Unlocking Medical Terminology Second Edition CHAPTER 14 The

Unlocking Medical Terminology Second Edition CHAPTER 14 The Urinary System Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Multimedia Directory Slide 26 Slide 32 Slide 49 Slide 72 Slide 83 Slide 96 Kidney Animation Urinary System Animation Kidney Stones Video Renal Failure Video Performing a Peritoneal Dialysis Video Urinalysis Video Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: – Define and spell the word parts used to create terms for the urinary system – Identify the major organs of the urinary system and describe their structure and function Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objectives (cont. ) After completing this chapter, you will be able to: – Break down and define common medical terms used for symptoms, diseases, disorders, procedures, treatments, and devices associated with the urinary system – Build medical terms from the word parts associated with the urinary system Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objectives (cont. ) After completing this chapter, you will be able to: – Pronounce and spell common medical terms associated with the urinary system Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Urinary System • Functions – Removes unwanted waste materials – Recycles other materials • Kidneys—most important organs of urinary system – Filter gallons of fluids from the bloodstream every day Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Urinary System (cont. ) • Kidneys – Remove: § § metabolic wastes toxins excess ions water – Return needed materials back to the blood – Help regulate blood pressure, p. H, and red blood cell production Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Prefixes dia- = through en- = within, upon, over endo- = within epi- = upon, over, above, on top hyper- = excessive, abnormally high, above • hypo- = under, below normal • poly- = many • • • Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms • • • albumin/o = albumin (a protein) azot/o = urea, nitrogen bacteri/o = bacteria blast/o = germ, bud, developing cell cyst/o = sac, bladder Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms (cont. ) • glomerul/o = little ball, glomerulus • gluc/o = glucose, sugar, sweet • glyc/o, glycos/o = glycogen, glucose, sugar, sweet • hydr/o = water Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms (cont. ) • • • ket/o, keton/o = ketone bodies lith/o = stone lys/o = break apart, dissolve meat/o = opening, passage nephr/o = kidney Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms (cont. ) • • noct/o = night olig/o = few in number py/o = pus pyel/o = renal pelvis Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms (cont. ) • • • ren/o = kidney son/o = sound spadias/o = rip, tear sten/o = narrowness, constriction tens/o = pressure Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms (cont. ) • • • tom/o = to cut ureter/o = ureter urethr/o = urethra ur/o, urin/a, urin/o = urine vesic/o = sac, bladder Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Suffixes • • -cele = hernia, swelling, protrusion -iasis = condition of -ion = act or process -lysis = to loosen, dissolve Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Suffixes (cont. ) • • -meter = measuring instrument -pexy = surgical fixation, suspension -ptosis = falling downward, drooping -rrhaphy = suturing Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Suffixes (cont. ) • • -tripsy = surgical crushing -trophy = nourishment, development -uresis = urination -uria = condition of urine, urination Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Anatomy and Physiology • Urinary system includes – kidneys – ureters – urinary bladder – urethra Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 14. 1: Organs of the urinary system Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 14. 2: Position of urinary organs Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Kidneys • About the size of a clenched fist • Divided into three regions – renal pelvis – renal medulla – renal cortex • Renal medulla and renal cortex are composed of tubes called nephrons Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 14. 3 The kidney Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Kidneys (cont. ) • Nephrons – Bowman’s capsule (BC)—hollow ball at one end of nephron § Glomerulus—a tightly coiled capillary § Renal corpuscle—Bowman’s capsule and the glomerulus together – Renal tubule—a long twisting portion at the other end of a nephron Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Kidneys (cont. ) • Urine formation is a 3 -stage process – Blood filtration – Reabsorption – Secretion Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 14. 4: The nephron Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Kidney Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the kidney. Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Back to Directory Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Ureters • Spaghetti-sized, tubular organs that transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Urinary Bladder • Hollow, muscular organ that temporarily stores urine • Has elastic walls that shrink and expand Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Urethra • A muscular tube that transports urine out of the body • Internal urethral sphincter—keeps urine from entering the urethra while being stored in the bladder • External urethral sphincter—muscle that is under voluntary control Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Urethra (cont. ) • External urethral orifice or urinary meatus —opening to the exterior • Micturition or voiding—the release of urine to the exterior Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 14. 5: Urinary bladder and urethra Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Urinary System Animation Click on the screenshot to view an animation on the urinary system. The animation may take a moment before playing. Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Back to Directory Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Roots • • glomerul = little ball meat = opening nephr = kidney ren = kidney ureter = ureter urethr = urethra urin, ur = urine Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Symptoms and Signs • Albuminuria – Presence of albumin (a protein normally in the blood) in the urine • Anuresis – Inability to pass urine • Anuria – Cessation of urine production or output – A daily rate of less than 100 ml per day Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Symptoms and Signs (cont. ) • Azotemia – Abnormally high urea and other nitrogenous compounds in the blood – Also called uremia • Bacteriuria – Presence of bacteria in the urine • Diuresis – Condition of urine passing through – Usually refers to excessive urine discharge Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Symptoms and Signs (cont. ) • Dysuria – Difficulty or pain in urination • Enuresis – Involuntary release of urine – Nocturnal enuresis is also known as bedwetting • Glycosuria – Presence of glucose in the urine – Often a symptom of diabetes mellitus Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Symptoms and Signs (cont. ) • Hematuria – Presence of blood in the urine • Ketonuria – Presence of ketone bodies in the urine – A common sign of acidosis among patients suffering from diabetes mellitus • Nocturia – Urination at night Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 14. 6: Hematuria and pyuria Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Symptoms and Signs (cont. ) • Oliguria – Decreased production of urine • Polyuria – Excessive urination • Proteinuria – Presence of protein in the urine • Pyuria – Presence of pus (white blood cells) in the urine Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders • Cystitis – Inflammation of the urinary bladder • Cystocele – Protrusion of the urinary bladder • Cystolith – Stone in the urinary bladder Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Epispadias – Congenital defect; urinary meatus positioned on dorsal surface of penis – In the female, meatus opens dorsal to clitoris • Glomerulonephritis – Inflammation of the glomeruli within a kidney Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Hydronephrosis – Condition of water in a kidney – Usually caused by obstruction and backup of urine • Hypospadias – Congenital defect; urinary meatus opens on underside of the penis – In the female, the opening is within the vagina Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 14. 7: Hydronephrosis Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Incontinence – Involuntary discharge of urine and/or feces – Stress incontinence § Involuntary discharge of urine due to a cough, sneeze, or strained movement Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Nephritis – Inflammation of a kidney • Nephroblastoma – Tumor that originates from a kidney that includes developing embryonic cells – Also called Wilms’ tumor Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 14. 8: Nephroblastoma Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Nephrohypertrophy – Excessive development of a kidney, resulting in an abnormal growth in size • Nephrolithiasis – Presence of one or more stones in a kidney Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 14. 9: Nephrolithiasis Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Kidney Stones Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of kidney stones. Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Back to Directory Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Nephroma – Kidney tumor • Nephromegaly – Enlargement of a kidney • Nephroptosis – Condition of a drooped kidney position – Also called floating kidney Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Polycystic kidney – Incurable genetic kidney condition characterized by many fluid-filled cysts Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 14. 10: Polycystic kidney Source: Simon Fraser/Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers, Inc. Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Pyelitis – Inflammation of the renal pelvis • Pyelonephritis – Inflammation of the renal pelvis and nephrons • Renal calculi – Stones in the kidney • Renal hypertension – Elevated blood pressure caused by kidney disease Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Stricture – Abnormal narrowing, as in urethral stricture • Uremia – Excess of urea and other nitrogenous wastes in the blood • Ureteritis – Inflammation of a ureter Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Ureterocele – Protrusion of the distal end of a ureter into the urinary bladder • Ureterolithiasis – Presence of stone(s) in a ureter • Ureterostenosis – Condition of a narrowed ureter Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Urethrocystitis – Inflammation of the urethra and urinary bladder • Urinary retention – Abnormal accumulation of urine in the urinary bladder – Results from an inability to void Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Urinary suppression – Acute stoppage of urine formation by the kidneys • Urinary tract infection – Infection of urinary organs, usually the urethra and bladder – Symptoms often include fever, dysuria, and lumbar or abdominal pain – Abbreviated UTI Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 14. 11: Urinary tract infection Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices • Blood urea nitrogen – Elevated urea concentration in a blood sample indicates kidney disease – Abbreviated BUN Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Creatinine – Protein that is a normal component of urine – Elevated levels in a urine sample indicate kidney disease • Cystectomy – Excision of the urinary bladder Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Cystography – X-ray technique of imaging the urinary bladder – Image: cystogram • Cystolithotomy – Incision into the urinary bladder to remove a stone Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Cystoplasty – Surgical repair of the urinary bladder • Cystopyelography – X-ray technique of imaging the urinary bladder and renal pelvis after injection of contrast dye – Image: cystopyelogram Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Cystorrhaphy – Suturing of the urinary bladder wall • Cystoscopy – Use of a cystoscope to visually examine the urinary bladder Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 14. 12: Cystoscopy Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Cystostomy – Surgical creation of an artificial opening into the urinary bladder to provide an alternate exit pathway for urine • Cystotomy – Incision into the urinary bladder – Also called vesicotomy Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 14. 13: Cystostomy Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Cystoureterography – X-ray technique of imaging the urinary bladder and ureters using a radiopaque contrast dye – Image: cystoureterogram Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Cystourethrography – X-ray technique of imaging the urinary bladder and urethra using a radiopaque contrast dye – Image: cystourethrogram – Voiding cystourethrogram—the x-ray is taken after the bladder is emptied of urine Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Fulguration – Surgical procedure that destroys living tissue with an electric spark – Removes tumors or polyps from the interior bladder wall Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Hemodialysis – Procedure that removes nitrogenous wastes and excess ions from the blood – Dialysis replaces the normal function of the kidneys Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 14. 14: Hemodialysis Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Renal Failure Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of renal failure. Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Back to Directory Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Kidney, ureter, and bladder x-ray – – X-ray procedure that images the abdomen Assesses position of urinary organs Identifies calculi or other obstructions Abbreviated KUB Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Lithotripsy – Surgical technique that crushes stones • Lysis – Gradual reduction of symptoms of an acute disease or the destruction of red blood cells or bacteria Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 14. 15: Lithotripsy Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 14. 15 (continued): Lithotripsy Source: Visuals Unlimited Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Meatoscopy – Use of a modified endoscope, or meatoscope, to visually examine the urinary meatus • Meatotomy – Incision made to enlarge the urinary meatus Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Nephrectomy – Excision of a kidney • Nephrography – X-ray technique of imaging a kidney – Image: nephrogram Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Nephrology – Study and treatment of kidney disease – Specialist: nephrologist • Nephrolysis – Freeing of the kidney from inflammatory adhesions Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Nephropexy – Surgical fixation of an abnormally mobile kidney • Nephroscopy – Use of a nephroscope to visually examine the kidney Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Nephrosonography – Ultrasound procedure in which a kidney is imaged with the use of sound waves • Nephrostomy – Surgical creation of a permanent artificial opening between the renal pelvis and the exterior of the body Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Nephrotomography – X-ray technique of imaging the kidney using sectional x-ray exposures – Image: nephrotomogram • Peritoneal dialysis – Procedure in which toxic wastes are removed by artificial filtration to compensate for kidney failure Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Peritoneal Dialysis Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of peritoneal dialysis. Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Back to Directory Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Pyelolithotomy – Incision into the renal pelvis to remove a stone • Pyelogram – X-ray image of the renal pelvis – Retrograde pyelogram—a contrast medium is injected into the urethra – Intravenous pyelogram—iodine is injected into the bloodstream Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 14. 16: Retrograde pyelogram Source: Clinique Ste. Catherine/ CNRI/Science Photo Library/Photo Researchers Inc. Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Pyeloplasty – Surgical repair of the renal pelvis – Usually involves removing an obstruction • Pyelostomy – Surgical creation of a temporary artificial opening into the renal pelvis to provide an alternate exit route for urine Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Renal transplant – A donor kidney, usually obtained from a close relative, is implanted to replace a nonfunctional kidney Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 14. 17: Renal transplant Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 14. 17 (continued): Renal transplant Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Renography – Nuclear medicine test that uses a radioactive substance to highlight internal aspects of a kidney – Recording: renogram Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Specific gravity – Relative concentration of water molecules in a liquid sample – Clinical lab test evaluates filtration and water reabsorption in the kidneys using a urinometer Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Ureterectomy – Excision of a ureter • Ureterogram – X-ray image of the ureters • Ureterostomy – Surgical creation of an artificial opening through the ureter to provide an alternate exit route for urine Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Ureterotomy – Incision into the wall of a ureter • Urethropexy – Surgical fixation of the urethra to correct stress incontinence • Urethroplasty – Surgical repair of the urethra Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Urethroscopy – Use of a urethroscope to visually examine the urethra • Urethrostomy – Surgical creation of an artificial opening into the urethra to establish an alternate exit route for urine Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Urethrotomy – Incision into the urethra • Urinalysis – Clinical lab tests performed on a urine specimen, often measuring specific gravity, creatinine, glucose, protein, and p. H – Abbreviated UA Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Urinalysis Video Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of urinalysis. Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Back to Directory Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Urinary catheterization – Insertion of a catheter into the urinary bladder to drain urine Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 14. 18: Urinary catheterization Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 14. 18 (continued): Urinary catheterization Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Urinary endoscopy – Use of an endoscope to view internal structures of the urinary system – Includes cystoscopy, meatoscopy, nephroscopy, and urethroscopy • Urinometer – Instrument that measures the water density of urine, a value known as specific gravity Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 14. 19: Urinometer Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Urology – Study and treatment of diseases of the urinary system – Specialist: urologist • Vesicourethral suspension – Surgery performed to stabilize the urinary bladder position as a treatment for stress incontinence Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Pharmaceuticals • Antibiotics • Antispasmodics • Diuretics Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Abbreviations • • • BC BUN cath HD IVP KUB Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Abbreviations (cont. ) • • • RP SG UA UTI VCUG Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Classroom Response System Pretest Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does nephrolithiasis mean? A. condition of renal calculi B. renal tumor C. inflammation of the kidney D. normal kidney Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does nephrolithiasis mean? A. condition of renal calculi B. renal tumor C. inflammation of the kidney D. normal kidney Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The combining form for renal pelvis is: A. nephr/o B. pyel/o C. cyst/o D. ureter/o Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The combining form for renal pelvis is: A. nephr/o B. pyel/o C. cyst/o D. ureter/o Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Ureteritis is defined as: A. excess urea present in the blood B. urinary strictures C. inflammation of a ureter D. urinary retention Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Ureteritis is defined as: A. excess urea present in the blood B. urinary strictures C. inflammation of a ureter D. urinary retention Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

UTI is the common abbreviation for which of the following? A. under toe infection B. upper tract infection C. urinary tract irritation D. urinary tract infection Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

UTI is the common abbreviation for which of the following? A. under toe infection B. upper tract infection C. urinary tract irritation D. urinary tract infection Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The suffix -tripsy means: A. surgical removal B. loss of balance C. surgical crushing D. pushing Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The suffix -tripsy means: A. surgical removal B. loss of balance C. surgical crushing D. pushing Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What is nephrology? A. The medical field that studies and treats disorders associated with the kidneys B. The medical field that studies and treats disorders associated with the urinary tract C. The medical field that studies and treats disorders associated with nerve disorders D. The medical field that studies and treats disorders associated with pain Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What is nephrology? A. The medical field that studies and treats disorders associated with the kidneys B. The medical field that studies and treats disorders associated with the urinary tract C. The medical field that studies and treats disorders associated with nerve disorders D. The medical field that studies and treats disorders associated with pain Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the suffix -pexy mean? A. together B. fixation C. same D. around Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the suffix -pexy mean? A. together B. fixation C. same D. around Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the suffix -stomy mean? A. result of an action B. single C. surgically closing an opening D. surgical creation of an opening Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the suffix -stomy mean? A. result of an action B. single C. surgically closing an opening D. surgical creation of an opening Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the suffix -otomy mean? A. incision B. surgical creation of an opening C. surgically closing an opening D. apart Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the suffix -otomy mean? A. incision B. surgical creation of an opening C. surgically closing an opening D. apart Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The word cystorrhaphy means which of the following? A. a diagnostic procedure using a modified endoscope to view the interior of the urinary bladder B. a procedure in which an incision is made through the urinary bladder wall to remove a stone C. suturing the urinary bladder wall D. surgical creation of an opening in the kidney Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The word cystorrhaphy means which of the following? A. a diagnostic procedure using a modified endoscope to view the interior of the urinary bladder B. a procedure in which an incision is made through the urinary bladder wall to remove a stone C. suturing the urinary bladder wall D. surgical creation of an opening in the kidney Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Classroom Response System Post-test Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What is the function of the urinary system? A. maintain proper oxidation of the body by removing unwanted waste materials B. maintain the purity and health of the body’s fluids by removing unwanted waste materials C. maintain proper circulation in the body by maintaining cardiac output D. maintain proper utilization of the body’s ingested food Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What is the function of the urinary system? A. maintain proper oxidation of the body by removing unwanted waste materials B. maintain the purity and health of the body’s fluids by removing unwanted waste materials C. maintain proper circulation in the body by maintaining cardiac output D. maintain proper utilization of the body’s ingested food Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the combining form albumin/o mean? A. pus B. fat C. urine D. protein Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the combining form albumin/o mean? A. pus B. fat C. urine D. protein Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Choose the appropriate match: A. blast/o : opening B. gluc/o : sugar C. pyel/o : ureter D. ren/o : urine Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Choose the appropriate match: A. blast/o : opening B. gluc/o : sugar C. pyel/o : ureter D. ren/o : urine Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does anuresis mean? A. without urination B. scanty urine C. excessive urination D. difficulty urinating Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does anuresis mean? A. without urination B. scanty urine C. excessive urination D. difficulty urinating Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What is diuresis? A. lack of urine production B. painful urination C. excessive discharge of urine D. normal urine production Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What is diuresis? A. lack of urine production B. painful urination C. excessive discharge of urine D. normal urine production Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the prefix en- mean? A. outside B. middle C. away D. within Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the prefix en- mean? A. outside B. middle C. away D. within Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the prefix ana- mean? A. down B. up C. away D. within Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does the prefix ana- mean? A. down B. up C. away D. within Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What is epispadias? A. a congenital defect resulting in abnormal positioning of the urinary meatus B. an overactive bladder C. spasms of the epithelial layer D. stones in the urinary bladder Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What is epispadias? A. a congenital defect resulting in abnormal positioning of the urinary meatus B. an overactive bladder C. spasms of the epithelial layer D. stones in the urinary bladder Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Glomerulonephropathy is which of the following? A. a condition relating to stones in the glomeruli B. any disease of the glomeruli C. pain in the kidneys D. involuntary discharge of urine Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Glomerulonephropathy is which of the following? A. a condition relating to stones in the glomeruli B. any disease of the glomeruli C. pain in the kidneys D. involuntary discharge of urine Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Incontinence is which of the following? A. the inability to urinate B. an excess of urea and other wastes in the urine C. the involuntary discharge of urine D. fecal matter Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Incontinence is which of the following? A. the inability to urinate B. an excess of urea and other wastes in the urine C. the involuntary discharge of urine D. fecal matter Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.