Unlocking Medical Terminology Second Edition CHAPTER 1 Word

Multimedia Directory Slide 41 Elements of Medical Terms Video Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition

Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: – Discuss the

Learning Objectives (cont. ) After completing this chapter, you will be able to: –

Medical Terminology Is the Language of Medicine • It is a language spoken in

History of Medical Terminology • Developed gradually over the years from older languages •

History of Medical Terminology (cont. ) • Romans used both Latin and Greek to

Medical Terms • Acronym – Words created from abbreviations or from the first letters

Figure 1. 1 Medical terms Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©

Constructed Terms • These four word parts have Greek or Latin origins – –

A Word Root • Contains the primary meaning • Most medical terms contain at

A Word Root (cont. ) • There is a fundamental relationship between word roots

Figure 1. 2 The inner ear Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright

Figure 1. 3 The appendix Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©

Figure 1. 4 The uvula Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©

Word Roots • • • arter, arteri = artery arthr = joint card, cardi

Word Roots (cont. ) • • • norm = a common state oste =

A Prefix • The word part that is placed before the word root to

Prefixes ab- = away from bi- = two endo- = within hyper- = excessive,

Prefixes (cont. ) • • intra- = within post- = after pre- = before

A Suffix • The word part that is placed at the end of the

Suffixes • • • -al = pertaining to -ic = pertaining to -itis =

Suffixes (cont. ) • • -ous = pertaining to -pathy = disease -scope =

Combining Vowels • Connect other word parts together but do not modify the meaning

Combining Forms • When a word root is shown with the combining vowel attached,

Combining Forms • • arteri/o = artery arthr/o = joint cardi/o = heart gastr/o

Combining Forms (cont. ) • • hepat/o = liver oste/o = bone path/o =

Defining Medical Terms • Three steps to define a term • Example: Arteriopathy –

Figure 1. 5 Defining a medical term Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd

Constructing Medical Terms • Most medical terms are formed by assembling various word parts

Constructing Medical Terms (cont. ) • Let’s create a term for joint inflammation –

Figure 1. 6 Assembling word parts Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright

Pronunciation of Medical Terms • This text will use a phonetic (sounds like) pronunciation

Spelling of Medical Terms • Spelling is very important • A spelling error altering

Singular and Plural Endings • Rules for changing a singular word into a plural

Singular and Plural Endings (cont. ) • Helpful guidelines – If the term ends

Helpful Study Tips • Organize your time – Find enough time to study –

Helpful Study Tips (cont. ) • Other tips – Break down terms into word

The Elements of Medical Terms Video Click on the screenshot to view a video

Classroom Response System Pretest Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011

What does a prefix refer to? A. a word part affixed to the beginning

What does a suffix refer to? A. a word part affixed to the beginning

What does a word root refer to? A. a word part affixed at the

What does combining form mean? A. a word part affixed to the end of

What does a combining vowel mean? A. a vowel added to a prefix B.

What is the most commonly used combining vowel? A. o B. e C. i

What are constructed terms? A. terms not formed by individual word parts B. multiple

Which of the following is an example of a constructed term? A. eustachian tube

What are nonconstructed terms? A. terms that are not derived from individual terms B.

Medical terms are generally made up of _______ word parts? A. 1 B. 2

Classroom Response System Post-test Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011

In the word cardioplasty, what is the suffix? A. card B. plasty C. o

In the word cardioplasty, what is the prefix? A. card B. plasty C. o

In the word cardioplasty, what is the combining vowel? A. plasty B. card C.

What does the prefix anti- mean? A. down B. against, opposite of C. sideways

What does the prefix endo- mean? A. below B. inside C. within D. middle

What does the suffix -al mean? A. surgical incision B. blood C. knowledge D.

What does the suffix -itis mean? A. nature of B. inflammation C. recording D.

What does the combining form dermat/o mean? A. brain B. skin C. heart D.

What does the combining form hepat/o mean? A. liver B. heart C. brain D.

What does the combining form rhin/o mean? A. ear B. throat C. nose D.

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Unlocking Medical Terminology Second Edition CHAPTER 1 Word Parts: The Building Blocks of Medical Terminology Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: – Discuss the origins and purpose of medical terminology – Identify the four basic word parts that form many medical terms – Construct medical terms by assembling word parts – Define medical terms by breaking them down into word parts Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objectives (cont. ) After completing this chapter, you will be able to: – Use the pronunciation resources available in this text and on the website that accompanies this book – Use study techniques to practice spelling medical terms correctly Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Medical Terminology Is the Language of Medicine • It is a language spoken in clinics and hospitals around the world • It is a language, like Spanish or German, that includes rules of pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar • To learn the language of medicine, you must learn its rules and practice speaking its vocabulary Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

History of Medical Terminology • Developed gradually over the years from older languages • Originated nearly 3, 000 years ago when Hippocrates and Aristotle began describing ailments and parts of the body Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

History of Medical Terminology (cont. ) • Romans used both Latin and Greek to describe ailments and parts of the body • Today, most medical terms include mainly Greek and Latin word parts Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Medical Terms • Acronym – Words created from abbreviations or from the first letters of a group of words § CAT scan • Eponyms – Words based on the personal names of people to describe a disease or body part § Hodgkin’s lymphoma Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Constructed Terms • These four word parts have Greek or Latin origins – – Word roots Prefixes Suffixes Combining vowels Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

A Word Root • Contains the primary meaning • Most medical terms contain at least one and sometimes more word roots – ab/norm/al § The word root is norm; it is the primary meaning of the word, which means pertains to away from a normal state Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

A Word Root (cont. ) • There is a fundamental relationship between word roots and names given to anatomical structures by the Greeks and Romans • The next 3 slides show structures of the body that illustrate this concept – Cochlea is a Latin word that means snail shell – Appendix means to hang onto – Uvula means grape Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Roots • • • arter, arteri = artery arthr = joint card, cardi = heart gastr = stomach hepat = liver later = side Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Roots (cont. ) • • • norm = a common state oste = bone path = disease tens = pressure ven = vein Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

A Prefix • The word part that is placed before the word root to modify its meaning – ab/norm/al § The prefix ab- is placed before the root to modify the word meaning and means away from Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Prefixes ab- = away from bi- = two endo- = within hyper- = excessive, abnormally high, above • hypo- = under, below normal • • Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Prefixes (cont. ) • • intra- = within post- = after pre- = before sub- = below, beneath Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

A Suffix • The word part that is placed at the end of the word root to modify its meaning – ab/norm/al § The suffix -al is placed after the root to modify the word meaning and means pertaining to Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Suffixes • • • -al = pertaining to -ic = pertaining to -itis = inflammation -logy = study of -meter = measuring instrument Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Suffixes (cont. ) • • -ous = pertaining to -pathy = disease -scope = viewing instrument -scopy = process of viewing Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Vowels • Connect other word parts together but do not modify the meaning – Is usually an o, but i and e are sometimes used – Is used between two word roots or between a word root and a suffix § In the term gastr/o/logy, a combining vowel is used between a word root and a suffix to ease pronunciation Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms • When a word root is shown with the combining vowel attached, it is called the combining form – It is written with a slash separating the word root and combining vowel § oste/o Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms • • arteri/o = artery arthr/o = joint cardi/o = heart gastr/o = stomach Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms (cont. ) • • hepat/o = liver oste/o = bone path/o = disease ven/o = vein Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Defining Medical Terms • Three steps to define a term • Example: Arteriopathy – Break down the term into individual parts § arteri/o/pathy – Define each word part § arteri/o = artery -pathy = disease – Combine and interpret the definitions of the parts § Disease of arteries Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Constructing Medical Terms • Most medical terms are formed by assembling various word parts to construct a term • Start with the definition; determine what you want to communicate • Select the word parts based on their particular meanings until the term is constructed Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Constructing Medical Terms (cont. ) • Let’s create a term for joint inflammation – Start with the definition § Joint inflammation – Find the suffix for inflammation § -itis Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Constructing Medical Terms (cont. ) • Let’s create a term for joint inflammation – Find the word root and combining vowel for joint inflammation § arthr/o – Arrange the word parts properly § arthritis Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Pronunciation of Medical Terms • This text will use a phonetic (sounds like) pronunciation system • To pronounce a word, just say it as it is spelled out – The term cardiology § kar dee ALL oh jee – The term gastrohepatic § GAS troh heh PAT ik Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Spelling of Medical Terms • Spelling is very important • A spelling error altering one or two letters can completely change a word’s meaning • Ileum – Is part of the small intestine • Ilium – Is part of the hip bone Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Singular and Plural Endings • Rules for changing a singular word into a plural word are different than they are for the English language Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Singular and Plural Endings (cont. ) • Helpful guidelines – If the term ends in a, the plural is formed by adding an e § Vertebra to vertebrae – If the term ends in is, the plural is formed by changing the is to es § Diagnosis to diagnoses Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Singular and Plural Endings (cont. ) • Helpful guidelines – If the term ends in itis, the plural is formed by changing the itis to itides § Gastritis to gastritides – If the term ends in on or um, the plural is formed by changing the on or um to a § Ganglion to ganglia, myocardium to myocardia Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Helpful Study Tips • Organize your time – Find enough time to study – Don’t wait until the last minute • Flash cards – Flash cards are a terrific way to learn medical terminology – Use the flash card generator – Make flash cards Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Helpful Study Tips (cont. ) • Other tips – Break down terms into word parts, and spelling them becomes easier – Write difficult terms down, over and over again – Use the audio glossary on the student media Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Elements of Medical Terms Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of medical terms. Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Back to Directory Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does a prefix refer to? A. a word part affixed to the beginning of a word B. a word part that provides primary meaning C. a word part affixed to the end of a word D. a word root plus its combining vowel Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does a suffix refer to? A. a word part affixed to the beginning of a word B. a word part that provides primary meaning C. a word root plus its combining vowel D. a word part affixed to the end of a word Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does a suffix refer to? A. a word part affixed to the beginning of a word B. a word part that provides primary meaning C. a word part affixed to the end of a word D. a word root plus its combining vowel Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does a word root refer to? A. a word part affixed at the end of a word B. a word part affixed to the beginning of a word C. a word part that provides the primary meaning D. a word root plus its combining vowel Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does combining form mean? A. a word part affixed to the end of a word B. a word part affixed to the beginning of a word C. a word root plus its combining vowel D. a word part that adjusts meaning Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does a combining vowel mean? A. a vowel added to a prefix B. a vowel added to a word root to connect a suffix C. a vowel added to a combining form D. a vowel added to provide meaning Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What are constructed terms? A. terms not formed by individual word parts B. multiple word parts that are combined into a new word C. eponyms D. suffixes Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Which of the following is an example of a constructed term? A. eustachian tube B. LASIK C. cardiology D. ab Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What are nonconstructed terms? A. terms that are not derived from individual terms B. multiple word parts that are combined into a new word C. prefixes D. suffixes Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Medical terms are generally made up of _______ word parts? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

In the word cardioplasty, what is the suffix? A. card B. plasty C. o D. cardio Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

In the word cardioplasty, what is the prefix? A. card B. plasty C. o D. there is no prefix Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

In the word cardioplasty, what is the combining vowel? A. plasty B. card C. cardio D. o Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the prefix anti- mean? A. down B. against, opposite of C. sideways D. over Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the suffix -al mean? A. surgical incision B. blood C. knowledge D. pertaining to Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the suffix -itis mean? A. nature of B. inflammation C. recording D. seizure Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the combining form dermat/o mean? A. brain B. skin C. heart D. blood Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the combining form hepat/o mean? A. liver B. heart C. brain D. blood Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.