Individual Variation in the Use of the Monitor

Individual Variation in the Use of the Monitor Stephen D Krashen 1. 2. 3. 4. Ananta Dwi Cahya Desy Paradina Shofi Naqiyah Wisnu Dwiyantoro

The Outline 1. Monitor Users • Definition • General Characteristic of Monitor Users 2. Three Types of Monitor Users • Optimalusers • Overusers • Underusers 3. Conclusion

MONITOR USERS

Definition A person who uses self-correction in the second language production or second language learning.

General Characteristic of Monitor Users 1. Edit their second language output 2. Different types and amounts of errors 3. Show an overt concern

Case Studies of Monitor Users (1) 1. Krashen and Pon ( 1975 ) The name : P Result : - Over a 3 -week period and about 80 erros were tabulated - Able to communicate well in both Monitor free and edited situation

Case Studies of Monitor Users(2) 2. Cohen and Robbins ( 1976 ) The name : Ue-lin and Eva Result : • Can self-correction • Describe her error as “careless”

Three Types of Monitor Users Optimal Users Overusers Uderusers

The Optimal User

Definition Performers who use the Monitor when it is appropriate and when it does not interfere with communication.

The Overuser

Definition They are all the time obsessed with the grammaticality of their speech.

Case Studies of Overuser (1) 1. Stafford and Covitt (1978) The Name : S Result : • Speaks very little • Try to remember and use grammar rules • Does not trust her intuitions about English

Case Studies of Overuser (2) 2. Birnbaum (1976) The Name : Hector Result : • Not a single lengthy utterance • Over 69 instances of repair

The Underuser

Definition Underusers are those who do not use their conscious knowledge.

• Does not seem to use a Monitor • Does not seem to use the concious grammar at all • The target language is spoken

The Case Studies of Underuser Stafford and Covitt • The Name : V 1. ESL student 2. Values the study of grammar highly

The Case Studies of Underuser ( 2 ) • Stafford and Covitt • The Name : I 1. Studied English formaly 2. Values concious rules highly

Conclusion Three types of Monitor Users : 1. Optimal Users Use the Monitor when it is appropriate 2. Overusers Obsessed with the grammaticality of their speech 3. Underusers Do not use their conscious knowledge

References Krashen, S. D. 2002. Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning. University of Southern California.

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