Multimedia Technologies UNITIV Bharati Vidyapeeths Institute of Computer
Multimedia Technologies UNIT-IV © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 1
Digital Communication © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 2
Digital Communication • Digital communications performed with and by digital technology. • Multimedia developers and managers use digital communications methods to create any variety of entertainment, graphic design, and artistic productions. -Data transmission, digital transmission or digital communications is the physical transfer of data (a digital bit stream) over a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication channel. • Examples of such channels are copper wires, optical fibers, wireless communication channels, and storage media. • The data is represented as an electro-magnetic signal, such as an electrical voltage, radio wave, microwave or infra-red signal. • Serial and parallel transmission © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 3
Digital Communication advantages • • • Reliable communication; less sensitivity to changes in environmental conditions (temperature, etc. Easy multiplexing, Easy signaling call progress information�� Voice and data integration�� Easy processing like encryption and compression�� • Circuit switching and packet switching © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 4
Examples of digital communication What are some examples? Some examples of digital communication are E-mailing - Computers Texting - Cell Phones Online games - Web Kinz -Club Penguin © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 5
Examples of digital communication Email • Electronic mail is often abbreviated to e-mail • Email is a store-and-forward method of writing, sending, receiving and saving messages through computers © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 6
Examples of digital communication Texting • The common term for the sending of "short“ messages from mobile phones or portable devices is called texting • Texting works using the Short Message Service (SMS) © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 7
Examples of digital communication Online Games • Online games can range from simple text based games to games incorporating complex graphics and virtual worlds populated by many players • Many online games have associated online communities © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 8
Interactive Television © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 9
Interactive Television • Television has always been a source of broadcasting information to a large number of users. • However, this remained one-way for a long time. • i. TV is a modern technique that follows the approach of two way communication between the viewer and broadcaster. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 10
Interactive Television • Interactive TV (i. TV) is any television with what is called a “return path”. • Information flows not only from broadcaster to viewer, but also back from viewer to broadcaster. • This "return path" or "back channel" can be by telephone, mobile SMS (text messages), radio, digital subscriber lines (ADSL) or cable. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 11
Interactive Television • Interactive television (generally known as ITV or sometimes as i. TV when used as branding) describes a number of techniques that allow viewers to interact with television content as they view it. • Interactive TV, also known as i. TV, id. TV, e. TV or ITV, allows the viewer to interact with television content. • i. TV are provided with set top boxes. • Users can choose any plan from the suggested ones. • Users need not worry about the noise disturbances. • i. TV can be customized anytime. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 12
What can be done with i. TV? • • • Movies on Demand Real Time voting on the screen Choose angle to watch a match Interactive goodies - Pause movies or shows T-commerce Television commerce - the buying and selling of products or services using interactive television • T-commerce: You will be able to buy a pizza without dialing a phone. • Interactive Goodies: You will be able to pause live TV or record shows. • You will be able to click on advertisements to “find out more”. • © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 13
Who is a broadcaster? • Cable operator • Satellite TV operator. • Broadcast company. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 14
Interactive Television Who is Making Digital Interactive Television? 1. Box Makers – Companies like Motorola, Scientific Atlantic, Pace and Microsoft are global players making set top boxes that run interactive television. 2. Network Operators – • These are the companies that own the cabling or satellites that carry the signal. They will usually offer their own services such as interactive television and broadband internet access. • For example : Tata Sky HD, DTH Dish TV, Videocon, Bharti Airtel etc. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 15
Interactive Television 3. Operating System Providers – These are software companies such as Microsoft, Liberate and Open. TV that provide software operating systems that run on set top boxes. They are the equivalent of the Windows or Linux operating systems that run on PCs. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 16
Interactive Television Examples-. • • • Dish TV(a ZEE TV subsidiary) Tata Sky Reliance owned BIG TV Bharti Airtel's DTH Service 'Airtel Digital TV DD Direct Plus © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 17
DTH(Direct-to-Home) • • DTH is defined as the reception of satellite programmes with a personal dish in an individual home. DTH services were first proposed in India in 1996. Working of DTH network consists of a broadcasting centre, satellites, encoders, multiplexers, modulators and DTH receivers. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 18
DTH Superior to cable TV • • Offers better quality picture. Stereophonic sound effects. Can reach remote areas. Provides interactive TV services such as movie-on-demand, Internet access, video conferencing and e-mail. BUT…………. • More expensive than cable TV. • A set-top box is a must for DTH. • Powerful broadcasting companies like Star, Zee, etc are also pushing for it. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 19
Digital Radio © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 20
Digital radio • Digital radio describes radio communications technologies which carry information as a digital signal, by means of a digital modulation method. • Digital radio is very commonly used in microwave radio communications. • Digital radio include digital audio broadcasting, digital television broadcasting, short-range digital wireless communications, and radio broadcasting that is delivered via the Internet. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 21
Digital radio © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 22
Digital radio ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL RADIO Digital Radio will not replace current analog AM and FM radio stations for at least 10 years -Potentially Better Sound – Digital radio can deliver better sound quality than traditional AM and FM -Easy Tuning – No need to remember your favourite station’s frequency. You can tune by station name. Simply scroll through the list of stations and with one touch. -Better reception – Digital radio is said to offer interferencefree, digital-quality sound but as with digital TV this is only true if you have a strong signal in your area/building. • If you have a weak signal you might not pick up some of the stations at all. • If you have a strong signal than it’s true and the sound quality is really great. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 23
Digital radio Features • • • Enhanced sound quality. Better sound reception quality. More number of stations. Better availability. No disturbances and signal distortion. Clarity, efficiency, and functionality. Store-and-Replay. Crystal clear reception. Advantages of text with music, so user can get song lyrics, singer and album details also. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 24
Digital radio • Digital radio broadcasts in the same frequencies as analog broadcasts (listeners do not need to learn a new station number). © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 25
Digital radio What are the Problems with Digital Radio? - Signal strength issues – In some areas of capital cities where digital radio has been launched the signal isn’t as strong as analog radio so you have to extend a digital radio antenna fully to get a strong signal. - Delayed Broadcast – Digital radio DAB+ broadcasts in Australia are up to 5 seconds delayed compared to analog AM/FM radio broadcasts. Advantage - It is still a radio and not a computer. Which means that you don’t need an internet connection to listen nor a Wi-Fi spot to tune in. But because of this, it is truly portable and mobile. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 26
Traditional approach Common ways of carrying information with radio waves. analog ü Amplitude Modulation (AM)- Uses changes in the signal strength to convey information. ü Frequency Modulation (FM)- Uses changes in the wave’s frequency to convey information. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 27
• Electromagnetic waves are send between two places. • Sender sends radio waves and receiver gets signals and gives output. • AM and FM used for carrying waves. • Distortion in carrier causes distortion in data. • Noise problem. • Sound is not crystal clear. • Interference caused by buildings, mountains, airplanes, and even weather conditions. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 28
Digital radio Digital Radio Providers XM Satellite Radio Sirius Satellite Radio World. Space Satellite Radio © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 29
Digital radio Working of digital Radio • Transmitter sends program signals broken into fragments and coded into numbers. • Transmitter sends each fragment several times to increase the signal’s reception rate. • Receiver puts together these fragments then gives the output. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 30
Digital radio transmission © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 31
Multimedia Conferencing System (MCS)-Connecting the World © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 32
Multimedia Conferencing End User Benefits • Conferencing from the workplace either at their desktop PCs, notebooks, or large-screen monitors. • High quality full motion video and CD quality audio similar to high end systems • Participate in a conference with hundreds or even thousands of participants (restricted by available bandwidth at the server) unlike other systems where participants are restricted to below 10. • Easy for student to communicate with their tutor from remote site. Student can discuss about their exams and subject with their tutor via MCS Document Conferencing © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 33
Multimedia Conferencing • Reduce Travel Expenses • Video Conferencing Saves Money and time • Improve Effectiveness • Improve communication • conferencing has been used in the following fields: • Telemedicine • Telecommunication • Education • Surveillance • Security • Emergency Response • Business meetings, educational meetings, healthcare conferences © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 34
Multimedia Conferencing -Multimedia Conferencing System, MCS is the first of its kind to offer virtually unlimited multipoint-to-multipoint interactivity for notebook, desktop, boardroom. -MCS is also already making a name for itself in the global marketplace with its other attractive features such as no call costs, low additional infrastructure needs, open-system hardware requirements and wireless capability. -MCS is well suited for intra-corporate meetings, distance learning, telemedicine and long-distance/ international desktop conferencing. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 35
• -Videoconferencing allows real-time face-to-face communication as well as meetings of workers who are separated by several thousand miles. • Video conferencing has great costsaving benefits for many organizations as it saves time, travel and accommodation expenses. Services • IP/Web and Audio Conferencing • Room and Desktop-based Video Conferencing • Telepresence • Application Sharing © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 36
Benefits • Improve relationships with board members, clients, staff, vendors, shareholders, the media, and others by using Web conferences • improve worker productivity by reducing non-productive downtime spent in transit and away from the office, and by running more efficient and effective virtual meetings • promote participation and commitment levels by including more team members and key partners in meetings and conferences © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 37
Technology Trends Technology trends today indicate that the world of communications is converging. Voice, video and data are all merging into one carrier base : Internet Protocol (IP). Whoever manages to make the above a reality, with the ability to use current infrastructure and generic PCs, will become the world leader in multimedia communications. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 38
Legacy Systems 1 st Generation : POINT TO POINT Proprietary ISDN © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 39
Current Systems 2 nd Generation : POINT TO MULTIPOINT ISDN MCU based ISDN systems, running proprietary protocols ISDN / MCU Based Systems • The above mentioned technologies are loosing money and market share. • They have realized their mistakes and are now working hard toward IP based solutions. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 40
MULTIPOINT TO MULTIPOINT to multipoint. . Internet or IP Network Video PABX of the future, where every office can be connected to each other via Intranets or the Internet. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 41
• MCS Version 5. 0 presents a MULTIPOINT-TO-MULTIPOINT system that has unique features overcome the disadvantages of current systems: • Allows multipoint desktop and boardroom conferencing using your existing LAN infrastructure, without effecting your current applications. • No expensive MCU is required. • MCS uses the non-proprietary IP protocol and runs over your existing network lines and even over the Internet. • The required WAN or Internet bandwidth remains constant, no matter how many sites join the conference. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 42
MCS Unique Features 1. Uses the Real-time Switching Control Criteria to optimize bandwidth for multimedia conferencing. 2. Uses the Distributed Network Entity Architecture to provide the speed and processing power for high end real-time multimedia applications. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 43
MCS Features • • • Allow 2 active participants Integrated chat and document conferencing Drop joined user from conference Receive multiple invitation to conference Change password Invite during conference © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 44
Change Password © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 45
Invite during conference © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 46
Audio Features : • Buffer volume control • Capture volume control • Enable / Disable audio transmission © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 47
Buffer Volume Control Volume figure will be shown Adjust volume Mute volume © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 48
Capture volume Control Volume figure will be shown Mute volume (stop sending) Adjust volume © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 49
Enable / Disable Audio Enabled Disabled © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 50
Video Features : • • Allow changing of video frame rate Auto video windows size changing Multiple resolution Multiple video windows Allow changing of video source Allow changing of video properties Video windows alignments Change Camera On the Fly © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 51
Multiple resolution 4 different resolutions 320 x 240 pixels 176 x 144 pixels 160 x 120 pixels © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak 128 x 96 pixels U 4. 52
Scenario : 1 Chairman & 2 Active participant Pic : 320 x 240 Scenario where there are 4 windows with 320 x 240 windows size. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 53
MCS Chat Screen Chat tool integrated with MCS ver 5. Above is the sample of screen shot of chat window. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 54
Multimedia Conferencing System Intercommunication between Classrooms in School/College © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 55
Multimedia Conferencing System Par 3 R&D Department ATM BACKBONE Par 1 Par 2 Government Agencies Par 4 Corporate Sector © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 56
DIGITAL BROADCASTING © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 57
DIGITAL BROADCASTING • The digital broadcast offers better quality of picture and sound. • Furthermore, some TV stations will be able to broadcast in highdefinition. This means that you will be able to watch some of your favorite TV channels in HD for free. • Furthermore, you will get improved sound, which will help you to make watching television way better. • The digital broadcast consumes less bandwidth than the analog one. This will free space for more wireless networks, which on the other hand will improve the communication services. • © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 58
DIGITAL BROADCASTING • With the digital television, you will have access to more channels. You had probably noticed that with analog TV you have access to just a couple of TV channels, but with the new digital technology the TV stations will have the ability to broadcast more channels simultaneously. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 59
DIGITAL BROADCASTING Disadvantages The biggest disadvantage of the digital TV is the fact that you will need special equipment. For the old analog broadcast, the only thing that you needed was an antenna, but for the new digital broadcast you will need digital converter box. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 60
DIGITAL BROADCASTING • Another disadvantage of the digital broadcast is the loss of signals. With the old analog broadcast, you are probably used to have bad picture when the weather is bad, but with the new digital one you will loose all your channels entirely. • Imagine that you are watching your favorite show and instead of bad quality of the picture, you get a black screen. This means that you should be getting the prefect TV signals all the time, because otherwise you will simply not get any picture at all. • © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 61
DIGITAL BROADCASTING INTRODUCTION 1. Digital broadcasting is the practice of using digital data rather than analogue waveforms to carry broadcasts over television channels or assigned radio frequency bands. 2. It is becoming increasingly popular for television usage (especially satellite telivision) Ø Data is stored, transmitted and produced using only 0’s and 1’s. Ø Data processing tasks become simpler and chances of errors are greatly reduced. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 62
Why digital? ? Because it is Digital! Ø Sharing technology with IT industry Ø Improvement in quality Ø Spectrum efficiency Ø New services possible © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 63
CHARACTERISTICS OF DIGITAL BROADCASTING © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 64
Multichannelization and the effective use of frequency resources High efficiency coding Certain mechanisms in the human senses of perception allow much of the normal information contained in television picture to be omitted without a perceptible loss of quality. Digital signal processing techniques make it possible to reduce the amount of transmitted information even further. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 65
Cont… Spectrum efficiency In conventionally modulated analog broadcasts, one channel occupies a bandwidth of 6 MHz. Spectral efficiency in bit/s/Hz bandwidth. is the gross bitrate divided by the © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 66
Eg. If spectral efficiency=3. Bandwidth=6 MHz, then transmittable bit rate=18 Mbit/s. Use of MPEG compression reduces it to 6 Mbit/s. Thus possible to broadcast 3 programs over 1 channel of normal bandwidth. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 67
Cont. . . Interference Countermeasures Digital modulation systems offer superior immunity to signals produced by interference. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 68
Multiple Frequency Networks Separation required Gap fillers require additional spectrum © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 69
Frequency Reuse Cells with same color define the pattern and can use the same set of frequencies. The cells are called reusing cells. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 70
Improving Picture and Sound Quality Ø Digital modulation techniques are inherently superior to conventional analog modulation wrt system noise. Ø Digital values contained in the modulated signal can be stripped of noise in the demodulation process. Ø Result is… In transmitting a picture of equality, several hundred times less power than equivalent analog transmission. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 71
HISTORY Ø Digital broadcasting actually commenced in 1994 when the United States began service over a communication satellite. Ø Digital drives the growth of the satellite reception market. The development of attractive digital services provided by broadcasters to the major European language markets continues to drive the growth of satellite reception. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 72
Transition from Analog to Digital… 1. Development of digital signal processing techniques which permit the compression of picture data, forward error correction, and rapid advances made in digital modulation and demodulation techniques. 2. Tremendous progress made in microcircuits and semiconductors which gave us the optimum hardware packaging for the ideas underpinning the digital broadcasting movement. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 73
Broadcasting System PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT TRANSMISSION EQUIPMENT RECEPTON EQUIPMENT © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 74
DIGITAL BROADCAST SYSTEM SOURCE HIGH EFFICIENCY ENCODING MULTIPLEXING DIGITAL MODULATION ERROR CORRECTION SATELLITES CABLE global © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 75
Transmitting Components High efficiency coder: It is also referred as compression. MPEG -2 video standard specifies the coding parameters. Multiplexer: The encoded video and audio signal sequence is processed in group of bits(packets). The various packets are combined into a single packet by the multiplexer. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 76
Cont… Forward error correcting coding: Small number of redundant bits in the signal sequence are added for use by the receiver in determining the signal is error free or not. Digital Modulator: Process of modifying the amplitude or phase of a carrier wave with the source information in order to transmit information to a distant receiver. The modulation systems are selected for optimum performance. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 77
Cont… Power Amplifier: It functions to amplify the level of the modulated signal. Transmitter Antenna: Functions to radiate the modulated and amplified signal into transmission medium as the broadcast signal. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 78
Receiving Components Receiver Antenna: Antenna designs are basically same for both digital and analog broadcasts. Low Noise Amplifier: To boost the signal strength to a high enough level for demodulation. Digital Demodulator: Process of recovering the original signal information from amplitude or phase of the modulated carrier. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 79
Cont. . . Error Corrector: Decode the error correction code applied to the signal in transmitter. Demultiplexer: To separate the received signals from single transport packet into their original bit streams. Information Source Decoder: Decoding the source coded signal. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 80
© Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 81
CD-ROM Technology • CD-ROM stands for Compact Disc Read-Only Memory, a mass storage medium utilizing an optical laser to read microscopic pits on the aluminized layer of a polycarbonate disc. • The same format is used for audio Compact Discs. Because of its high storage capacity, reliability, and low cost, CDROM has become an increasingly popular storage media. • The storage capacity of a CD-ROM disc is approximately 650 megabytes, equivalent to over 500 high density 3. 5" floppy disks or roughly 250, 000 typed pages. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 82
CD-ROM Technology • CD recordable (CD-R) drives allow writing onto a special "gold" CD which can then be read by any CD-ROM drive. • Data can only be written once, although using multi-session new data can be appended to a disc. • CD-RW (rewritable) drives can be erased and rewritten with new data. • They use special discs which can be read by most recent CD-ROM drives (but not older ones or most audio CD players). © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 83
CD. . Something for everyone • A traditional cd is circular, but can be of varied shapes also. • The formats of a Compact Disc are CD-ROM, CDR, CD-RW • The Compact discs are available commercially are of 140 MB to 900 MB © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 84
CD. . we all know what it is • An optical disc is a flat, usually circular disc which encodes binary data (bits) in the form of pits (binary value of 0 or off, due to lack of reflection when read) and lands (binary value of 1 or on, due to a reflection when read) on a special material on one of its flat surfaces. • A Compact Disc (CD) is an optical disc used to store digital data, originally developed for storing digital audio. • The CD remains the standard physical medium for commercial audio, video and data recordings. • Initially, CDs were read-only, but newer technology allows users to record as well. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 85
CD. . . What we perhaps dont know is. . ? • The optical disc was invented in 1958. • The disc technology is divided into 3 generations: § First Generation üCDs and Derivatives üUses Infrared Laser § Second Generation üDVDs and Derivatives üUses Red Laser § Third Generation üBlue Ray Discs üUses Blue-violet laser Page 86 © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 86
What is it made of. . ? ? • A CD is a fairly simple piece of plastic, about four onehundredths (4/100) of an inch (1. 2 mm) thick. • Most of a CD consists of an injection- molded piece of clear polycarbonate plastic. • During manufacturing, this plastic is impressed with microscopic bumps arranged as a single, continuous, extremely long spiral track of data. • Once the clear piece of polycarbonate is formed, a thin, reflective aluminium layer is sputtered onto the disc, covering the bumps. • Then a thin acrylic layer is sprayed over the aluminium to protect it. The label is then printed onto the acrylic. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 87
Anatomy Of a CD A cross section of a complete CD (not to scale) © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 88
Spiral Track • A CD has a single spiral track of data, circling from the inside of the disc to the outside. • The fact that the spiral track starts at the center means that the CD can be smaller than 4. 8 inches (12 cm) if desired. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 89
Mountains And Valleys • The elongated bumps that make up the track are each 0. 5 microns wide, a minimum of 0. 83 microns long and 125 nanometres high. • You will often read about "pits" on a CD instead of bumps. They appear as pits on the aluminium side, but on the side the laser reads from, they are bumps. • The incredibly small dimensions of the bumps make the spiral track on a CD extremely long. If you could lift the data track off a CD and stretch it out into a straight line, it would be 0. 5 microns wide and almost 3. 5 miles (5 km) long! Page 90 © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 90
How it works. . ? ? • The CD player has the job of finding and reading the data stored as bumps on the CD. Considering how small the bumps are, the CD player is an exceptionally precise piece of equipment. The drive consists of three fundamental components: • A drive motor spins the disc. This drive motor is precisely controlled to rotate between 200 and 500 rpm depending on which track is being read. • A laser and a lens system focus in on and read the bumps. • A tracking mechanism moves the laser assembly so that the laser's beam can follow the spiral track. The tracking system has to be able to move the laser at micron resolutions. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 91
Its all in the Head © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 92
DVD. . . It′s Movie Time. . • A DVD is an optical disc storage media format, invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. DVDs offer higher storage capacity than Compact Discs while having the same dimensions. • A standard DVD holds about seven times more data than a CD does. This huge capacity means that a DVD has enough room to store a full-length, MPEG-2 -encoded movie, as well as a lot of other information. • The standard capacity of a single layer DVD is 4. 7 GB where as the size of dual layer is 8. 4 GB. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 93
Size Matters • DVDs can store more data than CDs for a few reasons: • Higher-density data storage § Single-sided, single-layer DVDs can store about seven times more data than CDs. A large part of this increase comes from the pits and tracks being smaller on DVDs. • Less overhead, more area § On a CD, there is a lot of extra information encoded on the disc to allow for error correction The DVD format doesn't waste as much space on error correction, enabling it to store much more real information. • Multi-layer storage § To increase the storage capacity even more, a DVD can have up to four layers, two on each side. The laser that reads the disc can actually focus on the second layer through the first layer. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 94
Layers Page 95 © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 95
Still not big Enough • Even though its storage capacity is huge, the uncompressed video data of a full-length movie would never fit on a DVD. • In order to fit a movie on a DVD, you need video compression. A group called the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) establishes the standards for compressing moving pictures. • The MPEG encoder that creates the compressed movie file analyses each frame and decides how to encode it. Page 96 © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 96
• Each frame can be encoded in one of three ways: § As an intraframe - An intraframe contains the complete image data for that frame. This method of encoding provides the least compression. § As a predicted frame - A predicted frame contains only the data that relates to how the picture has changed from the previous frame. § As a bidirectional frame - In order to display this type of frame, it uses interpolation to calculate the position and colour of each pixel. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 97
I am bigger, I am better, I am the winner, – I AM BLUE RAY • Blu-ray is the next-generation digital video disc. It can record, store and play back high-definition video and digital audio, as well as computer data. The advantage to Blu-ray is the share amount of information it can hold: • A single-layer Blu-ray disc, which is roughly the same size as a DVD, can hold up to 27 GB of data -- that's more than two hours of high-definition video or about 13 hours of standard video. • A double-layer Blu-ray disc can store up to 50 GB, enough to hold about 4. 5 hours of high-definition video or more than 20 hours of standard video. And there are even plans in the works to develop a disc with twice that amount of storage. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 98
Blue-ray (Contd. . ) • Blu-ray discs not only have more storage capacity than traditional DVDs, but they also offer a new level of interactivity. • Users will be able to connect to the Internet and instantly download subtitles and other interactive features: § record high-definition television (HDTV) without any quality loss § instantly skip to any spot on the disc § record one program while watching another on the disc and automatically search for an empty space on the disc to avoid recording over a program § create playlists § edit or reorder programs recorded on the disc § access the Web to download subtitles and other extra features © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 99
Uses of CD/DVD • Data Storage § Installation Discs § Data Back Up • Audio § Music Discs • Video § Movies § Animations © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 100
Assembling a Multimedia Project includes following steps: • Planning • Costing • Designing • Producing © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 101
Overview • • The process of making multimedia. Scheduling. Estimating. proposals. Strategies for creating interactive multimedia. Designing a multimedia project. Producing a multimedia project. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 102
The Process of Making Multimedia Idea analysis. Pre-testing. Task planning. Development. Delivery. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 103
Idea Analysis • Before beginning a multimedia project, it is necessary to determine its scope and content. • Balance is the key principle in idea analysis. • The aim is to generate a plan of action that will become the road map for production. • It is necessary to continually consider the purpose or goal against the feasibility and the cost of production and delivery. • This can be done dynamically by adding elements to or subtracting elements from a project. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 104
Idea Analysis Idea analysis involves questions like: finding answers to § Who is the projected audience? What are their needs? § What multimedia elements will best deliver the message? § What hardware, software, and storage capacity would be required? § How much time, effort, and money would be needed? § How will the final product be distributed? © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 105
Pre-Testing • Involves defining project goals in fine detail and spelling out what it will take in terms of skills, content, and money to meet these goals. • Work up a prototype of the project on paper to help you relate your ideas to the real world. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 106
Task Planning Task planning involves a checklist of: § § § Designing the instructional framework. Holding creative idea sessions. Determining the delivery platform and authoring platform. Assembling the team. Building a prototype, producing audio and video, testing the functionality, and delivering the final product. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 107
Development Prototype development: § Also known as a proof-of-concept or feasibility study. § Involves testing of the initial implementation of ideas, building mock-up interfaces, and exercising the hardware platform. § Trial calculations are possible after prototyping. § A written report and an analysis of budgets allow the client some flexibility and also provide a reality check for developers. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 108
Development • Alpha development – At this stage, the investment of effort increases and becomes more focused. More people get involved. • Beta development – At this stage, most of the features of a project are functional. Testing is done by a wider field of testers. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 109
Delivery • In the delivery stage, the project is said to be "going gold. ” • The concerns shift towards the scalability of the project in the marketplace. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 110
Scheduling Milestones are decided at this stage. The time required for each deliverable, that is the work products delivered to the client, is estimated and allocated. Scheduling is difficult for multimedia projects because multimedia creation is basically artistic trial and error. Scheduling is also difficult because computer hardware and software technology are in constant change. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 111
Scheduling • At this stage, clients need to approve or sign off on the work created. • Any revisions of previously approved material would require a change order. • A change order stipulates that the additional cost of revising previously approved material should be borne by the client. • When negotiating with a client, limit the number of revisions allowed. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 112
Estimating Cost estimation is done by analyzing the tasks involved in a project and the people who build it. The hidden costs of administration and management are also included in the cost estimates. A contingency rate of 10 to 15 percent of the total cost should be added to the estimated costs. • Time, money, and people are three elements that can vary in project estimates. • The time at which payments are to be made is determined and are usually made in three stages. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 113
Estimating • Contractors and consultants can be hired, but they should be billed at a lower rate. • Ensure that contractors perform the majority of their work off-site and use their own equipment to avoid classifying them as employees. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 114
Estimating Categories of expenses Testing costs. Production costs. Project development costs. Distribution costs. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 115
Project Development Costs Salaries. Client meetings. gaining of content. Communication. Proposal and contract prep. Research. Travel. Overheads. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 116
Production Costs Content acquisition costs. Manage-ment costs. Graphics production costs. Content creation costs. Audio production costs. Video production costs. Authoring costs. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 117
Distribution Costs g in Packag s Salarie ent Docum ring u t c a f u Man ation g in Market g Shippin sing i t r e v d A © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 118
Estimating Hardware: • Hardware is the most common limiting factor for realizing a multimedia idea. • List the hardware capabilities of the end-user's platform. • Examine the cost of enhancing the delivery platform. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 119
Designing and Producing • Designing and building multimedia projects go hand -in-hand. • Balance proposed changes against their cost. • Feedback loops and good communication between the design and production effort are critical to the success of a project. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 120
Designing and Producing A user can either describe the project in minute details, or can build a less-detailed storyboard and spend more effort in actually rendering the project. The method chosen depends upon the scope of a project, the size and style of the team, and whether the same people will do design and development. If the design team is separate from the development team, it is best to produce a detailed design first. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 121
Designing a Multimedia Project • Designing a multimedia project requires knowledge and skills of computers talent in graphics, arts, video, and music, and the ability to conceptualize logical pathways. • Designing involves thinking, choosing, making, and doing. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 122
Designing a Multimedia Project Designing the structure. Designing the user interface. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 123
Designing the Structure • The manner in which project material is organized has just as great an impact on the viewer as the content itself. • Mapping the structure of a project should be done early in the planning phase. • Navigation maps are also known as site maps. • They help organize the content and messages. • Navigation maps provide a hierarchical table of contents and a chart of the logical flow of the interactive interface. • Navigation maps are essentially non-linear. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 124
Designing the Structure • The navigation system should be designed in such a manner that viewers are given free choice. • The architectural drawings for a multimedia project are storyboards and navigation maps. • Storyboards are linked to navigation maps during the design process, and help to visualize the information architecture. • Plug-ins such as Flash, Shockwave, or Java. Scripts enable users to create plain or animated buttons. • Small JPEG or GIF images that are themselves anchor links can also serve as buttons on the Web. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 125
Designing the Structure There are four fundamental organizing structures: • Linear - Users navigate sequentially, from one frame of information to another. • Hierarchical - Users navigate along the branches of a tree structure that is shaped by the natural logic of the content. It is also called linear with branching. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 126
Designing the Structure There are four fundamental organizing structures (continued): • Non-linear - Users navigate freely through the content, unbound by predetermined routes. • Composite - Users may navigate non-linearly, but are occasionally constrained to linear presentations. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 127
LINEAR Link HIERARCHIAL Link Link © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 128
Non-Linear Structure Link Link © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 129
Composite Structure Link Link © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 130
Designing the Structure Hotspots: • Add interactivity to a multimedia project. • The three categories of hotspots are text, graphic, and icon. • The simplest hot spots on the Web are the text anchors that link a document to other documents. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 131
ICON BUTTON Designing the Structure HYPERLINK
Designing the Structure • Plug-ins such as Flash, Shockwave, or Java. Scripts enable users to create plain or animated buttons. • Small JPEG or GIF images that are themselves anchor links can also serve as buttons on the Web. • Highlighting a button is the most common method of distinguishing it. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 134
Designing the User Interface Graphical user interface (GUI): § The GUIs of Macintosh and Windows are successful due to their simplicity, consistency, and ease of use. § GUIs offer built-in help systems, and provide standard patterns of activity that produce the standard expected results. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 135
Designing the User Interface Graphical approaches to avoid: § Clashes of color. § Busy screens. § Requiring more than two button clicks to quit. § Too many numbers and words. § Too many substantive elements presented too quickly. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 136
Producing a Multimedia Project • In the development or the production phase, the project plan becomes the systematic instruction manual for building the project. • The production stage is where the project is actually rendered. It requires good organization and detailed management oversight during the entire construction process. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 137
Producing a Multimedia Project Potential problems can be avoided by answering these questions: Is there sufficient disk storage space for all files? Is the expertise available for all stages of the project? Is there a system for backing up critical files? Are the financial arrangements secure? Are the communications pathways open with clients? © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 138
Producing a Multimedia Project Working with clients: • Have a system in place for good communication between the client and the people actually building the project. • Control the client review process to avoid endless feedback loops. • Develop a scheme that specifies the number and duration of client approval cycles. • Provide a mechanism for change orders when changes are requested after sign-off. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 139
Producing a Multimedia Project Data storage media and transportation: • This is necessary so that a client is easily able to review the work. • There needs to be a matching data transfer system and media. • Access to the Internet at high bandwidth is preferred. • The most cost-effective and time-saving methods of transportation are CD-R or DVD-ROMs. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 140
Producing a Multimedia Project Tracking: • Organize a method for tracking the receipt of material to be incorporated in a project. • Develop a file-naming convention specific to your project's structure. • Store the files in directories or folders with logical names. • To address cross-platform issues, develop a file identification system that uses the DOS filenaming convention of eight characters plus a three-character extension. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 141
Producing a Multimedia Project Tracking and copyrighting: • Version control of your files is very important, especially in large projects. • If storage space allows, archive all file iterations. • Insert a copyright statement in the project that legally designates the code as the creator's intellectual property. • Copyright and ownership statements are embedded in <meta> tags at the top of a HTML page. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 142
Content and Talent • Content acquisition • Using content created by others - Locating preexisting content - Copyrights (copyright protection, copyright infringement, copyright ownership) - Digital Rights Management - Obtaining Rights(license, rate card, licensing agreements) • Using content created for a project • Using Talent - Locating the professionals you need - Working with Union Contracts - Acquiring Releases © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 143
Previous year questions: • Explain the production life cycle of multimedia project. (10) • Discuss the Assembling and delivering a project planning and costing. (10) • Describe the process of creation of a multimedia application; user interface and essential requirement in detail. (6) © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 144
LongShort Questions 1. Write short notes on(a)Multimedia Conferencing (b) Differential encoding. (c)Interactive television (d) CD-ROM technology 2. What is Video Conferencing? 3. Explain the working of a CD-ROM. Differentiate between CDROM and DVD technology. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 145
LongShort Questions 4. Which platform is more suitable for multimedia application development and why? How are the connections established during multimedia presentations? 5. Write short notes on these topics. (a) Interactive TV (b) Video Conferencing (c) Recordable CD-ROM’s (d) Digital Broadcasting (e)Media consumption (f) Digital communication © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 146
LongShort Questions 6. What do you mean by multimedia conferencing? 7. Differentiate between General Television and Interactive Television. 8. Discuss the Assembling and delivering a project planning and costing. 9. What do you mean by Digital broadcasting? Explain. 10. Explain the production life cycle of multimedia project. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 147
LongShort Questions 11. Explain the following : a) Interactive TV b) Media Games c) Multimedia Hardware 12. Describe new trends of multimedia. 13. Explain CD-ROM technology. © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 148
Thanks…. . References Books: Multimedia: Making It Work By: Tay Vaughan Information Technology: Principles and Applications By: Ajoy Kumar Ray & Tinku Acharya Multimedia System Design : K. Andleigh and K. Thakkar © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 149
References Example VRML code from § http: //www. vapourtech. com/vrmlguide/ VRML Consortium/Web 3 D § http: //www. vrml. org/ VRML repository: § http: //vrml. sdsc. edu/ VRML 1. 0 Specification § http: //www. vrml. org/VRML 1. 0/vrml 10 c. html VRML 97 Specification § http: //www. web 3 d. org/Specifications/VRML 97/ © Bharati Vidyapeeth’s Institute of Computer Applications and Management, New Delhi-63, Dr. Nitish Pathak U 4. 150
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