Variation in Structure Form and Meaning Anna Siewierska

Variation in Structure: Form and Meaning Anna Siewierska & Dik Bakker Lancaster University Language Typology 1

Typology: what is it? What is language typology about? Language Typology 2

Typology: what is it? What is language typology about? 1. Looks at 'all' the languages of the world Language Typology 3

Typology: what is it? What is language typology about? 1. Looks at 'all' the languages of the world 2. Describes differences and correspondences between them Language Typology 4

Typology: what is it? What is language typology about? 1. Looks at 'all' the languages of the world 2. Describes differences and correspondences between them 3. Systematizes these observations Language Typology 5

Typology: what is it? What is language typology about? 1. Looks at 'all' the languages of the world 2. Describes differences and correspondences between them 3. Systematizes these observations 4. Tries to explain them (optional) Language Typology 6

Typology: goal What should be the overall impression? Language Typology 7

Typology: goal What should be the overall impression? - Languages are (very) different on the outside Language Typology 8

Typology: goal What should be the overall impression? - Languages are (very) different on the outside - When you look a bit better, they have a lot in common Language Typology 9

Typology: goal What should be the overall impression? - Languages are (very) different on the outside - When you look a bit better, they have a lot in common - They make choices from restricted options for largely the same categories Language Typology 10

Typology: goal What should be the overall impression? - Languages are (very) different on the outside - When you look a bit better, they have a lot in common - They make choices from restricted options for largely the same categories → They serve the same purpose: human communication Language Typology 11

Typology: goal What should be the overall impression? - Languages are (very) different on the outside - When you look a bit better, they have a lot in common - They make choices from restricted options for largely the same categories → They serve the same purpose: human communication → They should be learned in first 5 -7 years Language Typology 12

Typology: how? How to proceed? Language Typology 13

Typology: how? How to proceed? - Start out from what they already know about language: Language Typology 14

Typology: how? How to proceed? - Start out from what they already know about language: - English: spoken vs written; formal vs informal; etc Language Typology 15

Typology: how? How to proceed? - Start out from what they already know about language: - English: spoken vs written; formal vs informal; etc - English dialects (local!) Language Typology 16

Typology: how? How to proceed? - Start out from what they already know about language: - English: spoken vs written; formal vs informal; etc - English dialects (local!) - Other languages known to the particular group: Welsh, Gaelic, Romany, Urdu, Pashto, French, … Language Typology 17

Typology: how? How to proceed? - Start out from what they already know about language: - English: spoken vs written; formal vs informal; etc - English dialects (local!) - Other languages known to the particular group: Welsh, Gaelic, Romany, Urdu, Pashto, French, … - European languages Language Typology 18

Typology: how? How to proceed? - Start out from what they already know about language: - English: spoken vs written; formal vs informal; etc - English dialects (local!) - Other languages known to the particular group: Welsh, Gaelic, Romany, Urdu, Pashto, French, … - European languages - Rest of the world Language Typology 19

Typology: how? Further requirements: Language Typology 20

Typology: how? Further requirements: - No jargon but terms they know Language Typology 21

Typology: how? Further requirements: - No jargon but terms they know - Interactive: involve them Language Typology 22

Typology: how? Further requirements: - No jargon but terms they know - Interactive: involve them - Clear, simple examples from 'exotic' languages Language Typology 23

Typology: how? Further requirements: - No jargon but terms they know - Interactive: involve them - Clear, simple examples from 'exotic' languages - Sound and Pictures Language Typology 24

Typology: how? Two forms of implementation of the course: Language Typology 25

Typology: how? Two forms of implementation of the course: 1. Comprehensive: series of 1 hour lessons < 5 (min), 7, 9, … , 15 (max) > - General introduction - 2 lessons per topic (max = 6): L 1: introduction to the topic L 2: exercises and discussion - Closing lesson Language Typology 26

Typology: how? Two forms of implementation of the course: 1. Comprehensive: series of 1 hour lessons < 5 (min), 7, 9, … , 15 (max) > - General introduction - 2 lessons per topic (max = 6): L 1: introduction to the topic L 2: exercises and discussion - Closing lesson 2. Compact: 2 or 3 x 1 hour Language Typology 27

Versions Version 1: Comprehensive Language Typology 28

Comprehensive Maximum 15 x 1 hour lesson: Language Typology 29

Comprehensive Maximum 15 x 1 hour lesson: I. What is Typology? Language Typology 30

Comprehensive Maximum 15 x 1 hour lesson: I. What is Typology? T 1. Articles (2 x Intro + exercise + Discussion) Language Typology 31

Comprehensive Maximum 15 x 1 hour lesson: I. What is Typology? T 1. T 2. T 3. T 4. T 5. T 6. Articles (2 x Intro + exercise + Discussion) Word Order (I + e + D) Negation (I + e + D) Passive (I + e + D) Pronominal subjects (I + e + D) Subject versus Object (I + e + D) Language Typology 32

Comprehensive Maximum 15 x 1 hour lesson: I. What is Typology? T 1. T 2. T 3. T 4. T 5. T 6. Articles (2 x Intro + exercise + Discussion) Word Order (I + e + D) Negation (I + e + D) Passive (I + e + D) Pronominal subjects (I + e + D) Subject versus Object (I + e + D) C. Concluding lesson Language Typology 33

Topics I. INTRODUCTION Language Typology 34

Speaker of a language “Everyone in this room speaks ENGLISH” 35

Speaker of a language “Everyone in this room speaks ENGLISH” Some: English is their only language mother tongue 36

Speaker of a language “Everyone in this room speaks ENGLISH” ? Some: English is their only language mother tongue 37

Speaker of a language “Everyone in this room speaks ENGLISH” Some: English is their only language mother tongue Some: English + other language(s): 38

Speaker of a language “Everyone in this room speaks ENGLISH” Some: English is their only language mother tongue Some: English + other language(s): > both are mother tongue multilingual 39

Speaker of a language “Everyone in this room speaks ENGLISH” Some: English is their only language mother tongue Some: English + other language(s): > both are mother tongue multilingual ? 40

Speaker of a language “Everyone in this room speaks ENGLISH” Some: English is their only language mother tongue Some: English + other language(s): > both are mother tongue multilingual > second language 41

Speaker of a language “Everyone in ENGLAND speaks ENGLISH” Either as a first or a second language The same English everywhere in England ? 42

English England ENGLISH 43

English England Lancashire ENGLISH LANCASHIRE DIALECT 44

English England Lancashire Lancaster ENGLISH LANCASHIRE LANCASTER DIALECT ACCENT 45

Dialects: English Lancashire: 46

Dialects: English Lancashire: ? ‘That were me brother what went to America’ 47

Dialects: English Lancashire: ‘That were me brother what went to America’ was my who 48

Dialects: English Lancashire: ‘That were me brother what went to America’ was my who ? 49

Dialects: English Lancashire: ‘That were me brother what went to America’ was my who Standard English 50

Dialects English in the UK = around 45 dialects 51

Dialects English in the UK = around 45 dialects NORTH: Lancashire Cumbrian Geordie Tyke 52

Dialects English in the UK = around 45 dialects NORTH: Lancashire Cumbrian Geordie Tyke MIDDLE: Scouse Brummie 53

Dialects English in the UK = around 45 dialects NORTH: Lancashire Cumbrian Geordie Tyke MIDDLE: Scouse Brummie SOUTH: Cockney RP 54

Dialects English in the UK = around 45 dialects NORTH: Lancashire Cumbrian Geordie Tyke MIDDLE: Scouse Brummie SOUTH: Cockney Received Pronunciation ('BBC English') 55

Dialects English in the UK = around 45 dialects STANDARD: NORTH: Lancashire Writing Cumbria Geordie Education Tyke. . . MIDDLE: Scouse Brummie SOUTH: Cockney Received Pronunciation ('BBC English') 56

Dialects English in the UK = around 45 dialects NORTH: Lancashire Cumbria STANDARD: Geordie Different, Tyke Not Better MIDDLE: Scouse Brummie SOUTH: Cockney Received Pronunciation ('BBC English') 57

Western Europe 58

Icelandic Danish Dutch Western Europe English German French Spanish Italian Portuguese 59

Icelandic Danish Dutch Western Europe English German French Spanish Italian Portuguese 60

Other languages In Europe: 150 languages How many in the world? ? 61

Other languages In Europe: 150 languages How many in the world? Currently spoken 7000+ languages In Europe around 2% only 62

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Languages: Currently spoken: 7, 000 Extinct (known): 500 ? 65

Languages: Currently spoken: 7, 000 Extinct (known): 500 Latin, Etruscan, Hittite, Babylonian, Old Egyptian, … 66

Languages: Currently spoken: Extinct (known): 7, 000 500 Latin, Etruscan, Hittite, Babylonian, Old Egyptian, … 1 more every 2 weeks 67

Communalities Reasons for languages to have something in common: Language Typology 68

Communalities Reasons for languages to have something in common: - Inherited (language families): Language Typology 69

Communalities Reasons for languages to have something in common: - Inherited: Germanic: English Dutch German cow koe Kuh Language Typology 70

Communalities Reasons for languages to have something in common: - Inherited: Germanic: Romance: English Dutch German cow koe Kuh French Spanish Italian vache vaca vacca Language Typology 71

Communalities Reasons for languages to have something in common: - Inherited - Language contact: Language Typology 72

Communalities Reasons for languages to have something in common: - Inherited - Language contact: English: pig porc French: porc sheep mutton mouton Language Typology 73

Communalities Reasons for languages to have something in common: - Inherited - Language contact: English: pig porc French: porc sheep climb mutton ascend mouton ascendre Language Typology 74

Communalities Reasons for languages to have something in common: - Inherited - Language contact: English: pig porc French: porc sheep climb mutton ascend mouton ascendre Language Typology ? 75

Communalities Reasons for languages to have something in common: - Inherited - Language contact - Chance: Language Typology 76

Communalities Reasons for languages to have something in common: - Inherited - Language contact - Chance: 'Shut the door' ~ 'Je t'adore' < = I adore you > Language Typology 77

Differences Reasons for languages to be different: Language Typology 78

Differences Reasons for languages to be different: - Other choice for solution common problem Language Typology 79

Differences Reasons for languages to be different: - Other choice for solution common problem Germanic: English Dutch German cow koe Kuh Language Typology 80

Differences Reasons for languages to be different: - Other choice for solution common problem Germanic: Plural English Dutch German cow koe Kuh cows koeien Kühe Language Typology 81

Differences Reasons for languages to be different: - Other choice for solution common problem English: We went into an antique-shop Language Typology 82

Differences Reasons for languages to be different: - Other choice for solution common problem English: We went into an antique-shop Turkish: Bir antikaci-dan içeri girdik Language Typology 83

Differences Reasons for languages to be different: - Other choice for solution common problem English: We went into an antique-shop Turkish: Bir antikaci-dan içeri girdik An antique-shop into Language Typology 84

Differences Reasons for languages to be different: - Other choice for solution common problem English: We went into an antique-shop Turkish: Bir antikaci-dan içeri An antique-shop into gir went Language Typology 85

Differences Reasons for languages to be different: - Other choice for solution common problem English: We went into an antique-shop Turkish: Bir antikaci-dan içeri An antique-shop into girdik went-we Language Typology 86

Differences Reasons for languages to be different: - Other choice for solution common problem - Language change: Language Typology 87

Differences Reasons for languages to be different: - Other choice for solution common problem - Language change: Chaucer (1400): But now, sire, lat me se what shal I seyn Language Typology 88

Differences Reasons for languages to be different: - Other choice for solution common problem - Language change: Chaucer (1400): But now, sire, lat me se what shal I seyn 2000: But now, sir, let me see what I shall be Language Typology 89

Differences Reasons for languages to be different: - Other choice for solution common problem - Language change: Chaucer (1400): But now, sire, lat me se what shal I seyn 2000: But now, sir, let me see what I shall be Language Typology 90

Differences Reasons for languages to be different: - Other choice for solution common problem - Language change: Chaucer (1400): But now, sire, lat me se what shal I seyn 2000: But now, sir, let me see what I shall be Language Typology 91

Differences Reasons for languages to be different: - Other choice for solution common problem - Language change: Chaucer (1400): But now, sire, lat me se what shal I seyn (Dutch = syn) 2000: But now, sir, let me see what I shall be (Dutch = zyn) Language Typology 92

Topics from typology 6 Topics from Typology: Language Typology 93

Topics from typology 6 Topics from Typology: - From 'easy' to 'complex' Language Typology 94

Topics from typology 6 Topics from Typology: - From 'easy' to 'complex' - Related to each other: e. g. Word Order ~ Passive ~ Subject Language Typology 95

Topics from typology 6 Topics from Typology: - From 'easy' to 'complex' - Related to each other: e. g. Word Order ~ Passive ~ Subject - First 'What is this in the English language, and what does it? ' Language Typology 96

Topics from typology 6 Topics from Typology: - From 'easy' to 'complex' - Related to each other: e. g. Word Order ~ Passive ~ Subject - First 'What is this and what does it? ' - Branch out to dialects/languages-in-Britain Language Typology 97

Topics from typology 6 Topics from Typology: - From 'easy' to 'complex' - Related to each other: e. g. Word Order ~ Passive ~ Subject - First 'What is this and what does it? ’ - Branch out to dialects/languages-in-Britain - Further into Europe Language Typology 98

Topics from typology 6 Topics from Typology: - From 'easy' to 'complex' - Related to each other: e. g. Word Order ~ Passive ~ Subject - First 'What is this and what does it? ' - Branch out to dialects/languages-in-Britain - Further into Europe - Rest of the world Language Typology 99

Topics T 1. ARTICLES Language Typology 100

Articles Article: what is it in English? 'We went to see the football match' 'We went to see a football match' Language Typology vs 101

Articles Article: what is it in English, and what does it? 'We went to see the football match' 'We went to see a football match' vs → Definite: Hearer supposed to know which one → Indefinite: Hearer NOT supposed to know which one Language Typology 102

Articles Article: what is it in English, and what does it? 'We went to see the football match' 'We went to see a football match' vs → Definite: Hearer supposed to know which one → Indefinite: Hearer NOT supposed to know which one Definite also in case there is only ONE: The capital of Lancashire is Preston Language Typology 103

Articles About the function: → Seems to be important that hearer knows what/which I am talking about, to avoid misunderstandings: 'This is a new player, add her to the story' vs 'I am talking about the one you know, so keep all information about her available' Language Typology 104

Articles About the function: → Seems to be important that hearer knows what/which I am talking about, to avoid misunderstandings: 'This is a new player, add her to the story' vs 'I am talking about the one you know, so keep all information about her available' Would all languages have this device? Language Typology ? 105

Articles About the form: Variation with a language the [δә] boy the [δI] other one a [ә] / [eī] boy an [әn] other one Language Typology 106

Articles Local English dialect: Variation across dialects The same, but possible differences in pronunciation and possibly also use: Cf. Lancashire dialect: Oh yes they were a primary school (. ) Miss Riley she were er (. ) er in the [δ] infants you see and then you went up into the [‘] big school Language Typology 107

Articles Scots Gaelic: am balach = the boy But: - balach = a boy Language Typology 108

Articles Conclusion < first version >: Languages have a definite article, form is different per language, and even per dialect. Indefinite article may but need not be present in a langage. Absence then means 'indefinite'. Language Typology 109

Articles Conclusion < first version >: Languages have a definite article, form is different per language, and even per dialect. Indefinite article may but need not be present in a langage. Absence then means 'indefinite'. But: based on only 2 languages. . . Language Typology 110

Articles English: the boy a boy Language Typology 111

Articles English: Dutch: the boy de jongen a boy een jongen Language Typology 112

Articles English: Dutch: German: the boy de jongen der Junge a boy een jongen ein Junge Language Typology 113

Articles English: Dutch: German: the boy de jongen der Junge a boy een jongen ein Junge Language Typology 114

Articles English: Dutch: German: the boy de jongen der Junge a boy een jongen ein Junge Language Typology 115

Articles English: Dutch: German: the boy de jongen der Junge a boy een jongen ein Junge Different, but sound more or less the same Language Typology 116

Articles English: Dutch: German: the boy de jongen der Junge a boy een jongen ein Junge Different, but sound more or less the same Language Typology 117

Articles Scots Gaelic: am balach = the boy balach = a boy Language Typology 118

Articles Scots Gaelic: Welsh: am balach = the boy y gwlad balach = a boy gwledydd = a country Language Typology = the country 119

Articles Scots Gaelic: Welsh: am balach = the boy y gwlad balach = a boy gwledydd = a country Language Typology = the country 120

Articles Scots Gaelic: Welsh: am balach = the boy y gwlad balach = a boy gwledydd = a country Language Typology = the country 121

Articles Not learned much: coincidence? ? ? NO → family relationship: English, Dutch, German, Danish, Swedish, . . . : Sisters: GERMANIC languages Welsh, Scots Gaelic, Irish, Breton, . . . : Sisters: CELTIC languages Language Typology 122

Western Europe 2009 Dutch Gaelic Danish English German Welsh Breton 123

Year 100 BC 124

Year 100 BC Celtic 125

Year 100 BC Celtic Germanic 126

Year 100 BC Celtic Germanic Latin 127

Year 0 Celtic Germanic Latin 128

Year 0 Celtic Germanic Latin 129

Year 400 AD Celtic Germanic Latin 130

Year 400 AD Celtic Germanic Latin 131

Scots Gaelic Year 900 AD Irish Celtic Germanic Welsh Latin 132

Year 900 AD Scots Gaelic English Irish Dutch German Celtic Germanic Welsh Latin 133

Year 900 AD Scots Gaelic English Irish Dutch German Celtic Germanic Welsh French Romance Spanish Italian 134

Articles Conclusion < first version >: Languages have a definite article, form is different per language. Indefinite article may but need not be present in a langage. Absence then means 'indefinite'. Language Typology 135

Articles Conclusion < second version >: Languages have a definite article, form is different per language. Indefinite article may but need not be present in a langage. Absence then means 'indefinite'. Looking at languages from the same family does not reveal much more about definiteness since languages tend to inherit the same system from their ancestor language. This is still visible after many hundreds of years. Language Typology 136

Articles Conclusion < second version >: Languages have a definite article, form is different per language. Indefinite article may but need not be present in a langage. Absence then means 'indefinite'. Looking at languages from the same family does not reveal much more about definiteness since languages tend to inherit the same system from their ancestor language BUT: only two families out of many hundreds. . . Language Typology 137

Articles English (GERM): Spanish (ROM): Gaelic (CELT): the boy el joven am balach a boy un joven balach Language Typology 138

Articles English (GERM): Spanish (ROM): Gaelic (CELT): the boy el joven am balach a boy un joven balach Language Typology 139

Articles English (GERM): Spanish (ROM): Gaelic (CELT): the boy el joven am balach a boy un joven balach Language Typology 140

Articles Conclusion < = second version NOTHING NEW >: Languages have a definite article, form is different per language. Indefinite article may but need not be present in a langage. Absence then means 'indefinite'. Looking at languages from the same family does not reveal much more about definiteness since languages tend to inherit the same system from their ancestor language BUT: all these languages in close contact (Western Europe) Language Typology 141

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SLAVIC LANGUAGES: Russian Polish Czech Croat. . . 143

Articles English: Polish: the boy chłopiec a boy chłopiec Language Typology 144

Articles English: Polish: the boy chłopiec a boy chłopiec Language Typology 145

Articles English: Polish: the boy chłopiec a boy chłopiec N. B. Polish speakers with English as a second language often 'forget' the article Language Typology 146

Articles Conclusion < third version >: Languages may or may not have a definite article. If they have a definite article, they may also have an indefinite article. The system seems to be inherited from the ancestor language, because sister languages tend to have the same system. Language Typology 147

Articles Language Types (OBSERVED): NO ARTICLES Polish (SLAV) ONLY DEFINITE & INDEFINITE Welsh (CELT) English (GERM) Spanish (ROM) Language Typology 148

Articles Language Types (OBSERVED): NO ARTICLES ONLY DEFINITE & INDEFINITE Universal Rule (? ? ? ): Only indefinite article when also definite Language Typology 149

Articles Language Types (LOGICAL): NO ARTICLES ONLY DEFINITE ARTICLES ONLY INDEFINITE Language Typology DEFINITE & INDEFINITE 150

Articles Universal Rule (? ? ? ): Only indefinite article when also definite Language Typology 151

Articles Universal Rule (? ? ? ): Only indefinite article when also definite TEST on more languages: GERM/CELT/ROM/SLAV: related → European Super Family Language Typology 152

Articles Universal Rule (? ? ? ): Only indefinite article when also definite TEST on more languages: GERM/CELT/ROM/SLAV: related → European Super Family Ideally: all languages of the world (7000+): NOT AVAILABLE Language Typology 153

Articles Universal Rule (? ? ? ): Only indefinite article when also definite TEST on more languages: GERM/CELT/ROM/SLAV: related → European Super Family Ideally: all languages of the world (7000+): NOT AVAILABLE Minimally: one language per family (250 – 400) < SAMPLE > Language Typology 154

WALS N = 438 No articles (188) 44% Definite and Indefinite article (133) 30% Only Definite article (76) 17% Only Indefinite article (41) 56% 9% 155

Articles English: Gaelic: Turkish Polish: the boy an balach oğlan chłopiec a boy balach bir oğlan chłopiec Counter example to (potential) rule Language Typology 156

Articles Conclusion < fourth version; definitive (? ? ? ) >: Slightly more than half of the languages have articles. More than half of these have both a definite and an indefinite article Of those that have only one type, twice as many have a definite article than an indefinite one Language Typology 157

Articles Language Types (LOGICAL = OBSERVED): NO ARTICLES ONLY DEFINITE ARTICLES ONLY INDEFINITE & INDEFINITE Right Sample Language Typology 158

Articles Polish: chłopiec 44% English: the boy a boy > 30% Gaelic: am balach > 17% Turkish oğlan bir oğlan > 9% Articles NOT necessary: often clear in context Language Typology 159

Articles Polish: chłopiec 44% English: the boy a boy > 30% Gaelic: am balach > 17% Turkish oğlan bir oğlan > 9% Articles NOT necessary: often clear in context Alternatives: Demonstrative (THIS, THAT) Numeral (ONE) Possessive (MY, HIS) Adjctive (NEW, OTHER, CLOSE, BIG) Language Typology 160

Articles Polish: chłopiec 44% English: the boy a boy > 30% Gaelic: am balach > 17% Turkish oğlan bir oğlan > 9% Articles NOT necessary: often clear in context Alternatives: Demonstrative (THIS, THAT) Numeral (ONE) Language Typology Historical Source 161

Articles Polish: chłopiec 44% English: the boy a boy > 30% Gaelic: am balach = 2 x 17% Turkish oğlan bir oğlan = 2 x 9% If present, why this distribution? Language Typology 162

Articles Polish: chłopiec 44% English: the boy a boy > 30% Gaelic: am balach = 2 x 17% Turkish oğlan bir oğlan = 2 x 9% If present, why this distribution? Two different forms clearer contrast than one vs none Most important: difference → one is enough → economical Definite article more often stressed than indefinite Language Typology 163

Articles help to identify a referent (known to hearer or not) Language Typology 164

Articles help to identify a referent (known to hearer or not) Two main types: languages with (I) and without articles (II) almost equally common ( = not a universal category) Language Typology 165

Articles help to identify a referent (known to hearer or not) Two main types: languages with (I) and without articles (II) almost equally common ( = not a universal category) Three subtypes of (I): a. both finite and indefinite article present b. only definite article c. only indefinite article Language Typology 166

Topics T 2. WORD ORDER Language Typology 167

Word Order Possibilities: 1. Alternative orders in the noun phrase, including constraints on combinations (Def. N, Indef. N, Dem. N, Num. N, AN) Language Typology 168

Demonstrative – Noun Order Language Typology 169

Numeral – Noun Order Language Typology 170

Word Order Possibilities: 1. Alternative orders in the noun phrase, including constraints on combinations (Def. N, Indef. N, Dem. N, Num. N, AN) Language Typology 171

Word Order Possibilities: 1. Alternative orders in the noun phrase, including constraints on combinations (Def. N, Indef. N, Dem. N, Num. N, AN) 2. Main clause order (S / O / V): - simple definition of subject and object - variation in English & dialects - orders in other languages - basic order vs alternatives plus motivation Language Typology 172

Main Clause Order Language Typology 173

Topics T 3. NEGATION Language Typology 174

Topics T 4. PASSIVE Language Typology 175

Topics T 5. PRONOMINAL SUBJECTS Language Typology 176

Topics T 6. SUBJECTS VS OBJECTS Language Typology 177

Topics C. CONCLUDING LESSON Language Typology 178

Conclusion Resume over all topics, relating them to each other Language Typology 179

Conclusion Resume over all topics, relating them to each other On the basis of the original statements: - Languages are (very) different on the outside - When you look a bit better, they have a lot in common - They make choices from restricted options for largely the same categories Language Typology 180

Conclusion Resume over all topics, relating them to each other On the basis of the original statements: - Languages are (very) different on the outside - When you look a bit better, they have a lot in common - They make choices from restricted options for largely the same categories - What would be another interesting topic to look at? Language Typology ? 181

Topics Version 2: Compact Language Typology 182

Compact One 2 - 3 hour version, possibly 2 - 3 x 1 hour: Language Typology 183

Compact One 2 - 3 hour version 1. What is typology? Language Typology 184

Compact One 2 - 3 hour version 1. What is typology? 2. Languages of the world: areas and families Language Typology 185

Compact One 2 - 3 hour version 1. What is typology? 2. Languages of the world: areas and families 3. One or more (simple) phenomena (Article? Word Order? ) Language Typology 186

Compact One 2 - 3 hour version 1. What is typology? 2. Languages of the world: areas and families 3. One or more (simple) phenomena (Article? Word Order? ) 4. Relations between phenomena (only examples) Language Typology 187

Compact One 2 - 3 hour version 1. What is typology? 2. Languages of the world: areas and families 3. One or more (simple) phenomena (Article? Word Order? ) 4. Relations between phenomena (only examples) 5. Conclusion Language Typology 188

Compact One 2 - 3 hour version 1. What is typology? 2. areas and families 3. One (simple) phenomenon 4. Relations Very Compact Version Probably better to make it into “General introduction to Languages of the World” 5. Conclusion Language Typology 189

? Language Typology 190