UNIT IV INSTITUTIONS OF GOVERNMENT CONGRESS FOCUS FOR

UNIT IV: INSTITUTIONS OF GOVERNMENT CONGRESS

FOCUS FOR TODAY EU 5: The Republican ideal in the U. S. manifests in the structure and operation of the legislative branch • 5. A. 2: Compare the Senate and House of Representatives in terms of how constituencies, lawmaking authority, and chamber rules and roles affect the policy making process EQ: How do the institutions of government articulate democracy and interact with various linkage institutions to carry out republicanism? • Students can: • Decipher how the design of Congress carries out the founders’ beliefs about government • Assess how democratic Congress is as a lawmaking body Agenda • The power of Incumbency • The Madisonian Model of Government • Delegate or trustee Homework: • Mass Media & Interest Groups FRQ Due Tuesday • Want-AD (Represent-n) Due Thursday • UNIT IIIB Test Wednesday, Jan. 12

GUIDING QUESTIONS How does the Republican ideal of government impacted by the Madisonian Model, the political landscape, and linkage institutions?

CONGRESSIONAL TREND 1. 2. Identify two trends the graph demonstrates? Explain two factors that cause these trends to continue?

WAR CHEST – WHY SUPPORT AN INCUMBENT

• • $1. 2 million on the breeding habits of the woodchuck $1 million on a study of why people don’t ride bikes

INCUMBENT ON WINNING Tactics of being re-elected - Franking privileges: free mail - Legislative staff - Casework: helping the people - Pork Barreling: $$$ back to the constituents - War chest – campaign funds - Free access to a TV studio - Credit claiming

REPRESENTATION 113 th Congressional Demographics • 81 % Male • 82% White • 87% Christian 114 th Congress demographics • 80% Male • 80% White • 80% Christian 115 th Congressional demographics • 79. 5% Male • 79% White • 87% Christian

CONGRESSIONAL REPRESENTATION Trustee Role Members of Congress are trusted to make decisions based on their experience in government Delegate Role Members of Congress make decisions based on the desires of their constituents Substantive Representation When legislators advocate for certain groups (Ted Kennedy advocated for the poor even though he was from a wealthy family) Descriptive Representation An elected body resembles a representative sample of the voters they represent constituency of 50% women and 20% blacks, for example, should have 50% female and 20% black legislators.

FOCUS FOR TODAY EU 5: The Republican ideal in the U. S. manifests in the structure and operation of the legislative branch • 5. A. 2: Compare the Senate and House of Representatives in terms of how constituencies, lawmaking authority, and chamber rules and roles affect the policy making process EQ: How do the institutions of government articulate democracy and interact with various linkage institutions to carry out republicanism? • Students can: • Decipher how the design of Congress carries out the founders’ beliefs about government • Assess how democratic Congress is as a lawmaking body Agenda • MM and IG Review • The Legislative Labyrinth • Congressional Design Homework: • Study for Unit IIIB Test • Want-AD (Represent-n) Due Thursday • UNIT IIIB Test Wednesday, Jan. 12

CONGRESS V. PARLIAMENTARY CONGRESS PARLIAMENT Candidate centered Party centered - People elect their representative - Controls who runs for elected office - Representative is independent (delegate or trustee) - Controls policy - Represents district or state - Can start, modify, and debate laws - Government head is elected separately from Congress - Punishes party disloyalty (elected official could loose nomination or cause government collapse Members only debate and vote on law Members receive for benefits Prime minister a member of legislature

SOLVING THE NATIONS PROBLEMS Congress or Parliament: which legislative body works best for the needs of the people? • • • Solving national problem Listening to the people’s needs Protecting people’s rights Keeping factions at bay Protecting from corruption Pushing party platform

FOCUS FOR TODAY EU 5: The Republican ideal in the U. S. manifests in the structure and operation of the legislative branch • 5. A. 2: Compare the Senate and House of Representatives in terms of how constituencies, lawmaking authority, and chamber rules and roles affect the policy making process EQ: How do the institutions of government articulate democracy and interact with various linkage institutions to carry out republicanism? • Students can: • Decipher how the design of Congress carries out the founders’ beliefs about government • Assess how democratic Congress is as a lawmaking body Agenda • Linking Mass Media and Interest Groups • The Fourth Estate Assessment • Represent-’n Homework: • Want-AD (Represent-n) Due Thursday • Read pages 364 -383 – Legislative process due by Monday

FOCUS FOR TODAY Unit IV: Institution of the National Government: Congress, President, Bureaucracy, and Judiciary A. The major formal and informal arrangement of powers B. Relationships among the four branches and varying balances of power C. Linkages between the four branches and the following • Public opinion and voters • Interest groups • Political parties • The media • State and local government • EQ: How do the institutions of government articulate democracy and interact with various linkage institutions to carry out republicanism? • Students can: • Decipher how the design of Congress carries out the founders’ beliefs about government • Assess how democratic Congress is as a lawmaking body Agenda: - Last blast for media and interest groups - The fourth estate assessment - Legislative sausage making Homework: - Read Stalemate by Sarah Binder’s – Homework Calendar

FOCUS FOR TODAY EU 5: The Republican ideal in the U. S. manifests in the structure and operation of the legislative branch • 5. A. 2: Compare the Senate and House of Representatives in terms of how constituencies, lawmaking authority, and chamber rules and roles affect the policy making process EQ: How do the institutions of government articulate democracy and interact with various linkage institutions to carry out republicanism? • Students can: • Decipher how the design of Congress carries out the founders’ beliefs about government • Assess how democratic Congress is as a lawmaking body Agenda • The Fourth Estate • Madison’s Masterpiece • A model for democracy Homework: • Read pages 364 -383 – Legislative process due by Monday

Congress, currently, has a 14% approval rating and yet the House of Representatives has 92% re-election rate, and Senate has an 82% re-election rate. Why does America have a love-hate relationship with the US Congress? Poll Date Sample Approve Disapprove Spread RCP Average 12/4 - 1/5 -- 13. 8 78. 8 -65. 0 The Economist/Yo u. Gov 1/3 - 1/5 691 RV 8 72 -64 NBC News/Wall St. Jrnl 12/10 - 12/14 A 16 78 -62 Gallup 12/8 - 12/11 805 A 16 80 -64 FOX News 12/7 - 12/9 1043 RV 14 80 -66 Associated Press/Gf. K 12/4 - 12/8 1010 A 15 84 -69 LOVE HATE RELATIONSHIP

Issues with Congress - legislative gridlock - power is fragmented - Congressional labyrinth is too complex - Divided government - too responsive to constituents v. too insulated from constituents - Under-representative of America’s diverse population CONGRESS HAS A 14% APPROVAL RATING

FOCUS FOR TODAY EU 5: The Republican ideal in the U. S. manifests in the structure and operation of the legislative branch • 5. A. 2: Compare the Senate and House of Representatives in terms of how constituencies, lawmaking authority, and chamber rules and roles affect the policy making process EQ: How do the institutions of government articulate democracy and interact with various linkage institutions to carry out republicanism? • Students can: • Decipher how the design of Congress carries out the founders’ beliefs about government • Assess how democratic Congress is as a lawmaking body Agenda • Bill to Law Race • Madison’s Masterpiece • Congress is Broken Homework: • Read pages 364 -383 – Legislative process due by Monday

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES SENATE The House of Representatives better meets the will of the people in legislation, therefore better safeguards the power to govern The Senate better meets the will of the people in legislation, therefore better safeguards the power to govern Federalist Paper 53 -54 Federalist Paper 63 -64 http: //www. foundingfathers. info/f ederalistpapers/fedindex. htm DEFEND THIS HOUSE!!!!

VOICE IN CONGRESS “A good Government implies two things: first, fidelity to the object of Government, which is the happiness of the People; secondly, a knowledge of the means by which that object can be best attained. ” - James Madison, Federalist Papers Congress is suppose to be the ultimate voice of the people, since they make the laws Americans live by. But is the United States Congress truly democratic and carry the voice of the people? 5 Ways they are democratic 5 Ways they are undemocratic 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

FOCUS FOR TODAY Unit IV: Institution of the National Government: Congress, President, Bureaucracy, and Judiciary A. The major formal and informal arrangement of powers B. Relationships among the four branches and varying balances of power C. Linkages between the four branches and the following • Public opinion and voters • Interest groups • Political parties • The media • State and local government • EQ: How do the institutions of government articulate democracy and interact with various linkage institutions to carry out republicanism? • Students can: • Decipher how the design of Congress carries out the founders’ beliefs about government • Assess how democratic Congress is as a lawmaking body Agenda: - FRQ Exchange - Gerrymandering & One Man, One Vote - A democratic system? Homework: - Study for Unit IIIB Test - Unit III B Test – Friday, Jan. 13

SENATE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 100 members 435 members Equal representation – 2 per state Representation based on population 6 year term (staggered term – only 1/3 elected at one time 2 year term (all members go up at one time) 30 years old, 9 years US citizen, & live in the state you represent 25 years old, 7 years US citizen & live in the state you represent How does these qualifications reflect the madisonian model design of the U. S. Constitution? CONGRESSIONAL DESIGN

FOCUS FOR TODAY Unit IV: Institution of the National Government: Congress, President, Bureaucracy, and Judiciary A. The major formal and informal arrangement of powers B. Relationships among the four branches and varying balances of power C. Linkages between the four branches and the following • Public opinion and voters • Interest groups • Political parties • The media • State and local government • EQ: How do the institutions of government articulate democracy and interact with various linkage institutions to carry out republicanism? • Students can: • Decipher how the design of Congress carries out the founders’ beliefs about government • Assess how democratic Congress is as a lawmaking body Agenda: - The danger of change - Gerrymandering & One Man, One Vote - 28 th Homework: - 28 th Amendment due 1/31 - Congress Test 2/2/18

BICAMERALISM DANGERS The Founders established a bicameral legislature, as result of the Great Compromise. They felt this provided an extra check on the power of lawmaking by the federal government. But has bicameralism backfired by creating a no responsive government branch. Evaluate the following and explain how they established bicameralism as a danger to American democracy. • 17 th Amendment (direct election od Senators) • Incumbency • Political parties

WHICH IS A MALAPPORTIONED DISTRICT & WHY?

HOUSE – THE VOICE OF THE PEOPLE Representative of the people through legislative districts 1. US Census completed every 10 years 2. Reapportionment - reassigns representation based on the state’s population (Ex. NC has gained 2 seats) 3. Redistricting – states draw legislative districts • Issue gerrymandering: districts that violate the principle of one man, one vote (Baker v. Carr - 1962)

28 TH AMENDMENT - 28 th Amendment Poster - Write out an Amendment (Use the Constitution as a model) - Explanations that persuade us to support ratification of the Amendment - Defense argument

FOCUS FOR TODAY Unit IV: Institution of the National Government: Congress, President, Bureaucracy, and Judiciary A. The major formal and informal arrangement of powers B. Relationships among the four branches and varying balances of power C. Linkages between the four branches and the following • Public opinion and voters • Interest groups • Political parties • The media • State and local government • EQ: How do the institutions of government articulate democracy and interact with various linkage institutions to carry out republicanism? • Students can: • Decipher how the design of Congress carries out the founders’ beliefs about government • Assess how democratic Congress is as a lawmaking body Agenda: - Let’s Gerry, Man! - Madisonian Model of Good Government - The lines of redistricting Homework: - Study for FRQ Quiz on Congress - 28 th Amendment due 1/31 - Congress Test 2/2/18

ONE MAN, ONE VOTE? ? ? Explain two reasons why state legislatures utilize gerrymandering.

UPHOLDING ONE MAN, ONE VOTE Analyze the following cases to evaluate how the Supreme Court has upheld the principle of One Man, One Vote • Baker v. Carr • Reno v. Shaw • Wesberry v. Sanders • Hunt v. Cromartie - What are the legal conditions a state must meet in order to protect One Man, One Vote? - What are some of the ways states have gotten around those guidelines - How does this impact American democracy

Baker v. Carr: The court has jurisdiction over reapportionment and redistricting issue = protects one man one vote Reno v. Shaw: upheld minority-majority district if done based on voting behavior • States often use packing put a lot of one group in a district to limit their voting power Westberry v. Sanders: reaffirmed the guidelines for drawing districts and added you cannot over populate a district. Hunt v. Cromartie: minority-majority districts are ok if drawn based on voting behavior Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission: state legislature’s power to redistricts can supplanted and given to an independent commission through a referendum vote of the people. THE COURT SAYS

Protect one man one vote principle of democracy • Districts must be equally populated. • Lines must be contiguous or connected. • Redistricting cannot dilute minority voting strength. • District lines cannot be drawn solely based upon race. • Districts must be compact. • Communities of interest must be protected. SUPREME COURT LIMITS ON REDISTRICTING

REDISTRICTING The U. S. Supreme Court has laid out very precise rules for redistricting a state? Identify three of the rules and explain how they uphold the principle of one man, one vote?

FOCUS FOR TODAY EU 5: The Republican ideal in the U. S. manifests in the structure and operation of the legislative branch • 5. A. 2: Compare the Senate and House of Representatives in terms of how constituencies, lawmaking authority, and chamber rules and roles affect the policy making process EQ: How do the institutions of government articulate democracy and interact with various linkage institutions to carry out republicanism? • Students can: • Decipher how the design of Congress carries out the founders’ beliefs about government • Assess how democratic Congress is as a lawmaking body Agenda • Shutdown Legislative Tactic • Madison’s Masterpiece • The 28 th Amendment Homework: • 28 th Amendment – Wednesday 1/24/18 • CRE 1/19/18

THE SAUSAGE MAKING OF LEGISLATION

THE SAUSAGE MAKING OF LEGISLATION HOUSE SENATE Bill is placed in the hopper Bill is introduced Bill referred to a committee Research, markup, & changes Committee report to the full floor House reading & debates (Amendments can be added) House votes President • Signs it into law • Veto Bill is referred to a committee Research, markup, & changes Committee reports to the full floor Senate reading & debates (Amendments can be added) Senate votes

CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEES Committees have been used since Congress’ inception • Purpose: make lawmaking efficient • Use – get public feedback on laws & investigation Types of Committees Standing Committee: permanent one house Select Committee: temporary one house Conference Committee: two house – rectify the differences between pieces of legislation Joint Committee: temporary 2 house

COMMITTEE ON COMMITTEES ADVANTAGES • Simplifies the legislative process by distributing the work of committees load • No one representative can be an expert in all policy areas • Weeds out weak legislation saving time • Makes Congress members better policy makers DISADVANTAGES • Time & $$$ wasted (gridlock) • Conflicting policies generated by different committees • Desire to control committees leads to partisanship • Easier to kill legislation (pigeonholing)

SENIORITY VS THE PARTY Seniority System: longest serving get priority on committee chair assignments (majority party gets committee chairs and most seats) • House of Reps. – limit terms of the chairman Committee assignments • Seek a committee that offers you a chance for re-election, influence, and the opportunity to make policy • Request an assignment Party leaderships attempts to spread out assignments in order for party benefit

GOOD GOVERNMENT Evaluate whether the committee system of Congress upholds the views of James Madison in Federalist 51 “What is government itself but the greatest of all reflections on human nature? If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary. ” – James Madison, Federalist 51 Identify and explain ONE way that the committee system upholds and fails Madison’s view of government.

I’M JUST A BILL Rules: • A bill must pass both houses in identical forms • In most case a bill requires a presidential signature to become a law • The structure differences between the House and Senate can impact a bill

CENTRAL VS. DECENTRAL POWER HOR - CENTRALIZED • Central leader – Speaker of the House (majority party) • • • Decides which bills are pulled from the hopper Decide which committee investigates a bill Great say in who serves on committees • Controlled debates • • Rules Committee – scheduled debate Open v. Closed rule (Riders) SENATE DECENTRALIZED No time debate (Filibuster) Lack of a central leader • Vice president – tie break vote • President pro-tempore (operation worker)

BICAMERALISM OF LAWMAKING The founding fathers established a legislature that divided into houses to specifically represent different perspectives of America and to add in another check and balance in the legislative process. A. Explain two ways the House of Representatives can handle legislation differently than the Senate. B. Explain two ways the Senate can handle legislation differently than the House of Representatives.

A CONGRESSIONAL REFRESHER Congress was an important piece in the Madisonian Model of government established by the founding fathers. A. Explain three ways that the design of Congress meets the goals of the Madisonian Model of government enacted by the U. S. Constitution. B. Explain three factors that limits the Madisonian Model from effectively governing in Congress.

FOCUS FOR TODAY EU 5: The Republican ideal in the U. S. manifests in the structure and operation of the legislative branch • 5. A. 2: Compare the Senate and House of Representatives in terms of how constituencies, lawmaking authority, and chamber rules and roles affect the policy making process EQ: How do the institutions of government articulate democracy and interact with various linkage institutions to carry out republicanism? • Students can: • Decipher how the design of Congress carries out the founders’ beliefs about government • Assess how democratic Congress is as a lawmaking body Agenda • Unit III B Assessment • Fluidity of Legislation • The 28 th Amendment Homework: • 28 th Amendment – Monday 1/29/18 • CRE 1/24/18 (Unit II & III)

STALEMATE Explain how the following causes Congress to become a gridlock system. - Bipartisanship - Weak political party discipline - Procedural gridlock - Current political landscape of the United States

CONGRESS GRIDLOCK Many complain about U. S. Congress being ineffective in lawmaking, as a result of gridlock. Causes: • Bipartisanship • Procedural gridlock • Weakening political party discipline • Current political environment

POWER PLAYS Majority party – the political party that has the most seats has the greatest say in the laws Congress passes - Greatest voting power - Majority membership in committees - Chairpersons for committees Minority party – acts as a watchdog by pointing out the majority party’s mistake

SENATE LEADERSHIP Vice President: official leader but can only break a tie President Pro Tempore: member of the majority who takes care of the day to day operations Floor leader: speaks for the party, tries to get party ideas in the legislation Party whip: liaison between the party, tracks vote and tries to get party members to vote together HOUSE LEADERSHIP Speaker of the House: selects bills out of the hopper for introduction, controls debates, assigns bills to committee, & picks who serves on which comm. Floor leader: speaks for the party, tries to get party ideas in the legislation Party whip: liaison between the party, tracks vote and tries to get party members to vote together CONGRESSIONAL LEADERSHIP

FOCUS FOR TODAY EU 5: The Republican ideal in the U. S. manifests in the structure and operation of the legislative branch • 5. A. 2: Compare the Senate and House of Representatives in terms of how constituencies, lawmaking authority, and chamber rules and roles affect the policy making process EQ: How do the institutions of government articulate democracy and interact with various linkage institutions to carry out republicanism? • Students can: • Decipher how the design of Congress carries out the founders’ beliefs about government • Assess how democratic Congress is as a lawmaking body Agenda • Broken system • Fluidity of Legislation • Recalling unit II & III Homework: • 28 th Amendment – Monday 1/29/18 • Study for CRE 1/24/18 (Unit II & III)

POWERS OF CONGRESS Power of the Purse: (tax laws) appropriates $$ to legislative programs (President must spend the $$) Declare War: Can stop Commander in Chief - Power of the Purse - War Powers Act Oversight/Investigation: Laws are being executed as they were intended - Watergate Scandal - Bureaucratic oversight & budget hearing Lawmaking: override and re-write laws declared unconstitutional Congressional Powers Advice & Consent: Treaties and President appointees require Senate approval

POWER GAME SENATE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES • Elects the V. P. if the Electoral College cannot • Passes the articles of impeachment • Jury for impeach trial • Starts all tax and appropriation bills – (Ways and Means Committee ***) • Ratifies treaties – (Foreign relations committee ****) • Approves presidential appointees (Judiciary committee***) • Selects the President if the Electoral College cannot • Due centralized power structure the rules committee is very powerfule

SURVIVOR ISLAND • • Bipartisanship Procedural gridlock Weakening political party discipline Current political environment

DOWN WITH THE SICKNESS Americans hate the many issues with Congress. Choose one of the following and demonstrate how it supports the graph below. - Gridlock - Incumbency - Imperial Congress (predominance over legislation and foreign policy) - The unelected (staffers, lobbyists, legislative agencies, etc. )

FOCUS FOR TODAY Unit IV: Institution of the National Government: Congress, President, Bureaucracy, and Judiciary A. The major formal and informal arrangement of powers B. Relationships among the four branches and varying balances of power C. Linkages between the four branches and the following • Public opinion and voters • Interest groups • Political parties • The media • State and local government • EQ: How do the institutions of government articulate democracy and interact with various linkage institutions to carry out republicanism? • Students can: • Decipher how the design of Congress carries out the founders’ beliefs about government • Assess how democratic Congress is as a lawmaking body • Evaluate how linkage institutions interact with Congress to create public policy Agenda: - The Powers of Numbers - Congressional Leadership Positions - Gun Control Research and procedures Homework: The Broken U. S. Legislature – Due Monday and Gun control research (Hearing is Thursday) IMPORTANT DATE: CUMULATIVE WEDNESDAY

THE POWER OF NUMBERS Goal 4. 1 C: Explain the relationship between linkage institutions and Congress (Political Parties) 1. Congress is ruled by the relationship between the majority and minority party. A. Explain three ways that the majority party has influence over legislation. B. Explain two ways that the minority party has influence over public policy.

FOCUS FOR TODAY Unit IV: Institution of the National Government: Congress, President, Bureaucracy, and Judiciary A. The major formal and informal arrangement of powers B. Relationships among the four branches and varying balances of power C. Linkages between the four branches and the following • Public opinion and voters • Interest groups • Political parties • The media • State and local government • EQ: How do the institutions of government articulate democracy and interact with various linkage institutions to carry out republicanism? • Students can: • Decipher how the design of Congress carries out the founders’ beliefs about government • Assess how democratic Congress is as a lawmaking body • Evaluate how linkage institutions interact with Congress to create public policy Agenda: - Free Response Question Deconstruction poster (cumulative review) - 28 th Amendment Thunderdoom - Congressional key concept review Homework: Prep for Gun Control Debate and review for 2 nd quarter cumulative IMPORTANT DATE: CUMULATIVE WEDNESDAY & Gun Control Hearing Thursday

FREE RESPONSE DECONSTRUCTION Construct a free response question poster (standard size notebook paper) that breaks down a question. (Partner assignment) All free response questions are based in Unit II and III, but can cross over into Unit IV. (Unit II – political landscape & Unit III – linkage institutions) POSTER REQUIREMENTS: A. Identify theme of the question (Political Landscape or Linkage Institutions) B. Breakdown analysis of the questions and its parts • Explanation of the desired out come of each question • Highlight key words in the question C. Analysis answers • Sample answers for each part • Explanation of how they reflect theme of the question

28 TH THUNDERDOOM Rules 1. Trade papers with someone on the other side of the room 2. Recuse yourself from evaluation of your own paper 3. Round 1 - Pairs 1 v. 1 - Select the winner and write and explanation of why it was superior 4. Round 2 • Two groups of 2 s (4 people) compare winner and select which one is superior • Write an explanation of why the winner was superior 5. Round 3 • Group of 8 • Repeat process Final round: The class will debate the winner between the final two (the two finalist can answer questions about their Amendment, but not take part in the discussions)

FOCUS FOR TODAY Unit IV: Institution of the National Government: Congress, President, Bureaucracy, and Judiciary A. The major formal and informal arrangement of powers B. Relationships among the four branches and varying balances of power C. Linkages between the four branches and the following • Public opinion and voters • Interest groups • Political parties • The media • State and local government • EQ: How do the institutions of government articulate democracy and interact with various linkage institutions to carry out republicanism? • Students can: • Decipher how the design of Congress carries out the founders’ beliefs about government • Assess how democratic Congress is as a lawmaking body • Evaluate how linkage institutions interact with Congress to create public policy Agenda: - 2 nd Quarter Cummulative Homework: - 28 th Amendment due 1/26 - Good Government debate 1/27

FREE RESPONSE DECONSTRUCTION Construct a free response question poster (standard size notebook paper) that breaks down a question. (Partner assignment) All free response questions are based in Unit II and III, but can cross over into Unit IV. (Unit II – political landscape & Unit III – linkage institutions) POSTER REQUIREMENTS: A. Identify theme of the question (Political Landscape or Linkage Institutions) B. Breakdown analysis of the questions and its parts • Explanation of the desired out come of each question • Highlight key words in the question C. Analysis answers • Sample answers for each part • Explanation of how they reflect theme of the question

GRAPHS FOR CUMULATIVE Red = Republican Blue = Democrat

FOCUS FOR TODAY Unit IV: Institution of the National Government: Congress, President, Bureaucracy, and Judiciary A. The major formal and informal arrangement of powers B. Relationships among the four branches and varying balances of power C. Linkages between the four branches and the following • Public opinion and voters • Interest groups • Political parties • The media • State and local government • EQ: How do the institutions of government articulate democracy and interact with various linkage institutions to carry out republicanism? • Students can: • Decipher how the design of Congress carries out the founders’ beliefs about government • Assess how democratic Congress is as a lawmaking body • Evaluate how linkage institutions interact with Congress to create public policy Agenda: - Public Opinion Poll - 28 th Amendment - Ratification Homework: - Good Government Debate 1/27

__ 1. Which of the following socioeconomic classes most likely vote Republican? A. Manual laborers and factory workers B. Professional and business owners C. Intellectuals and women D. Union members and women E. Contract laborers and immigrant citizens

__ 2. The belief that a person’s vote is important and can significantly influence public policy is known as _______. A. political ideology B. political culture C. political participation D. political socialization E. political efficacy

__ Which of the following are forms of political participation? I. Campaigning for a candidate II. Contacting government agencies on behalf of congressional constituents III. Calling members of Congress to influence their votes on a policy IV. Filing a lawsuits to stop development of a rural area A. I only B. I, II and III only D. III and IV only C. I, III, and IV only E. II, III and IV only

__. Which of the following best accounts for the gender gap that exists between Democrats and Republicans A. Women tend to support social issues that are best reflected in the Democratic Party B. Women tend to be poorer than men and thus feel that democrats best address their needs C. Women are not concerned by national security issues, which is a primary concern of the Republican Party D. Republicans do not endorse female candidates for elected or appointed office E. Fewer women vote than men

FOCUS FOR TODAY Unit IV: Institution of the National Government: Congress, President, Bureaucracy, and Judiciary A. The major formal and informal arrangement of powers B. Relationships among the four branches and varying balances of power C. Linkages between the four branches and the following • Public opinion and voters • Interest groups • Political parties • The media • State and local government • EQ: How do the institutions of government articulate democracy and interact with various linkage institutions to carry out republicanism? • Students can: • Decipher how the design of Congress carries out the founders’ beliefs about government • Assess how democratic Congress is as a lawmaking body • Evaluate how linkage institutions interact with Congress to create public policy Agenda: - Deliberations of Good Government setup - Debating whether Congress Works - Amendment 28 Homework: - Read Federalist 69 & Anti-federalist 74 contrast arguments on the Military King (Documents are on AP Gov. Link) - Debate on Good Government Tuesday, 1/31 - Unit IVA Congress Test – Wednesday, 2/1

FOCUS FOR TODAY EU 5: The Republican ideal in the U. S. manifests in the structure and operation of the legislative branch • 5. A. 2: Compare the Senate and House of Representatives in terms of how constituencies, lawmaking authority, and chamber rules and roles affect the policy making process EQ: How do the institutions of government articulate democracy and interact with various linkage institutions to carry out republicanism? • Students can: • Decipher how the design of Congress carries out the founders’ beliefs about government • Assess how democratic Congress is as a lawmaking body Agenda • Legislative Maze of the Madisonian Model • 28 th Amendment Homework: • Read Federalist 69 and Anti-Federalist 74 contrast views on the Presidency • 28 th Amendment – Wednesday 1/31/18 • Congress Test 2/2/18

KEY CONCEPT Unit IV: Institution of the National Government: Congress, President, Bureaucracy, and Judiciary A. The major formal and informal arrangement of powers B. Relationships among the four branches and varying balances of power C. Linkages between the four branches and the following • Public opinion and voters • Interest groups • Political parties • The media • State and local government