, Quick. Time, and Windows Media Player also play animations and video. (2)Flash and Shockwave are used for animation and presentation. (3)Microsoft Power. Point can be used for online presentations. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 53

Web Browser TYPES OF WEB BROWSERS Browsers comes in various forms and capabilities. Basically it has three types: 1. Line Browsers 2. Graphical browsers and 3. Java-enabled browsers. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 54

Web Browser GRAPHICAL BROWSERS • • • A Graphical browser is designed to take full advantage of the www’s ability to handle all kinds of digital media such as graphics, image, video and sound. They are software applications that allow users to display and interact with various images, present on the web pages. Graphical Browsers were first distributed by Mosaic Example: Mosaic, Netscape, Cello, Viola, Mac. Web, Internet Explorer etc. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 55

Web Browser LINE BROWSERS -A Line browser is a text based browser that provides command-line interface to its users. --Lynx does not support graphics -Browsing in Lynx consists of highlighting the chosen link using cursor keys, or having all links on a page numbered and entering the chosen link's number. Current versions support SSL[3] and many HTML features. -Lynx was once popular with visually impaired users, but better screen readers have reduced the appeal of this application. -It is still included in a number of Unix products and Linux distributions © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 56

Web Browser -Lynx was originally designed for Unix and is a popular console browser on Linux. -Versions are also available for DOS - Recent versions run on all Microsoft Windows releases, and Mac OS X, - it supports many computer protocols: Gopher, HTTPS, FTP etc - Command line browsers for windows, linux, redhat © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 57

Web Browser JAVA ENABLED BROWSERS -These are based on Java programming languages and have the ability to dynamically download Java applets. (Dynamic Content) Full animation, play sound and interact with the user in real time when executed. -Java is not enabled in the web browser. If Java is already installed but applets do not work, you may need to enable the Java through your web browser. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 58

Java language is the most powerful language and is widely used in the web application. Today most of the web browser are java compatible. Few of them are: Internet Explorer Netscape Hot. Java Firefox 1. 0. 4 Mozilla 1. 6 © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 59

Tools For the World Wide Web Servers 1. The “server” is actually software. üa) Various servers are available that run on various platforms. üb) The most common server packages include (1) Apache (2) Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) (3) i. Planet © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 60

Web Server --A software program or server computer equipped to offer World Wide Web access. --Web servers allow you to serve content over the Internet using the Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML). --The Web server accepts requests from browsers like Netscape and Internet Explorer and then returns the appropriate HTML documents. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 61

Web Server and Web Browser © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 62

Tools For the World Wide Web Servers ü 2. The server plays a pivotal role in content delivery. ü 3. The speed and capacity of the server has a major effect on performance. a) This is especially true when the server is delivering streaming content. b) Speed and capacity is affected by the server hardware. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 63

Web Server/web browser Web Server and Browser Interaction -A Web Browser acts as an interface between the user and the Web server. --The browser carries out the following on behalf of the user § Contacts a web server § Sends a request for information § Receives the information and § Displays it on the user's computer © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 64

© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 65

How Does a Web Server Accept Connections? • • • Accept network connections from browsers Retrieve content from disk Run local CGI programs Transmit data back to clients Be as fast as possible Support multi-threading and multi-processing © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 66

Load Balancing • • • DNS balancing (round-robin type) Hardware load balancing Software load balancing Content spreading across hosts Content spreading across outsourced providers © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 67

Load Balancing cont. . © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 68

Web Server How Web servers Work © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 69

Web Server How Web servers Work - Overview Cont. . . -Perhaps the most important expansion on this was the concept of dynamic content (i. e. , Web pages created in response to a user's input, whether directly or indirectly). -The oldest and most used standard for doing this is Common Gateway Interface (CGI). -It basically defines how a Web server should run programs locally and transmit their output through the Web server to the user's Web browser that is requesting the dynamic content. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 70

Web Server How Web servers Work - Overview Cont. . . © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 71

Web Server Apache Web Server --Apache remains the king of Web servers despite intense efforts by Microsoft and Netscape to gain dominance in the market --Its cross-platform support, protocol support (HTTP/1. 1), modularity (API), security, logging, and overall performance and robustness --Apache runs on Windows (95/98/NT), OS/2, and all the major variants of Unix © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 72

WWW Web: An Ideal Media and Source of Information §The World Wide Web (known as "WWW', "Web" or "W 3") is the universe of network-accessible information, the embodiment of human knowledge. § WWW provides hypertext access to documents located anywhere on the Internet. § Web facilitates combination of text, pictures, sound, animation and video. § Many varying information systems are tied into a homogeneous browsable, searchable web. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 73 Contd. . .

WWW §Information sharing with global dimensions. § WWW is a very successful distributed information system. § New dimension and new responsibility for Library & Information Science Profession. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 74 Contd. . .

What Users Do on the Internet Activity Email General information Surfing Reading Hobbies Product information Travel information Work/Business Entertainment/Games Buying Stock quotes Job search Chat rooms Internet users (percent) 90% 77 69 67 63 62 54% 46 36 36 27 26 24% © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 75

Growth of Internet • No production cost • Low cost infrastructure • No fees for joining or licenses to buy • Choice of products and services • No sales experience needed • No employees required • No expensive accounts needed ● No inventory to carry ● No order processing ● No product shipping ● No customer service concerns ● Make money while you sleep ● The world at your doorstep ● Minimal risk ● High income potential © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 76

Multimedia Networking • Animation, voice and video - not only text • distance learning, distributed simulation, distribute work groups • Multimedia networks may replace telephone, television, etc • Challenges - Build hardware and software infrastructure and applications to support multimedia © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 77

Real-time Challenges • High bandwidth • Audio and video must be played back at the rate they were sampled (voice may be even more difficult) © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 78

Internet Multimedia Applications • Classes of multimedia applications • Streaming Stored Multimedia Data Applications § Clients request on-demand data (for example, compressed audio or video files) which is stored on servers. • One to many streaming of real-time data applications § Similar to ordinary broadcast of radio and television, except the transmission takes place over the Internet. • Real-time interactive multimedia applications § Allows people to use audio/video to communicate with each other in real-time © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 79

Multimedia Data Streaming • Significant improvement over the download-and-play approach to multimedia file distribution • Allows the data to be delivered to the client as a continuous flow with minimal delay before playback can begin • Streaming is a server/client technology that allows live or pre-recorded data to be broadcast in real time • Multimedia applications such as news, education, training, entertainment, advertising, and a host of other uses • Streaming enables the Internet or company Intranet as a new broadcast medium for audio and video. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 80

Multimedia Data Streaming • Example: • If there are 100 requests for example, for a video stream compressed at 28. 8 Kbps, the server would require at least a 3 Mbps connection. The Encoding Station and the Video Streaming Server can be one single system. However, unless hardware encoding is used, this would typically be for a situations requiring limited performance (e. g. a single input stream and a small number of viewer requests). Even so, it would still require a fairly highperformance system. It is much more common to have two separate systems. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 81

Multimedia Data Streaming © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 82

Multimedia Services & Applications © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 83

Multimedia Services & Applications © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 84

Search Engines Google (www. google. com) Yahoo! (www. yahoo. com) Alta. Vista (www. altavista. com) Lycos (www. lycos. com) © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 85

© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 86

Virtual Reality and VRML Introduction § What is Virtual Reality(VR)? Virtual Reality refers to a high-end user interface that involves real-time simulation and interactions through multiple sensorial channels. § Why VR? VR is able to immerse you in a computergenerated world of your own making: a room, a city, the interior of human body. With VR, you can explore any uncharted territory of the human imagination. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 87

• A computer generated world with which the user can interact § In 1950 s, flight simulators were built by US Air Force to train student pilots. § In 1991, first commercial entertainment VR system "Virtuality" was released. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 88

Types of Virtual Reality Immersive VR Non-Immersive VR © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 89

Types of Virtual Reality Immersive VR A type of VR in which the user becomes immersed (deeply involved) in a virtual world. it is also a form of VR that uses computer related components. • Completely immerse or dip the user's personal viewpoint inside the virtual 3 D world. The user has no visual contact with the physical word. Often equipped with a Head Mounted Display (HMD). Non-Immersive VR © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 90

Technologies of VR--Hardware § Head-Mounted Display (HMD) - A Helmet or a face mask providing the visual and hearing displays. - Use LCD or CRT to display stereo images. - May include built-in head-tracker and stereo headphones © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 91

Types of Virtual Reality Immersive VR Non-Immersive VR Text based VR Augmented VR © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 92

Types of Virtual Reality Immersive VR Non-Immersive VR Text based VR When readers of a certain text form a mental model of this virtual world in their minds from the description of people , places and things. Augmented VR © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 93

Types of Virtual Reality Immersive VR Non-Immersive VR Text based VR Augmented VR §Mixed Reality(Augmented Reality) The seamless merging of real space and virtual space. Integrate the computer-generated virtual objects into the. physical world which become in a sense an equal part of our natural environment. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 94

VR Examples (Cont’d) § Augmented VR © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 95

Types of VR System(Cont’d) § Telepresence § A variation of visualizing complete computer generated worlds. § Links remote sensors in the real world with the senses of a human operator. § The remote sensors might be located on a robot. Useful for performing operations in dangerous environments. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 96

VR Examples (Cont’d) § Telepresence VR © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 97

Technologies of VR--Hardware § Cave Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE) - Provides the illusion of immersion by projecting stereo images on the walls and floor of a room-sized cube. - A head tracking system continuously adjust the stereo projection to the current position of the leading viewer. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 98

Technologies of VR--Software § Software packages available in market § § Multiverse (Freeware) Virtual Reality Studio Sense 8 World Tool Kit (WTK) Autodesk Cyberspace Development kit © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 99

Applications • • Architecture Training Medicine Engineering and Design E-Commerce Entertainment Manufacturing © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 100

Applications § Entertainment § More exciting § More attractive © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak 101 U 3. 101

Applications (Cont’d) § Medicine Practice performing surgery. - Perform surgery on a remote patient. - Teach new skills in a safe, controlled environment. - © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 102

Applications (Cont’d) § Manufacturing § Easy to modify § Low cost § High efficient © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 103

Applications (Cont’d) § Education & Training § § Driving simulators. Flight simulators. Ship simulators. Tank simulators. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 104

How about learning to drive a car? © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 105

• VR is in its early stages, but is used commercially, globally. • There are 61, 400 international commercial companies producing VR. • While VR is at an early stage, it is used educationally throughout the world. There approximately 3, 600 educational institutions which use VR. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 108

Characteristics of VRML • Not a programming language like C++ or java • Descriptive (rather than procedural) like HTML • -VRML includes many of the things that go into making a world. • It has a way of describing geometry which creates objects and spaces in which you can move around, as well as light, texture and sound which can be approached and viewed from whatever angle. • --It is from this ‘worldly’ imitation that VRML files get their name. The files are called ‘worlds’ and have ‘. wrl’ extension. • File formats contains human readable and editable ASCII text © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 109

Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) • Most exciting is the ongoing development of VRML on the World Wide Web. • VRML stands for Virtual Reality Modelling Language and is pronounced ‘vermil’. • It is a standard for delivering 3 D rendering on the net, just like HTML is a standard for web pages. • In addition to HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), that has become a standard authoring tool for the creation of home pages, VRML provides three-dimensional worlds with integrated hyperlinks on the Web. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 110

§ VRML(Virtual Reality Modeling Language) - § Standard language for interactive simulation within the World Wide Web. Allows to create "virtual worlds" networked via the Internet and hyperlinked with the World Wide Web. Aspects of virtual world display, interaction and internetworking can be specified using VRML without being dependent on special gear like HMD. VR models can be viewed by Netscape or IE with a browser plug-in. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 111

Introduction to VRML 1. 0 --This is the first generation of VRML. --It describes the foundations of a world including geometry, lighting, color, texture and linking. VRML 1. 0 is designed to meet the following requirements: § Platform independence § Extensibility § Ability to work well over low-bandwidth connections -No support for interactive behaviors © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 112

Introduction to VRML 2. 0 -This is the current generation of VRML. -It has a richer level for interactivity and includes support for animation, spatial sound and scripting in addition to features that are already supported in VRML 1. 0. --VRML Architecture Board made it official in March 1996 © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 113

Introduction to VRML Features in VRML 97 More realism in static worlds VRML 97 is the ISO standard for VRML. It is developed based on VRML 2. 0. n. Sound objects with controllable attenuation n An efficient system to describe irregular landscape n A more powerful background coloring and view system n A fog system allowing underwater and cloudy environments to be represented n The ability to use MPEG video as a texture map © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 114

Introduction to VRML Features in VRML 97 Interaction from sensors: n Collision detection gives the user a sense of substance as they move in the world n Touch sensors allow reactions to a users deliberate actions n closeness sensors allow reactions to a user’s not so deliberate actions n Visibility sensors allow conservation of resources © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 115

Introduction to VRML Features in VRML 97 Motion, behaviors and beyond: nprovide engines to implement animation of any sort. n Scripting in Java. Script or Java allows everything from simple logic devices to fully blown analytical engines providing a wealth of complexity. n A navigation information object provides the browser software with details of the speed and nature of the users movements in the world. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 116

Introduction to VRML Writing VRML descriptions VRML code is simply a text file, case sensitive Header: § #VRML V 2. 0 utf 8 Comments indicated by ‘#’ sign Terminology: § Nodes: a world is made up of nodes which are types of objects § Fields: describe properties of a node © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 117

Introduction to VRML Example #VRML V 2. 0 utf 8 Node Field World. Info { title "Example 1" } DEF FBOX Shape { appearance Appearance { material Material { diffuse. Color 0 0. 5 0 (uses default values) } } geometry Box { } } © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 118

Introduction to VRML Shapes Box § geometry Box {size 5. 5 3. 75 1. 0} Cylinder § geometry Cylinder {radius 0. 5 height 10 top FALSE} Cone § geometry Cone {bottom. Radius 5 height 10 side TRUE bottom FALSE} Sphere § geometry Sphere { radius 10, 000} Text & Font. Style © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 119

Introduction to VRML Materials Material Node properties: § diffuse. Color: The normal color of the object § specular. Color: The color of highlights on shiny objects § emissive. Color: The object 'glows' with a light of it's own of this color. It doesn't cast light on any other objects though § ambient. Intensity: The amount of ambient light that the object reflects § shininess: How reflective the object is § transparency: How transparent the object is. Note, some browsers will not support partly-transparent objects. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 120

Introduction to VRML Transformations Distances measured in meters (convention) Angles measured in radians Transformation types: § Translation, Rotation, and Scaling Applied in following order (use nesting for custom) § Scale, then Rotate, then Translate Transform { Example: translation 1 1 1 rotation 0 1 0 0. 78 scale 2 1 2 children [ USE FBOX ] © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 121

Multimedia Applications Multimedia applications— • • Media Communication Media Consumption Media Entertainment Media Games © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 122

MEDIA COMMUNICATION ● ● Media Communication refers to any type of communication which is supported by Multimedia(text, graphics, videos, images, animation, audio etc) Communication includes exchange of information between – Different persons – Person and machine – Different machines © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 123

Continue. . . ● Internet – Email – Blogs – Social Networking – Video Conferencing ● ● Webinars Television – Interactive TV – Smart TV ● Newspaper & Magazines ● Films © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 124

Dimensions: Content (what type of things are communicated) Source (by whom) Form (in which form) Channel (through which medium) Destination/Receiver (to whom) Purpose/Pragmatic aspect (with what kind of results) © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 125

Electronic media • A revolution in telecommunications providing new media for long distance communication. • Analog telecommunications include traditional telephony, radio, and TV broadcasts. • Digital telecommunications allow for computermediated communication, telegraphy, and computer networks. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 126

Media may refer to various aspects: In communication: Recording media, devices used to store information Print media, communications delivered via paper or canvas Electronic media, communications delivered via electronic or electromechanical energy § Multimedia, communications that incorporate multiple forms of information content and processing § Hypermedia, media with hyperlinks § Digital media, electronic media used to store, transmit and receive digitized information © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 127

E-MAIL Continue. . . ● The only disadvantage is the size i. e. we can't send an email of more than 25 MB. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 128

SOCIAL NETWORKING ● ● Social networking is an online service, platform, or site that focuses on building and reflecting of social networks or social relations among people who share interests and/or activities. A social network is a social structure made up of individuals (or organizations) called "nodes", which are tied (connected) by one or more specific types of interdependency, such as friendship, common interest, financial exchange, dislike, or relationships of beliefs, knowledge or prestige. ● © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 129

Social Networking Continue. . © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 130

Video Conferencing ● ● Video Conferencing is the conduct of a conference by a set of telecommunication technologies which allow two or more locations to interact via two-way video and audio transmissions simultaneously. It has also been called 'visual collaboration' and is a type of groupware. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 131

COMPONENTS OF VC SYSTEM ● ● Video input : video camera or webcam Video output: computer monitor , television or projector Audio input: microphones, CD/DVD player, cassette player, or any other source of audio outlet. Audio output: usually loudspeakers associated with the display device or telephone © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 132

Continue. . . ● ● Data transfer: analog or digital telephone network, LAN or Internet Computer: a data processing unit that ties together the other components, does the compressing and decompressing, and initiates and maintains the data linkage via the network. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 133

WEBINAR ● ● ● One of applications of Video Conferencing is “Webinar”. The term Webinar is short for Web-based Seminar, a presentation, lecture or workshop that is transmitted over the Web. http: //www. techgig. com/webinars © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 134

Interactive Television ● ● Interactive television (generally known as ITV) describes a number of techniques that allow viewers to interact with television content as they view it. The audience affects the program being watched. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 135

Smart Television • • Smart TV, which is also called "Connected TV" or "Hybrid TV", is the phrase used to describe the current trend of integration of the internet and Web 2. 0 features into modern television sets and set-top boxes, as well as the technological convergence between computers and these television sets / set-top boxes. These new devices most often also have a much higher focus on online interactive media, Internet TV, over-the-top content, as well as on-demand streaming media, and less focus on traditional broadcast media. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 136

Newspaper & Magazines ● ● ● Newspaper and Magazine are the primary source of media communication. Newspaper and magazine use text & images as the media. Due to the increased use of images and formatted text in Newspapers and Magazines , they also come under Media Communication. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 137

Artificial Intelligence ● Game artificial intelligence refers to techniques used in computer and video games to produce the illusion of intelligence in the behavior of non-player characters (NPCs) © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 138

Multimedia Entertainment © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 139

Entertainment • • 3 -D effects on 2 -D. Games Video clips E-comics Digital entertainment systems Entertainment robotics Interactive music © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 140

Long Questions 1. Which platform is more suitable for multimedia application development and why? How are the connections established during multimedia presentations? 2. Describe the process of creation of a multimedia application, user interface and essential requirement in detail. 3. What is the role of HTML and HTTP in delivering and launching multimedia on the web? 4. Explain the concept of HTML in Multimedia. 5. How can you design web pages for WWW using HTML and VRML. Justify. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 141

Long Questions 6. What types of functionality need to be provided in order to effectively use a wide variety of media in Multimedia applications. Your answer should briefly address how such functionality can be facilitated in general Multimedia applications ? 7. What do you mean by the term “Web Browser”? Explain various types of web Browsers (NETSCAPE NAVIGATOR AND INTERNET EXPLORER) used in Internet? 8. What are the various components of an IP address? How is the domain naming done? Give appropriate examples? © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 142

Short Questions 1. Explain the following: (a) Hyper Media Structure (b)Media Games (c) Interactive TV (d)Web Server (e)HTML (f)Web Browser (g)Digital Broadcasting © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 143

Short Questions 2. Explain the following: (i)Digital Radio (ii) Multimedia Conferencing (iii) Interactive television (iv) Media Consumption (v) Media Communication (vi) VRML © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 144

Short Questions 3. Explain the working principle of web browsers? 4. What are the responsibilities of web servers? Explain its role. 5. Explain the difference between block media and continuous media. 6. What is plug-ins? Explain with examples. When do we use them and how? 7. What is virtual reality? Explain about VRML. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 145

Short Questions 8. What is the basic function of the following tools for the WWW? (i) Web Servers (ii) Web Browsers (iii) Web page Makers and Site builders (iv) Plug-ins and Delivery Vehicles. 9. What is the role of HTML and HTTP in delivering and launching multimedia on the web? © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 146

Short Questions 10. Define web server and web browser with suitable example. . 11. Differentiate between Internet and www. 12. What do you mean by multimedia conferencing? 13. Differentiate between General Television and Interactive Television. 14. Explain multimedia on Internet. 15. Explain media communication, media consumption and media entertainment. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 147

Thanks…. . References Books: Multimedia: Making It Work By: Tay Vaughan Information Technology: Principles and Applications By: Ajoy Kumar Ray & Tinku Acharya Multimedia System Design : K. Andleigh and K. Thakkar © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 148

References Example VRML code from § http: //www. vapourtech. com/vrmlguide/ VRML Consortium/Web 3 D § http: //www. vrml. org/ VRML repository: § http: //vrml. sdsc. edu/ VRML 1. 0 Specification § http: //www. vrml. org/VRML 1. 0/vrml 10 c. html VRML 97 Specification § http: //www. web 3 d. org/Specifications/VRML 97/ © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 3. 149