Linear Collider The Next MegaScience Project Physics Colloquium

Linear Collider: The Next Mega-Science Project? Physics Colloquium University of Victoria Dean Karlen Carleton University August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University

Outline Ø n n n What is a linear collider? Why build a linear collider? How can a linear collider be built? Who, where, and when? August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University 2

What is a linear collider? n Next in the line of high energy e+e- colliders CERN/LEP SLAC/SLC August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University 3

e+e- colliders at the frontier August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University 4

why linear? circular colliders $ linear colliders August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University 5

Outline What is a linear collider? Ø Why build a linear collider? n How can a linear collider be built? n Who, where, and when? August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University 6

Why build a linear collider? n n A linear collider will allow us to explore important fundamental issues regarding the nature of matter. To illustrate: n n August 2001 review our current understanding of matter at the smallest scales (The Standard Model) focus on one of the many issues that a linear collider can provide further understanding: n the origin of mass Dean Karlen / Carleton University 7

Review of Particle Physics n n Particle Physics (n): Study of matter at the smallest scales accessible: How small? n n It is difficult to comprehend the scale of particle physics… A dust speck typical smallest visible scale is 10 mm August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University 8

Scale of Particle Physics n Explore a tiny dust speck, diameter 1 mm n Suppose you could shrink yourself down so small that the speck appeared to be the size of the earth… (magnification factor: 1013) n n n atoms cities nucleons coins Particle physics today studies matter at a scale of the size of a tiny dust speck in this new world our scale: a speck in a speck’s world August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University 9

Matter at small scales n The speck’s world is an uncertain world governed by quantum mechanics August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University 10

Matter fields n complex fields that permeate all space August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University 11

Matter field fluctuations n Activity in a vacuum August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University 12

Matter field fluctuations n Activity in a vacuum August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University 13

Different kinds of matter fields n 12 kinds arranged into 3 families: u t up quark charm quark top quark d s b down quark strange quark bottom quark ne nm nt e neutrino m neutrino t neutrino e m t electron August 2001 c muon tau Dean Karlen / Carleton University 14

Mass spectrum neutrinos August 2001 ch. leptons Dean Karlen / Carleton University quarks 15

Mass spectrum neutrinos August 2001 ch. leptons Dean Karlen / Carleton University quarks 16

Mass spectrum neutrinos August 2001 ch. leptons Dean Karlen / Carleton University quarks 17

force fields n another complex field August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University 18

force fields n another complex field August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University 19

Matter and forces u c EM Weak Strong t up quark charm quark top quark d s b down quark strange quark bottom quark ne nm nt e neutrino m neutrino t neutrino e m t electron August 2001 muon tau Dean Karlen / Carleton University 20

The Standard Model n The behaviour of the matter fields in the presence of the electromagnetic, weak, and strong forces is described by a Lagrangian, known as “The Standard Model” n The Lagrangian formalism has its roots in classical mechanics n n August 2001 systems with few degrees of freedom Remarkably, it also forms the basis for describing relativistic quantum field theory Dean Karlen / Carleton University 21

Symmetries in classical systems n From studies of classical systems, symmetries of the Lagrangian (invariance principles) were found to have important consequences n n n August 2001 Noether’s theorem: For every symmetry transformation which leaves the Lagrangian invariant, there is a corresponding conservation law Example: A classical system described by a Lagrangian invariant under space-time translation will conserve four-momentum A deep question is answered (why p conserved? ) Dean Karlen / Carleton University 22

Symmetries in particle physics n n Symmetries play a key role in “guessing” the Lagrangian of particle physics In the Standard Model Lagrangian, interactions between matter fields are a consequence of imposing invariance under certain local (gauge) transformations n August 2001 deep questions are answered (why are there interactions between the matter fields? ) Dean Karlen / Carleton University 23

Gauge bosons free field Lagrangian + gauge symmetry new Lagrangian with interactions The extra interaction terms included in the Lagrangian describe mediation via new fields (gauge bosons) August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University 24

Gauge bosons free field Lagrangian + gauge symmetry new Lagrangian with interactions The extra interaction terms included in the Lagrangian describe mediation via new fields (gauge bosons) August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University 25

Gauge bosons free field Lagrangian + gauge symmetry new Lagrangian with interactions The extra interaction terms included in the Lagrangian describe mediation via new fields (gauge bosons) August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University 26

Gauge boson mass spectrum August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University 27

Symmetry breaking n n The electromagnetic and weak interactions are a consequence of invariance under the transformations under U(1) and SU(2) groups The procedure yields massless gauge bosons n n adding explicit mass terms for the weak gauge bosons is not allowed – Lagrangian would no longer be invariant A clever modification of the Lagrangian leaves it invariant, but allows for massive gauge bosons August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University 28

Symmetry breaking n Clever modification (by Peter Higgs): n add a new self-interacting doublet field f to the Lagrangian V f n n August 2001 the Lagrangian expressed about the minimum, has massive gauge bosons and an extra scalar (Higgs) Higgs scalar responsible for matter field masses Dean Karlen / Carleton University 29

Gauge bosons n The gauge bosons resulting from the U(1) and the SU(2) symmetries mix together to form the electroweak gauge bosons: Z 0 SU(2) g q. W a free parameter of the standard model: sin 2 q. W U(1) August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University 30

Tests of the Standard Model n n Basic tests (1 st order): fix two parameters from precision measurements: n n n a. QED = 1/137. 035989(6) GF = 1. 16637(1) 10 -5 Ge. V-2 free parameter: n August 2001 sin 2 q. W Dean Karlen / Carleton University 31

Tests of the Standard Model Precise measurement of MZ from LEP: 91. 187(2) Ge. V MW correctly predicted August 2001 MZ MW determines sin 2 q. W Dean Karlen / Carleton University 32

Tests of the Standard Model sin 2 q. W from MZ partial decay widths correctly predicted August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University 33

Tests of the Standard Model n Detailed tests (higher order) n n n account for quantum effects: field fluctuations Standard Model calculations depends on masses of objects not yet well measured: top quark and Higgs scalar compare large number of precise measurements, with the Standard Model calculations n n n August 2001 detailed check of Standard Model indirect estimates of Mt and MH mass of top was correctly predicted in this way Dean Karlen / Carleton University 34

Tests of Standard Model Overall goodness of fit: c 2/dof = 22. 9/15 prob. = 8. 6 % August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University 35

Higgs mass Indirect estimate: Direct searches: August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University 36

Higgs mass Just above the reach of LEP? hope to see it directly at high energy proton colliders: Tevatron or LHC August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University 37

Triumphs of the Standard Model n The Standard Model… n n n relativistic quantum field theory matter field interactions arise from gauge symmetries gauge bosons given mass by Higgs mechanism matter fields given mass by Higgs scalar … works extremely well! All experiments are in complete agreement with the SM! Is this the final theory? August 2001 No! Dean Karlen / Carleton University 38

Shortcomings of the SM n Too many open questions n n n n why 3 generations? why does electron charge = proton charge? why 3+1 space-time coordinates? why such wide variety of mass scales? why the particular gauge symmetries? how does gravity fit in? predictions from the Higgs sector problematic: n expected masses, modified by fluctuations, way too high n n August 2001 new theories (supersymmetry) might solve this Higgs contribution to cosmological constant way too high Dean Karlen / Carleton University 39

What can the Linear Collider do? n Just as LEP/SLC studied electroweak symmetry to high precision, the LC will study electroweak symmetry breaking to high precision: n LEP/SLC firmly established the electroweak theory n n n The LC will either firmly establish the mechanism of mass generation, n August 2001 likewise, LEP/SLC could have shown the Standard Model to be incorrect the large variety of measurements would have pointed to the new theory or it will provide critical data to point to the new theory Dean Karlen / Carleton University 40

The golden processes n n At LEP the golden processes for studying the electroweak sector were: At the LC the golden processes for studying the Higgs sector are: n August 2001 LEP beam energies were not sufficiently high enough for these process to occur Dean Karlen / Carleton University 41

Higgs production at a LC n Example of the golden topology: m b HHH ZZZ 000 m b provides a model independent tag August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University 42

Higgs production at a LC August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University 43

August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University 44

Higgs measurements at a LC n The following measurements can be made: n n n Higgs mass Higgs production rate Higgs decay rates into specific particle combinations Higgs self coupling Higgs quantum numbers … critical measurements to understand electroweak symmetry breaking and mass generation August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University 45

Outline What is a linear collider? Why build a linear collider? Ø How can a linear collider be built? n Who, where, and when? August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University 46

How can a linear collider be built? n Two designs for a linear collider exist: n TESLA: led by the German laboratory, DESY n n n NLC/JLC: led by the US & Japan laboratories, SLAC & KEK n n August 2001 lower frequency (1. 3 GHz) superconducting cavities Initially: Ecm= 500 Ge. V L = 3 1034 cm-2 s-1 Later: Ecm= 800 Ge. V L = 5 1034 cm-2 s-1 Lower wakefields, looser tolerances, higher luminosity higher frequency (11. 4 and 5. 7 GHz) warm cavities Initially: Ecm= 500 Ge. V L = 2 1034 cm-2 s-1 Later: Ecm= 1 – 1. 5 Te. V L = 4 1034 cm-2 s-1 highest gradients Dean Karlen / Carleton University 47

TESLA NLC LEP SLC August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University 48

Accelerator structures n The heart of the linear collider: TESLA August 2001 NLC Dean Karlen / Carleton University 49

Accelerator structures n The heart of the linear collider: August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University 50

Accelerator structures n n The heart of the linear collider standing EM waves in resonant cavities: August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University 51

Accelerator structures n n n The heart of the linear collider standing EM waves in resonant cavities electron (positron) bunches accelerated: August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University 52

Damping rings TESLA August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University 53

Damping rings TESLA August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University 54

Positron source TESLA August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University 55

Positron source TESLA August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University 56

Accelerator physics challenges n technical challenges for a linear collider: n high gradients n n n low emittance n n damping ring test facility (ATF at KEK) successful small spot size (high luminosity) n August 2001 TESLA: TTF has performed according to design gradient n higher gradient cavities now routinely constructed NLC: gradients achieved in NLCTA, but damage observed n redesign underway final focus test facility shows required demagnification Dean Karlen / Carleton University 57

The costs… n TESLA completed an accurate costing: n 3. 1 Billion Euro, European costing n n n does not include lab personnel does not include contingency Particle physics detector: 0. 2 -0. 3 Billion Free electron laser laboratory: 0. 3 Billion NLC cost estimate, without contingency: n August 2001 $3. 5 Billion Dean Karlen / Carleton University 58

Outline What is a linear collider? Why build a linear collider? How can a linear collider be built? Ø Who, where, and when? August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University 59

Who? n Worldwide consensus is growing… n ICFA n n ECFA & ACFA n n linear collider is highest priority for new facility APS-DPF, Snowmass consensus statement includes: n August 2001 “… recommends continuous vigorous pursuit of the accelerator R&D on a linear collider in Te. V energy range… should be built in a timely way with international participation” “There are fundamental questions concerning electroweak symmetry breaking and physics beyond the Standard Model that cannot be answered without a physics program at a Linear Collider overlapping that of the Large Hadron Collider. We therefore strongly recommend the expeditious construction of a Linear Collider as the next major international High Energy Physics project. ” Dean Karlen / Carleton University 60

Where? DE: site selected in Hamburg US: California and Illinois sites under consideration August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University 61

When? n TESLA TDR submitted to German Science Council n will be reviewed together with other large science projects including n n n report expected 2002 German Federal Government decision 2003 (? ) Construction timescale: 8 years n n n European Spallation Source a heavy ion accelerator facility 4 years of civil construction + 4 years machine installation US: complete TDR in 2003 Japan: to request funds for TDR in 2002 August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University 62

Summary n The Standard Model of Particle Physics is tremendously successful n n However, n n deserves a promotion: “model” “theory” It fails to answer many “deep” questions Mass generation is on shaky ground Important to bring a linear collider online soon The linear collider is entering the political phase… once approval comes, then the real excitement starts! August 2001 Dean Karlen / Carleton University 63