Chapter 13 The Nature of Storms Lesson 7

Chapter 13 The Nature of Storms

Lesson 7 Thunderstorms and Severe Weather

Think About It… During which months do we get the most damaging thunderstorms here in the Piedmont?

Focus Question… How do the major types of thunderstorms form?

1. Average Number of Thunderstorm Days Annually… Florida is #1!!

2. Cause of Thunderstorms… ¢ Warm air rises over a mountain ¢ Temperature difference b/tw land & sea ¢ Fronts See next several slides for details, if desired!

Types of Thunderstorms… ¢ Air Mass - Mountain l l l Where… within one air mass over a mountain Why… warm air rises over a mountain, forming storm clouds! When… midafternoon http: //web. mst. edu/~rogersda/umrcourses/ge 301/press&siever 12. 3. png

Types of Thunderstorms… ¢ Air Mass - Sea-Breeze l l l Where… coastal areas, esp. tropics/subtropics Why… temperature differences between land sea create convection cells and updrafts When… summer http: //apollo. lsc. vsc. edu/~wintelsw/MET 1010 LOL/web/notes/chapter 11/ts_ingredients 4 summary. html

http: //apollo. lsc. vsc. edu/classes/met 130/notes/chapter 11/graphics/cf_xsect. jpg Types of Thunderstorms… ¢ Frontal - Cold l l l Where… at the leading edge of a cold front Why… cold air pushes warm air rapidly up at the steep cold-front boundary When… anytime a cold front moves in!

Types of Thunderstorms… ¢ Frontal – Warm l l l Where… at the leading edge of a warm front Why… warm air mass slides up over a cold air mass creating clouds When… if a warm front moves in with enough moisture and instability http: //www. atmoz. org/img/warm-front. png

3. Thunderstorms in the Piedmont… Which types of thunderstorms do we experience here in the Piedmont? v. Frontal (warm and cold) v. Local Air Mass (in the summer) http: //www 2. journalnow. com/mgmedia/image/0/354/118602/severe-storms-cause-damage-across-region/

Stages of Development of a Thunderstorm… http: //chiefio. wordpress. com/2010/12/28/ignore-the-day-at-your-peril/

NSSL – Q&A Thunderstorms… The National Severe Storm Laboratory is in Norman, OK. ¢ http: //www. nssl. noaa. gov/primer/tstor m/tst_detecting. html ¢

Severe Thunderstorms anvil Rain Free Base Precipitation http: //ed 101. bu. edu/Student. Doc/Archives/ED 101 fa 06/mattwall/Extreme%20 Weather. htm

4. Lightning… What is lightning? Ø A giant spark of static electricity How does a lightning bolt form? 4. Ø A ‘-’ channel of air from a cloud (stepped leader) connects with a ‘+’ channel on the ground (return stroke). http: //i. imwx. com/web/multimedia/images/blog/stepped_lightning 2. jpg

How Lightning Forms … http: //www. erh. noaa. gov/bgm/preparedness/swaw/ny/images/Light 1. gif

Lightning… What causes thunder? Ø Super-heated air expanding and contracting How hot is lightning? Ø 30, 000 degrees Celsius http: //www. eoearth. org/files/119701_119800/119773/Step 5. jpg http: //www. srh. noaa. gov/jetstream/lightning/images/lightning 8. jpg

http: //www. barransclass. com/phys 1090/circus/Jenkins. D. html Lightning Damage… The damage that lightning can do… Ø Ø Ø 7500 forest fires/year 300 injuries/ 93 deaths/year Property damage Lightning-struck trees on the Blue Ridge Parkway http: //www. sciencephoto. com/images/download_lo_res. html? id=670034119

5. Lightning Q&A and Safety… http: //www. srh. noaa. gov/j etstream/lightning/light ning_faq. htm#10 “When lightning roars, go indoors!”

Think About It… Where is the safest place to be during a tornado?

Hail

1. Tornadoes (Formation of…) A. B. C. change in wind direction & speed creates horizontal rotation. Strong updrafts tilt rotating air to vertical position. Tornado forms within rotating winds. http: //www. weatherwizkids. com/tornado_formation. jpg

Tornado Alley The Midwest! 2. A supercell is a giant, self-sustaining storm that can spawn tornados. (A c. P air mass from Canada meets a m. T air mass from the Gulf of Mexico) 3. Tornado Alley is in the midwest. 4. Most tornadoes occur in May. http: //midwestweather. net/archives/tornadoclimatology. htm

Tornado Alley… (Accuweather, 6/8/13)

5. The Enhanced Fujita Scale… a. b. This scale is used to classify a tornado AFTER the tornado has passed by looking at the damage and effects of the tornado. EF 0 to EF 5

The Enhanced Fujita Scale…EF 0 or EF 1 - Least dangerous - % of all tornados… Ø 80 - Path… Ø up to 3 miles - Wind Speed… Ø 60 -115 mph - Duration… Ø 1 – 10 minutes Dr. Theodore Fujita http: //0. tqn. com/d/weather/1/0/i/C/-/-/fujita 2 s_600. jpg

Dust Devil in Utah

The Enhanced Fujita Scale…EF 2 or EF 3 - % of all tornados… Ø 19 - Path… Ø 15+ miles - Wind Speed… Ø 110 - 165 mph - Duration… Ø 20+ minutes

5 c. The Enhanced Fujita Scale…EF 4 or EF 5 - Most dangerous!! - % of all tornados… Ø 1 (Thankfully!) - Path… Ø 50+ miles - Wind Speed… Ø 200+ mph - Duration… Ø 1+ hours http: //thedailycap. com/alabama-tornado-2011

Tornado Safety… 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Move to a pre-designated shelter – to a basement if possible. Move to an interior room/hall, lowest floor, under sturdy furniture. (A bath tub is safest!) Stay away from windows. Get out of vehicles! Don’t try to outrun a tornado. If outside, lie flat in a ditch or depression. Abandon a mobile home for a shelter.

Lesson 8 Tropical Storms & Hurricanes

Think About It… From which direction do the hurricanes which hit our east come?

Focus Question… How does a hurricane form?

Tropical Cyclones… 1. A tropical cyclone can be described as a… Ø 2. We call these storms… Ø 3. Large, rotating, low pressure storm hurricanes Tropical cyclones derive energy from… Ø Warm, tropical oceans http: //www. nhc. noaa. gov/HAW 2/english/history. shtml

Tropical Cyclones… 4. Which direction do tropical cyclones turn in the northern hemisphere? Ø Ø Ø Counterclockwise It is a low pressure system! Remember the Coriolis effect? Fran, 1996, Cape Fear, NC Name was retired!

Tropical Cyclones… 5. As a hurricane strengthens, what do the following components do? a. b. Air pressure in eyewall– decreases Surface wind speeds – increase

http: //www. srh. noaa. gov/shv/? n=hurricane_rita Tropical Cyclones… 6. Tropical cyclones in the N. Hemisphere move steadily towards… Ø 7. the west! Which wind system moves across the USA and usually guides hurricanes out into the Atlantic Ocean? Ø the prevailing westerlies Hurricane Rita – 2005, 3 rd lowest pressure in Atlantic (897 mb), hit as cat. 3

8. Development of a Tropical Cyclone… Tropical Disturbance – a weak, low-pressure system – group of thunderstorms collect

http: //www. uvs-model. com/WFE%20 on%20 tropical%20 cyclone%20(Hurricane). htm Development of a Tropical Cyclone… Tropical Depression – a disturbance begins to rotate around the center of low pressure Katrina as a tropical depression

http: //www. weatherstockphotography. com/ Development of a Tropical Cyclone… Tropical Storm – a depression is labeled a storm when the wind speeds reach 39 mph. Tropical Storm Dalila, July 2007

http: //www. weatherstockphotography. com/ Development of a Tropical Cyclone… Tropical Hurricane – pressure drops and the wind speeds reach 74 mph Dean 2007 Ivan 2006 Katrina 2005

Hurricane History… ¢ http: //www. nhc. noaa. gov/HAW 2/englis h/history. shtml#galveston

http: //apollo. lsc. vsc. edu/classes/met 130/notes/chapter 15/vertical_circ. html 9. Anatomy of a Hurricane…

Classifying Hurricanes… The Saffir-Simpson Scale 1. 4 characteristics of a hurricane described… a. b. c. d. Wind speed – how high? Air pressure – how low? Potential for damage – how much? ! Storm surge ¢http: //www. nhc. noaa. gov/sshws_table. shtml? large

Classifying Hurricanes… 2. The Saffir-Simpson Scale… Categories 1 – 5 Category that does the most damage – 5 Wind speed of a cat 5? > 155 mph Three most powerful storms to hit USA? a. b. c. Florida Keys, 1935 Camille, 1969 Andrew, 1992 http: //www. nhc. noaa. gov/pastint. shtml

Classifying Hurricanes… 3. A hurricane runs out of energy When it moves over land or cold water http: //backyard. weatherbug. com/profiles/blogs/the-south-central-texas-445

Hurricane Hazards… 1. The strongest winds in a hurricane are in the… Ø eye wall http: //www. med. navy. mil/sites/nmcp/localarea/Weather/Publishing. Images/def 1. gif

Hurricane Hazards… 2. What is a storm surge? When hurricane force winds drive a mound of ocean water towards coastal areas http: //www. chathamemergency. org/images/storm%20 surge%202. png

Storm Surge… a. b. 9 of every 10 people who die in a hurricane are killed by the storm surge. You should EVACUATE so you don’t get killed by the storm surge!

Hurricane Hazards… 3. What hurricane hazard is caused by great amounts of rain? Ø floods Flooding from Hurricane Fran http: //pubs. usgs. gov/of/1996/of 96 -499/text/PHOTOS. html

Hurricane Hazards… 4. Which agency is responsible for tracking and forecasting hurricanes? The National Hurricane Center in Miami, FL (FIU Campus) (NOAA) Ø

The World’s Best Hurricane Safety Tip… EVACUATE!!

Lesson 9 Human Impact on Air Quality

Smog (Smokey Fog)… Smog is a yellow-brown photochemical haze. 2. Smog is caused by solar radiation heating pollution (hydrocarbons & nitrogen oxides mostly from car exhaust). 3. Smog makes it difficult to breathe! 4. The major chemical in smog is ozone. b/c Ozone irritates the eyes, nose, throat, & lungs. See next slide… 1.

Smog in Japan… http: //www. japantimes. co. jp/news/2013/02/08/reference/chinese-smog-bomb-floats-toward-japan/

Particulate Matter… 1. Four examples of particulate matter include… 1. 2. ash, dust, pollen, & asbestos fibers. These are forms of SOLID pollutants in the air. Particulate matter is harmful to people because it can… get in lung tissues & cause breathing difficulties & lung disease. See next slide…

Particulate Matter (Draw in margin. ) http: //www. epa. gov/pm/graphics/pm 2_5_graphic_lg. jpg

Review Only! The Greenhouse Effect What is the greenhouse effect? It is heat from the sun being trapped by the gases in our atmosphere. l l A greenhouse effect you may relate to is that of a closed car on a cold, sunny day in winter. The greenhouse effect is a GOOD thing! It allows for life on our planet! http: //www. uic. com. au/graphics/ueg 1 -1. gif

Global Warming… 1. Global warming is… … an increase in Earth’s average surface temperature. 2. Some scientists believe that the cause of global warming is. . . … the burning of fossil fuels Write examples in margin… a. b. l l l Coal for electricity Gasoline for vehicles Natural Gas for fireplaces and cooking which releases carbon dioxide (CO 2) CO 2 makes up only. 04% of the atmosphere! (4 out of 10, 000 molecules)

Add to Margin of Notes…Fossil Fuel Use ¢ Fossil Fuels Used… l l l Coal for electricity Gasoline for vehicles Natural Gas for fireplaces and cooking 3. There are many scientists who believe the Sun has the major role in global warming/cooling. 4. To reduce levels of CO 2 in the atmosphere people can … … reduce our use of fossil fuels! (And

The Ozone Issue Review! The ozone layer is found in the stratosphere. 1. Ozone absorbs ultraviolet radiation from the sun. www. space. gc. ca

The Ozone Issue This diagram illustrates what a “hole” in the ozone might look like. www. ec. gc. ca

http: //www. tribuneindia. com/20020919/science. htm#2 The Ozone Issue “The hole in the ozone layer above Antarctica is seen in a series of satellite images over a 21 -year time span. ”

Add to Margin of Notes: 3 Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation… Ultraviolet radiation from the sun cause cataracts (a clouding of the lens of the eye) and skin cancer. Ultraviolet radiation can kill the eggs of certain animals like amphibians because they lay their eggs in shallow water. www. matthews. co. nz www. mja. com. au www. waterencyclopedia. com

The Ozone Issue Review… The chemical formula for ozone is O 3 www. acd. ucar. edu Draw this in the margin of your Lesson! www. environment. gov. au www. piscine-ozone. com

The Ozone Issue 2. Man-made chemicals called (CFCs) chlorofluorocarbons react with ozone and break it apart. (The part of the CFC molecule that reacts with the ozone molecule is the chlorine atom. ) observe. arc. nasa. gov

The Ozone Issue 3. CFCs are used as refrigerants, coolants, propellants in aerosol cans, and Styrofoam. www. ec. gc. ca tiki. oneworld. net

4. How CFCs destroy ozone…

The Ozone Issue 5. We should eliminate sources of CFCs worldwide. (CFCs were banned in the late 1980’s in industrialized nations. They are still in use in some places in the world. ) “Under the 1987 Montreal Protocol, developing countries committed themselves to halving consumption and production of the CFCs by 2005 and to achieving an 85 percent cut by 2007. ” http: //www. tribuneindia. com/20020919/science. htm#2

Acid Precipitation (Rain)… 1. Acid precipitation (rain) is precipitation with a p. H of less than 5. The p. H of natural precipitation is 5. 0 to 5. 6. 2. Acid precipitation forms when sulfur dioxide (SO 2) & nitrogen oxides (NO 2) combine w/ atmospheric water to create sulfuric acid & nitric acid. 3. Six types of acid precipitation are acidic rain, snow, fog, mist, gas, and dust. 4. Nitrous oxide and sulfur dioxide come from volcanoes, marshes, and human activities

Coal-burning Power Plant – Jacksonville, FL 5. The source of acid precipitation that receives the most attention is caused by coal-burning power plants in the midwestern USA.

Acid Rain… 6. Three effects of acid precipitation are the damage it causes to… a. … aquatic ecosystems b. … plants & soil. c. … stone buildings & statues. Easy on the acid rain, guys!

Acid Rain and the World’s Tallest Buddha… Buddha will get a face lift after many years of weathering and acid rain damage. http: //english. china. com/zh_cn/tourism/news/11020847/20071107/14450790. html

Acid Rain… 7. Prevention: Use wet scrubbers on smoke stacks of coal-burning power plants. (to reduce sulfur emissions)