Unlocking Medical Terminology Second Edition CHAPTER 2 The

Multimedia Directory Slide 63 Slide 68 Slide 71 MRI Video PET Scan Video Ultrasound

Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: – Define and

Learning Objectives (cont. ) After completing this chapter, you will be able to: –

Prefixes • • • ana- = up, toward, apart bi- = two epi- =

Combining Forms • • abdomin/o = abdomen anter/o, anteri/o = front brachi/o = arm

Combining Forms (cont. ) • • caud/o = tail cephal/o = head cervic/o =

Combining Forms (cont. ) • • chron/o = time cran/o, crani/o = skull, cranium

Combining Forms (cont. ) • • • eti/o = cause (of disease) femor/o =

Combining Forms (cont. ) • • hom/o, home/o = sameness, unchanging iatr/o, iatri/o =

Combining Forms (cont. ) • • infect/o = to enter, invade infer/o, inferi/o =

Combining Forms (cont. ) • • lumb/o = loin, lower back medi/o = middle

Combining Forms (cont. ) • • physi/o = nature poster/o, posteri/o = back proxim/o

Combining Forms (cont. ) • • • super/o, superi/o = above thorac/o = chest,

Suffixes • • • -ad = toward -al = pertaining to -ar = pertaining

Suffixes (cont. ) • • • -ion = act or process -ior = pertaining

Anatomy and Physiology • Anatomy – The study of body structure § ana- =

Anatomy and Physiology (cont. ) • Physiology – The study of body function §

Building Blocks of the Body • Atoms and molecules – Nonliving particles that are

Building Blocks of the Body (cont. ) • Tissues – A combination of similar

Building Blocks of the Body (cont. ) • Organ systems – A combination of

Figure 2. 1 Building blocks of the body Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce

The 11 Organ Systems and Their Organ Components • Cardiovascular System – Heart, blood

The 11 Organ Systems and Their Organ Components (cont. ) • Endocrine System –

The 11 Organ Systems and Their Organ Components (cont. ) • Lymphatic System –

The 11 Organ Systems and Their Organ Components (cont. ) • Reproductive System –

The 11 Organ Systems and Their Organ Components (cont. ) • Skeletal System –

Directional Terms • Anatomical position – – Erect (standing) posture Arms at the sides

Most Commonly Used Directional Terms • • • Superior Anterior Medial Proximal Ventral Cephalic

Figure 2. 2 Directional terms Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©

Anatomical Planes • Frontal or coronal plane: Anterior and posterior portions • Sagittal plane:

Figure 2. 3 Body planes Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©

Anatomical Regions • • • Cephalic Cervical Thoracic Brachial Abdominal Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second

Anatomical Regions (cont. ) • • Gluteal Inguinal Lumbar Femoral Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second

Figure 2. 4 Common anatomical regions of the body, anterior view Unlocking Medical Terminology,

Divisions of the Abdominal Region • Epigastric – Above the belly • Hypogastric –

Divisions of the Abdominal Region (cont. ) • Iliac – On either side of

. Figure 2. 5 The abdomen and abdominal regions Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition

. Figure 2. 6 Alternate abdominal regions Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd

Body Cavities • Two main cavities – Dorsal – Ventral • Viscera: Internal contents

Dorsal Cavity • Dorsal cavity contains smaller cavities called: – Cranial cavity – Spinal

Ventral Cavity • Ventral cavity contains smaller cavities called: – Thoracic cavity § Pleural

Figure 2. 7 Body cavities Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©

Figure 2. 7 (continued) Body cavities Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright

Word Roots • • abdomin = abdomen anter, anteri = front brachi = arm

Word Roots (cont. ) • • • chondr, chondri = cartilage cran, crani =

Word Roots (cont. ) • • • gastr = stomach glut = buttock hom,

Word Roots (cont. ) • • lumb = loin or lower back medi =

Word Roots (cont. ) • • • super, superi = above thorac = chest

Symptoms and Signs • Fever – A symptom in which body temperature rises above

Symptoms and Signs (cont. ) • Sensation – A feeling or mental experience of

Symptoms and Signs (cont. ) • Symptom – An appearance or sensation, experienced by

Diseases and Disorders • Acute – Disease of rapid onset, short duration, and often

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Iatrogenic – A disease that is induced by

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Inflammation – A response which is marked by

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices • Computed axial tomography scan – A diagnostic scan interpreted

Figure 2. 8 A computed axial tomography scan Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce

Figure 2. 8 (continued) CAT scan images of the head Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Diagnosis – The determination of the nature

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Examination – An evaluation made for the

Figure 2. 9 MRI procedure room Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright

MRI Movie Click on the screenshot to view a video on magnetic resonance imaging.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Pathologist – One who studies disease •

Figure 2. 10 A pathology lab Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Positron emission tomography scan – Uses computers

Figure 2. 11 PET scan Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©

PET Scan Movie Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Ultrasound – Sound waves are converted into

Figure 2. 12: Ultrasound imaging Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright ©

Ultrasound Movie Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of

Abbreviations • • ant AP CAT scan CT scan inf lat med Unlocking Medical

Abbreviations (cont. ) • • • MRI PA PET scan pos sup Unlocking Medical

Classroom Response System Pretest Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011

To what does superior refer? A. pertaining to above B. pertaining to below C.

To what does the frontal plane refer? A. a vertical plane dividing the body

To what does the sagittal plane refer? A. a vertical plane dividing the body

To what does the transverse plane refer? A. a vertical plane dividing the body

All of the following are included in the cardiovascular system except: A. the heart

All of the following are included in the lymphatic system except the: A. thyroid

To what does inferior refer? A. the upper part of the body B. the

To what does anterior refer? A. the upper part of the body B. the

To what does posterior refer? A. the upper part of the body B. the

To what does medial refer? A. the upper part of the body B. the

Classroom Response System Post-test Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011

To what does lateral refer? A. toward the side B. toward the midline C.

To what does superficial refer? A. external, toward the body surface B. internal, inward

To what does deep refer? A. above the midline B. below the midline C.

What does proximal mean? A. away from the origin B. toward the origin C.

What does distal mean? A. away from the origin B. toward the origin C.

Which of the following is an example of an upper appendage? A. tarsus B.

Which of the following is an example of a lower appendage? A. shoulder B.

Which of the following is part of the trunk? A. shoulder B. abdomen C.

Which of the following is part of the head? A. cranium B. anterior neck

All of the following are part of the nervous system except the: A. spinal

Slides: 115

Download presentation

Unlocking Medical Terminology Second Edition CHAPTER 2 The Human Body in Health and Disease Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Multimedia Directory Slide 63 Slide 68 Slide 71 MRI Video PET Scan Video Ultrasound Video Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you will be able to: – Define and spell the word parts used to create terms for the human body – Identify the building blocks, organ systems, and cavities of the body – Identify the anatomical planes and regions and directional terms used to describe areas of the body Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objectives (cont. ) After completing this chapter, you will be able to: – Break down and define common medical terms used for symptoms, diseases, disorders, procedures, treatments, and devices associated with the human body – Build medical terms from the word parts associated with the human body Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objectives (cont. ) After completing this chapter, you will be able to: – Pronounce and spell common medical terms associated with the human body Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Prefixes • • • ana- = up, toward, apart bi- = two epi- = upon, over, above, on top hypo- = under, below normal uni- = one Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms • • abdomin/o = abdomen anter/o, anteri/o = front brachi/o = arm card/o, cardi/o = heart Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms (cont. ) • • caud/o = tail cephal/o = head cervic/o = cervix, neck chondr/o, chondri/o = gristle, cartilage Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms (cont. ) • • chron/o = time cran/o, crani/o = skull, cranium dist/o = away dors/o = back Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms (cont. ) • • • eti/o = cause (of disease) femor/o = thigh gastr/o = stomach gen/o = formation, cause, produce glut/o = buttock Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms (cont. ) • • hom/o, home/o = sameness, unchanging iatr/o, iatri/o = to heal idi/o = person, self ili/o = flank, hip, groin Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms (cont. ) • • infect/o = to enter, invade infer/o, inferi/o = below inguin/o = groin later/o = side Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms (cont. ) • • lumb/o = loin, lower back medi/o = middle path/o = disease pelv/o = pelvis, washbasin Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms (cont. ) • • physi/o = nature poster/o, posteri/o = back proxim/o = near spin/o = spine or thorn Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Combining Forms (cont. ) • • • super/o, superi/o = above thorac/o = chest, thorax tom/o = to cut umbilic/o = navel ventr/o = front, belly Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Suffixes • • • -ad = toward -al = pertaining to -ar = pertaining to -graphy = process of recording -ic = pertaining to Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Suffixes (cont. ) • • • -ion = act or process -ior = pertaining to -logist = one who studies -stasis = standing still -y = process of Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Anatomy and Physiology • Anatomy – The study of body structure § ana- = up, toward, apart § tom = cut § -y = process of Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Anatomy and Physiology (cont. ) • Physiology – The study of body function § physi/o = nature § -logy = study of • Homeostasis: The process of maintaining internal stability Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Building Blocks of the Body • Atoms and molecules – Nonliving particles that are capable of combining with one another to form more complex structures • Cells – The most basic living unit Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Building Blocks of the Body (cont. ) • Tissues – A combination of similar cells that share a common goal • Organs – A combination of two or more different types of tissues forming a structure that performs a general function Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Building Blocks of the Body (cont. ) • Organ systems – A combination of organs and associated structures that share a common goal • Organism – The whole, complete human body that is capable of survival Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The 11 Organ Systems and Their Organ Components • Cardiovascular System – Heart, blood vessels • Digestive System – Tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, liver, salivary glands, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The 11 Organ Systems and Their Organ Components (cont. ) • Endocrine System – Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, thymus, gonads • Integumentary System – Skin, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, receptors Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The 11 Organ Systems and Their Organ Components (cont. ) • Lymphatic System – Spleen, lymphatic vessels • Muscular System – Muscles • Nervous System – Brain, spinal cord, nerves Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The 11 Organ Systems and Their Organ Components (cont. ) • Reproductive System – Male: testes, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate gland, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands – Female: ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina, vestibular glands • Respiratory System – Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The 11 Organ Systems and Their Organ Components (cont. ) • Skeletal System – Bones, joints • Urinary System – Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Directional Terms • Anatomical position – – Erect (standing) posture Arms at the sides Palms of the hands facing forward Legs together with feet pointing forward Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Most Commonly Used Directional Terms • • • Superior Anterior Medial Proximal Ventral Cephalic Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd • • • Inferior Posterior Lateral Distal Dorsal Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Anatomical Planes • Frontal or coronal plane: Anterior and posterior portions • Sagittal plane: Right and left portions § Midsagittal plane divides body equally; also known as a median plane § Parasagittal plane divides body unequally • Transverse plane: Superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Divisions of the Abdominal Region • Epigastric – Above the belly • Hypogastric – Below the belly • Hypochondriac – Just below the cartilage of the ribs Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Divisions of the Abdominal Region (cont. ) • Iliac – On either side of the hypogastric region • Lumbar – On either side of the umbilical region • Umbilical – Area containing the navel Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Body Cavities • Two main cavities – Dorsal – Ventral • Viscera: Internal contents of cavities Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Dorsal Cavity • Dorsal cavity contains smaller cavities called: – Cranial cavity – Spinal cavity Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Ventral Cavity • Ventral cavity contains smaller cavities called: – Thoracic cavity § Pleural cavity § Pericardial cavity – Abdominal cavity – Pelvic cavity Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Roots • • abdomin = abdomen anter, anteri = front brachi = arm cardi = heart caud = tail cephal = head cervic = neck Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Roots (cont. ) • • • chondr, chondri = cartilage cran, crani = skull, cranium dist = away from dors = back femor = thigh Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Roots (cont. ) • • • gastr = stomach glut = buttock hom, home = same ili = thigh, groin infer, inferi = below inguin = groin Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Roots (cont. ) • • lumb = loin or lower back medi = middle pelv = washbasin, pelvis physi = nature poster, posteri = back proxim = near to a reference point spin = spine or thorn Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Word Roots (cont. ) • • • super, superi = above thorac = chest tom = to cut umbilic = navel ventr = belly Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Symptoms and Signs • Fever – A symptom in which body temperature rises above the normal 98. 6°F • Pain – An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience that is associated with tissue damage Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Symptoms and Signs (cont. ) • Sensation – A feeling or mental experience of perceiving any stimulus • Sign – An abnormality that is discoverable by an objective examination Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Symptoms and Signs (cont. ) • Symptom – An appearance or sensation, experienced by a patient, that deviates from the normal, healthy state Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders • Acute – Disease of rapid onset, short duration, and often with a sharp effect • Chronic – Disease of long duration, usually with a slow progression • Disease – A state of the body in which homeostasis has faltered due to any cause Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Iatrogenic – A disease that is induced by medical treatment • Idiopathic – A disease of unknown cause • Infection – An illness caused by some type of organism, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites or protozoans Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Diseases and Disorders (cont. ) • Inflammation – A response which is marked by the symptoms of redness, swelling, heat, and pain • Sequelae – Conditions following and resulting from a disease • Trauma – A wound or injury Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices • Computed axial tomography scan – A diagnostic scan interpreted by computer to produce a 3 -D cross-sectional “slice” or image of the body Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Diagnosis – The determination of the nature of a disease • Endoscopy – A visual examination with an endoscope • Etiology – Study of the causes of disease Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Examination – An evaluation made for the purpose of diagnosis • Magnetic resonance imaging – Provides computer-generated 3 -D images of soft tissues using a powerful magnetic field Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

MRI Movie Click on the screenshot to view a video on magnetic resonance imaging. Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Back to Directory Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Pathologist – One who studies disease • Pathology – The study of disease Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Positron emission tomography scan – Uses computers and radioactive substances to examine metabolic activity and create colorcoded images – Abbreviated PET scan • Prognosis – A forecast of the probable cause or outcome of a disease Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

PET Scan Movie Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of PET scans. Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Back to Directory Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Treatments, Procedures, and Devices (cont. ) • Ultrasound – Sound waves are converted into images of internal body structures by computer – Also called sonography Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Ultrasound Movie Click on the screenshot to view a video on the topic of ultrasound. Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Back to Directory Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

To what does superior refer? A. pertaining to above B. pertaining to below C. pertaining to erect posture D. pertaining to the back Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

To what does the frontal plane refer? A. a vertical plane dividing the body into right and left positions B. a horizontal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior planes C. pertaining to above D. a vertical plane passing through the body from side to side Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

To what does the sagittal plane refer? A. a vertical plane dividing the body into right and left positions B. a horizontal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior planes C. pertaining to above D. a vertical plane passing through the body from side to side Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

To what does the transverse plane refer? A. a vertical plane dividing the body into right and left positions B. a horizontal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior planes C. pertaining to above D. a vertical plane passing through the body from side to side Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

All of the following are included in the cardiovascular system except: A. the heart B. lymph C. veins D. arteries Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

All of the following are included in the lymphatic system except the: A. thyroid B. spleen C. thymus D. tonsils Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

To what does inferior refer? A. the upper part of the body B. the lower part of the body C. the front of the body D. the back of the body Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

To what does anterior refer? A. the upper part of the body B. the lower part of the body C. the front of the body D. the back of the body Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

To what does posterior refer? A. the upper part of the body B. the lower part of the body C. the front of the body D. the back of the body Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

To what does medial refer? A. the upper part of the body B. the lower part of the body C. the midline of the body D. the back of the body Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

To what does lateral refer? A. toward the side B. toward the midline C. above the midline D. below the midline Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

To what does superficial refer? A. external, toward the body surface B. internal, inward from the body surface C. above the midline D. below the midline Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

To what does deep refer? A. above the midline B. below the midline C. external, toward the body surface D. internal, inward from the body surface Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does proximal mean? A. away from the origin B. toward the origin C. internal D. external Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What does distal mean? A. away from the origin B. toward the origin C. internal D. external Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Which of the following is an example of an upper appendage? A. tarsus B. crus C. carpus D. knee Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Which of the following is an example of a lower appendage? A. shoulder B. pes C. axilla D. elbow Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Which of the following is part of the trunk? A. shoulder B. abdomen C. heart D. knee Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Which of the following is part of the head? A. cranium B. anterior neck C. posterior neck D. thorax Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

All of the following are part of the nervous system except the: A. spinal cord B. brain C. pituitary gland D. nerves Unlocking Medical Terminology, Second Edition Bruce Wingerd Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.