LONG FORMS CONTRACTED FORMS SHORT FORMS Long forms

LONG FORMS, CONTRACTED FORMS (SHORT FORMS) Long forms, contracted forms of to be (am, are, is) - detailed explanations

to be (am, are, is) affirmative negative long form short form I am I'm I am not I'm not he's he is not he isn't or he's not we aren't or we're not he, she, it: he is we, you, they: we are we're

to be (was, were) affirmative long form negative short form long form short form - he was not he wasn't - we were not we weren't I, he, she, it: he was we, you, they: we were

have got affirmative long form negative short form long form short form I, we, you, they: we have got we've got we have not we've not got or we got haven't got he, she, it: he has got he's got he has not got he's not got or he hasn't got

had affirmative negative long form short form every time regardless the subject (I, he, she, it, we, you, they): I had I'd I had not I hadn't

do affirmative long form short form negative long form short form I, we, you, they: I do - I do not I don't - he does not he doesn't he, she, it: he does

did affirmative negative long form short form every time regardless the subject (I, he, she, it, we, you, they): I did - I did not I didn't

Modals (can, could, must, might, will, would, shall, should, ought to) affirmative negative long form short form can - cannot can't could - could not couldn't must - must not mustn't might - might not -- need not needn't will 'll will not won't would 'd would not wouldn't shall - shall not shan't should 'd should not shouldn't ought to - ought not oughtn't to to

The short forms 's and 'd have two different long forms: he's = he is or he has he'd = he would or he had We seldom use short forms after names and nouns. Peter has got a book. = Peter's got a book. The children have visited London. = The children've visited London. When have is a full verb, we do not use the short