The Industrial Revolution Section 1 The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution Section 1

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 A New Kind of Revolution Preview • Starting Points Map: Resources of Great Britain • Main Idea / Reading Focus • A Revolution in Great Britain • A Revolution in Textiles • Steam Powers the Revolution • Faces of History: James Watt • Industrialization Spreads

The Industrial Revolution Click the icon to play Listen to History audio. Click the icon below to connect to the Interactive Maps. Section 1

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 A New Kind of Revolution Main Idea In the 1700 s conditions in Great Britain led to the rapid growth of the textile industry, which in turn led to huge changes in many other industries. Reading Focus • Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Great Britain? • How did industrialization cause a revolution in the production of textiles? • How did steam power the Industrial Revolution? • Where did industrialization spread beyond Great Britain?

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 A Revolution in Great Britain During the 1700 s changes in technology began based on the use of power-driven machinery. This era is called the Industrial Revolution. Factors for Success • Exploration and colonialism • Seapower • Political stability • Government support • Growth of private investment Agricultural Factors • Research and development on farms • Jethro Tull, seed drill • Improved livestock breeding • Better varieties of food crops – Increased food supply – Population grew • Enclosure movement

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Britain’s Big Advantage The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain. • Had essential elements for economic success • Factors of production – Land – Labor – Capital

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Find the Main Idea Why was Great Britain in the 1700 s ideally suited to be the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution? Answer(s): Colonies around the world supplied raw materials; powerful navy and merchant fleet facilitated trade; waterways provided power and transportation; enclosure movement led to large labor supply; private investors provided funds for investment; coal and iron deposits provided needed resources

Section 1 The Industrial Revolution A Revolution in Textiles Textile Industry • • Beginning of Industrial Revolution Weaving was a cottage industry Labor performed at home Industrialization transformed this New Way of Making Cloth-making in Factories • Fabric made of wool or cotton • Supply of fibers increased in the 1700 s • Slave labor in America • Invention of cotton gin • Invention of spinning jenny • Invention of flying shuttle • Cottages too small • Factory invented • Power for factories? • Water frame for water power • Output increased 8 x by 1770

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Identify Problem and Solution How did machines solve problems that weavers faced? Answer(s): spinning jenny and spinning frame spun thread into yarn, "flying shuttle" and power loom made weaving faster

Section 1 The Industrial Revolution Steam Powers the Revolution Development of Steam Engine • First successful steam engine in 1712 Coal for Steam Engines • Steam engines needed large amounts of fuel • Wood scarce • Innovations by James Watt • Coal mining industry • Steam power versus water power • Changing landscapes • Steam locomotives • Steamships • Robert Fulton • Dangers of mining

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The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Make Generalizations What impact did the steam engine have on the growth of British industry? Answer(s): major impact; used in textile mills, factories could be located away from rivers, powered locomotives and ships, led to development of coal as a resource, more factories built near northern coal mines

Section 1 The Industrial Revolution Industrialization Spreads Industrialization soon spread to western Europe and the United States. Other regions did not industrialize in the 1800 s. What was it about Western countries that encouraged them to embrace industry? Why Western Countries? • Political liberty • Freedom to compete America Europe • British restrictions • Belgium, 1807 • Hamilton, 1791 • France, 1815 • Samuel Slater • Germany, 1850 • Rewards reaped – Water frame – Railroads • Exploitation and improvements – Slater’s Mill – Treaties • Lowell’s Mill

The Industrial Revolution Industry in Asia Eventually, industry spread to Asia. • Japan first in 1868 • Meiji government • The 1900 s—industrialization for – China – India – Russia Section 1

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Compare and Contrast How did industrialization in Britain compare to the process in America and Europe? Answer(s): Britain industrialized first, America and Europe benefited from earlier inventions; Lowell factory in Massachusetts was first all-in-one mill; political issues delayed industrial development in continental Europe

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Factories and Workers Preview • Main Idea / Reading Focus • Production before Factories • Factories and Factory Towns • The Factory System and Workers • Quick Facts: Effects of the Factory System • Factories and Mass Production

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Factories and Workers Main Idea The transition from cottage industries changed how people worked in factories, what life was like in factory towns, labor conditions, and, eventually, processes within factories. Reading Focus • How was production organized before factories? • What were factories and factory towns like? • How did the factory system affect workers? • What was mass production, and what were its effects?

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Production before Factories Work in the Home • Raw materials delivered • Work done to completion • Merchant takes product to market • Workers controlled schedules, quality • Family life revolved around business Problems for Cottage Industries • Destruction of equipment • Time to learn skills • Physical strength required • Factory owners took advantage of drawbacks

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Find the Main Idea What were some benefits of the cottage system of production? Answer(s): workers made decisions about when to work, rest, and eat, how much to produce; family could adjust work schedule, all family members could be involved

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Factories and Factory Towns Where employees worked • Major change from cottage industry • Had to leave home to work • Hardships for some workers Working in a factory • Dangerous work for all • Long workdays • Poor factory conditions common Life in factory towns • Towns grew up around factories • Towns, factories rose near coal mines • Sanitation poor in many factory towns

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Identify Supporting Details What are some facts that illustrate the difficulties of factory work? Answer(s): injuries, long workdays, noise, lack of ventilation, poor sanitation, inadequate food

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 The Factory System and Workers in a New Economy Cottage Workers’ Unrest • Wealthy to invest in, own factories • Handmade goods more expensive than factory made • Mid-level to run factories • Luddite movement, 1811 • Low-level to run machines • Violence spread, 1812 Changing Labor Conditions New Class of Workers • No government regulation • Growth of middle class • Labor unions organized • Managers, accountants, engineers, mechanics, salesmen • Strikes brought change • Economy increased

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The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Identify Cause and Effect How did the factory system affect different groups? Answer(s): Different groups that were part of the factory system became part of the middle class.

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Factories and Mass Production The factory system changed the world of work. In addition, new processes further changed how people worked in factories. Mass Production Effects • Mass production began in U. S. • Dramatic increase in production • Elements: • Businesses charged less – Interchangeable parts • Affordable goods – Assembly line • More repetitious jobs • Production and repair more efficient • Production more swift • Soon became norm

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Summarize What was mass production? Answer(s): a system of manufacturing large numbers of identical items

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 New Ideas in a New Society Preview • Main Idea / Reading Focus • New Ideas about Economics • Competing Economic Views • Effects on Society • Quick Facts: Effects of Industrialization on Women • Map: Industrialized Europe

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 New Ideas in a New Society Preview, continued • Visual Study Guide / Quick Facts • Video: The Impact of Industrialization

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 New Ideas in a New Society Main Idea The Industrial Revolution inspired new ideas about economics and affected society in many ways. Reading Focus • What new ideas about economics developed during the Industrial Revolution? • What competing economic ideas arose as a result? • How did the Industrial Revolution affect society?

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 New Ideas about Economics Capitalism and Competition • Old mercantile system restricted trade • Laissez-faire economics • Adam Smith, market economy • Thomas Malthus, poverty unavoidable • Industrialization succeeded and spread New Roles for Business Leaders • Shift in wealth and power • Entrepreneur • Banking and finance • Andrew Carnegie, rags to riches • Robber barons

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Summarize What were some of the new ideas about economics? Answer(s): mercantilism gave way to capitalism and competition, laissez-faire economics and The Wealth of Nations allowed for increased role of entrepreneur

Section 1 The Industrial Revolution Competing Economic Views Not everyone agreed that laissez-faire capitalism was good. Two who took a different stance were Robert Owen and Karl Marx. Robert Owen Karl Marx • More hopeful than Malthus • More radical socialism • Socialism • Predicted collapse of capitalism – Society owns property – Society controls business • Das Kapital • Model industrial town • Communism • New Harmony • Government • Social democracy – owns means of production – controls economic planning

Section 1 The Industrial Revolution Infer Why did capitalism provoke strong response from the socialists? Answer(s): Socialists blamed capitalism for harsh working conditions, polluted cities, and the big gaps between rich and poor.

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Effects on Society The rise of new economic ideas was among the countless effects of the Industrial Revolution. The shift away from cottage industries also affected home life and the roles of women in society. Home Life Countries Societies • Worlds of work and home separated • “Separate spheres” • Business worldwithout moral controls • Industry-great power • Control of other nations’ economies • Industrialization of United States • Period of immigration to United States • Increase in wealth • Standard of living improved • Leisure time • Changes to many aspects of life: • Women-moral guidance at home – Art – Politics – Transportation

The Industrial Revolution Section 1

The Industrial Revolution Section 1

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Identify Cause and Effect What were some of the major effects industrialization had on families and countries? Answer(s): families—wealth, leisure time, better educated; countries—increased power, wealth, and living standards; overcrowding of cities, pollution, rapid population growth

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Section 1 The Industrial Revolution Video The Impact of Industrialization Click above to play the video.

The Industrial Revolution Section 1

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Advances in Technology Preview • Starting Points Map: Urban Growth in the Industrial Age • Main Idea / Reading Focus • Electric Power • Faces of History: Thomas Edison • Advances in Transportation • Map: U. S. Railroads • Advances in Communication

The Industrial Revolution Click the icon to play Listen to History audio. Click the icon below to connect to the Interactive Maps. Section 1

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Advances in Technology Main Idea The technological breakthroughs of the Industrial Age included advances in electric power, transportation, and communication. Reading Focus • How did electric power affect industry and daily life? • What advances in transportation occurred during the Industrial Age? • What were the advances in communication, and how were they achieved?

Section 1 The Industrial Revolution Electric Power As the Industrial Age progressed in the late 1800 s, one technology changed industry and daily life more than any other-electricity. Early Attempts • Scientists interested in electricity for centuries – Ben Franklin, 1700 s – Michael Faraday discovered magnetism, electricity connection 1831 – Dynamo powered electric motor • Swan developed primitive lightbulb, 1860 Edison’s Lightbulb • First usable, practical lightbulb invented 1879 • Edison’s lightbulb came through trial and error and many hours of work in lab • Other inventions: – Generators – Motors – Light sockets – Electric power plant

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The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Effects on Industry and Daily Life Electric power transformed industry in Europe and the United States • Improved industry in 3 significant ways – Factories no longer had to rely on steam engines – Factories did not have to depend on waterways to power steam engines – Factories became less dependent on sunlight, increased production • Improved daily life – Cheaper, more convenient light source than gas, oil – Other electrical devices soon created

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Analyze How did electricity change industry and daily life? Answer(s): Factories no longer needed steam engines or water sources to power them; production increased; people could light their homes and businesses more safely and effectively with electric lighting.

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Advances in Transportation Steam Powered Trains Improvements in Steel • Boats on canals, rivers best for long-distance travel, in early 1800 s • Bessemer process, forcing air through molten metal to burn out impurities, strengthen steel • With development of efficient steam engines, trains replace boats • Factories increased production of locomotives, tracks • Trains could carry heavy loads, traveled faster than watercraft • Stronger steel used to build bridges • World’s first rail line, Britain 1830 • 30, 000 mile network of railroads linking major American cities, 1860 • 3, 000 miles of railroads, Eastern U. S. 1840 • New railroads helped grow cities in American West

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The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Advances in Transportation Rail technology around the world • India’s first train, 1851 • First African railroad, Egypt 1852 • Trans-Siberian Railroad in Russia, world’s longest, 1891 Travel and trade • Expansion of railroads increased markets • Trains moved huge loads efficiently, transportation costs declined • New products became available Food products • Perishable foods could get to market before spoiling • Frozen beef shipped by rail from west to east • Shoppers had more food choices

Section 1 The Industrial Revolution Advances in Transportation Steamships • • • Steamships changed ocean travel Not dependent on wind, could travel through any weather U. S. steamship service began, west around South America to east, 1849 Long distance movement of goods economically viable by 1870 Passenger travel began shortly thereafter The Automobile • First attempts, Europe 1769 • 1885 -1886 Daimler and Benz developed practical automobiles • Early U. S. autos too expensive • Henry Ford built first affordable cars, mass production, 1908 • More roads than rail lines, 1915 The Airplane • Wilbur and Orville Wright flew first sustained powered flight, 1903 • Developed airplane over four years • Glider-powered with internal combustion engine • Paved the way for commercial, military airplanes

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Identifying Cause and Effect What effect did advances in transportation have on daily life? Answer(s): better and faster means of transportation; made it possible to get more goods to market at lower costs, increasing consumers' choices

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Advances in Communication Early 1800 s Communication The Telegraph • Much slower than today • Telegraph invented, 1837 • Boat, messenger on foot, horseback or carriage • Samuel Morse also invented a “language” for those messages • Entrepreneurs, inventors searched for faster ways • Messages transmitted as electrical pulses “What hath God wrought? ” • First telegraph message from Morse, 1844 • Telegraph wires between Washington D. C. , Baltimore • New era in communication Growth of Telegraph • Much of country linked by 1861 • Telegraph cable to Europe, 1866; to India, 1870 • Globalized personal and business communication

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Advances in Communication The Telephone • Alexander Graham Bell tried to create way to send multiple telegraph messages at same time • Invented telephone 1876 “Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you. ” • Bell sent message to assistant from one room to another • Watson heard message through receiver Demand for telephones • Increased during 1880 s • Thousands of miles of phone lines laid across U. S. • Almost 1. 5 million phones installed by 1900

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Advances in Communication The Radio and Phonograph • Telephone technology limited by length of wires • New wireless technology – Guglielmo Marconi built wireless telegraph, 1895 – Radio first used as communication device for ships – Later used for entertainment and news • Sound recording technology – Thomas Edison invented phonograph – Music became available to everyone

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Contrast How did the telegraph differ from the telephone? Answer(s): telegraph transmitted coded messages; telephone transmitted voice

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Scientific and Medical Achievements Preview • Main Idea / Reading Focus • New Ideas in Science • Faces of History: Marie Curie • Medical Breakthroughs • New Ideas in Social Sciences • Quick Facts: New Ideas, Advancements, and Developments in the Sciences

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Scientific and Medical Achievements Main Idea Advances in science, medicine, and the social sciences led to new theories about the natural world and human mind, an improved quality of life, and longer life spans. Reading Focus • What were some of the new ideas in the sciences? • What medical breakthroughs affected the quality of life? • What new ideas developed within the social sciences?

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 New Ideas in Science Charles Darwin studied variations in plants, animals in 1800 s • Published theories in On the Origin of Species • Developed concept of natural selection – Creatures well adapted to environment have better chance of surviving, producing offspring – Offspring will inherit features that help them survive

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 New Ideas in Science Darwin’s Theory of Evolution • Over time the species will evolve to improve survival chances • Controversial theory – Indicated humans were descended from other animals – Many opposed Darwin because theory differed from Biblical story of creation

Section 1 The Industrial Revolution New Ideas in Science Advances in Chemistry and Physics, early 1800 s • Scientists believed atoms made up chemical elements • Also thought all elements made of same kinds of atoms Periodic Table Modern Atomic Theory • John Dalton, 1803 • Atoms of different elements are themselves of difference size and mass More Elements Discovered • Dimitri Mendeleyev, 1871 • Marie and Pierre Curie, 1898 • Arranged known chemical elements into Periodic Table • Discovered polonium, radium • Revealed previously unknown patterns • Concluded certain elements release energy when break down, called radioactivity

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The Industrial Revolution Section 1 New Ideas in Science Others developed theories based on Curies’ work • Ernest Rutherford, 1911 • In center of atom lay a core called a nucleus – Nucleus made up of positively charged particles, protons – Disproved long-held belief that atom was solid piece of matter

Section 1 The Industrial Revolution New Ideas in Science Einstein’s Genius • Albert Einstein revolutionized physics • Used math to show light can act like particles of energy • Developed special theory of relativity • No particle of matter can move faster than speed of light • Motion can be measured only from viewpoint of observer E = mc 2 • Small amount of mass can be converted into huge amount of energy • Space is curved, must include time in study of space • Overturned Sir Isaac Newton’s and others’ theories of how universe worked

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Summarize What new theories revolutionized science? Answer(s): evolution, radioactivity, relativity

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Medical Breakthroughs Preventing Disease • Breakthroughs in late 1800 s as result of scientific advances earlier in century • Fundamental concepts of disease, medical care, sanitation revealed • Mysteries of what caused diseases began to be solved Microbes and Disease • Louis Pasteur showed link between the two, 1870 • Disproved spontaneous generation concept of bacteria from nonliving matter • Showed bacteria always present though unseen, can reproduce Fermentation • Bacteria in the air causes grape juice to turn to wine, milk to sour • Heating liquids, foods can kill bacteria, prevent fermentation • Process became known as pasteurization, makes foods germ-free

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Medical Breakthroughs Anthrax • Deadly disease a constant threat to people, livestock • Pasteur sought to prevent anthrax • Injected animals with vaccine containing weakened anthrax germs Antibodies • Vaccine worked because body builds antibodies • Antibodies fight weakened germs when they enter body Rabies • Pasteur’s next goal • Developed vaccine, 1885 • Saved life of young boy bitten by rabid dog

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Medical Breakthroughs Improving Medical Care • Treatment of pain • American surgeon Crawford W. Long – Discovered solution to pain suffered by surgery patients – Patients breathed in ether, anesthetic to reduce pain and render patient unconscious – Performed first painless operation, 1842

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Medical Breakthroughs Treatment of Infections • Many surgical patients died from infections • English surgeon Joseph Lister, 1860 s – Began cleaning wounds and equipment with antiseptic containing carbolic acid – Reduced post-surgery deaths in one hospital ward from 45 to 15 percent

Section 1 The Industrial Revolution Medical Breakthroughs Hospitals • Public health improved with building of more modern hospitals • More medical professionals trained • Nursing schools trained large numbers of women, some trained as doctors • By 1900, 5 percent of American doctors were women Improved Care • Caused dramatic decline in infant mortality • Statistics from Sweden provide example • 1800, 240 infant deaths in first year per 1, 000 live births • Nearly 100 years later, only 91 infant deaths in first year per 1, 000 live births

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Identify Cause and Effect What medical advances allowed people to live longer? Answer(s): pasteurization, antiseptics, and anesthetics

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 New Ideas in Social Sciences In the late 1800 s scientists expanded their focus to include the study of the mind and human societies. These new fields became known as the social sciences and include psychology, archaeology, anthropology, and sociology. Psychology Pavlov’s Dogs • Study of mind, human behavior became separate field in 1890 s • Pavlov rang bell each time he fed dogs • Observation, experiments helped psychologists explore subject • Discovered that dogs not only salivated at sight, smell of food, but also when they heard bell • Ivan Pavlov studied dogs to show animals could be taught certain reflex actions • Called this conditioned reflex By studying dogs’ behavior, Pavlov concluded that human behaviors are also a series of connected conditioned reflexes.

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 New Ideas in Social Sciences Studies of human behavior • Austrian-Jewish physician Sigmund Freud – Said that unconscious part of mind contains thoughts of which one is unaware – Used hypnotism to explore patient’s unconscious mind – Felt that repressed thoughts revealed in dreams could cause mental illness – Developed psychoanalysis as therapy

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 New Ideas in Social Sciences Just as Freud studied individuals, other scientists studied people as members of groups, communities of people with a common culture. Archeology Anthropology • Study of the past based on artifacts • Study of humanity and human ancestors • Not new field of study • Physical anthropologists interested in how Homo sapiens developed – Early expeditions little more than treasure hunts – Began more scientific approach, mid-1800 s • Carefully recorded all stages of work and preserved finds for education • Cultural anthropology deals with structures of societies, became separate field 1920 s • Cultural anthropologists study cultures other than their own

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 New Ideas in Social Sciences Sociology • Closely related to anthropology • Emerged as social science late 1800 s • Sociologists study people in groups – Usually groups are in own societies – Examine societies’ institutions and sub-groups – Sub-groups organized around racial or ethnic identity, gender, or age

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The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Draw Conclusions How did new ideas contribute to the social sciences? Answer(s): Ideas of human behavior and societies led to new fields of study, including psychology, archaeology, anthropology, and sociology.

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Daily Life in the Late 1800 s Preview • Main Idea / Reading Focus • Cities Grow and Change • Education, Leisure, and Arts • Quick Facts: Increase in Leisure Activities • Visual Study Guide / Quick Facts • Video: The Impact of Technology

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Daily Life in the Late 1800 s Main Idea During the late 1800 s, cities grew and changed, while education, leisure time activities, and the arts reflected those changing times. Reading Focus • How did cities grow and change in the late 1800 s? • What developments affected education, leisure, and the arts?

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Cities Grow and Change Signs of changes during the Industrial Age • New activities like reading by electric light and riding bicycles • Many changes took place in the cities – Throughout 1800 s much of Europe and the U. S. experienced urbanization, growth in the proportion of people living in towns and cities – Not only did cities grow, underwent transformation

Section 1 The Industrial Revolution Cities Grow and Change The Industrial City • Before Industrial Age most cities served trade, political, military, religious functions • In industrial city, new functions arose centered around manufacturing, distributing goods • Industrial city needed factories, workforce, reliable transportation, warehouses, stores, offices Industrial Cities • Lowell, Massachusetts, one of first industrial cities • Textile factories there employed young women from surrounding countryside • Chicago’s meat-packing industries lured workers there • Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, attracted workers to the steel industry

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Lively, fast-paced cities • Constant stream of pedestrians, electric streetcars, horse-drawn carriages all competed for space on streets • Merchants shouted prices from doorways • Construction crews constantly at work on banks, office buildings, homes Health concerns • Health of many residents suffered due to high population density • Smoky air from coal running steam engines and warming homes • London had problem with smoke combined with fog, term smog coined • 1873 smog episode caused 268 deaths

Section 1 The Industrial Revolution Cities Grow and Change Migration to Cities • • • People kept moving to cities in late 1800 s despite unhealthy conditions Wanted jobs, also to escape hunger, political oppression or discrimination Many moved from native countries to cities in different lands Many Europeans sailed to Latin America, Australia, other places United States attracted the most people America Cities of Immigrants • 12 million immigrated to U. S. between 1870 and 1900 • 42 percent of New Yorkers foreignborn in 1890 • Came from Ireland, England, Germany, Italy, Russia, China • Immigrants also poured into Boston, Chicago, San Francisco • Most lived in miserable, crowded conditions when they first arrived • Newcomers gradually created their own unique neighborhoods

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Cities Grow and Change The Livable City • Reforms eased squalid conditions, improvements made in infrastructure • Cities modernized their water and wastewater systems • Sanitation and overall health improved as a result Electricity • Made homemaking more convenient • Vacuum cleaners, refrigerators, electric stoves became available Working and Living Space Scarce • Constructing taller buildings became a solution • Architect Jenney designed first multi-story skyscraper, Chicago 1883 • Four years later, high speed elevator perfected and skyscapers could grow

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Cities Grow and Change Congestion on Streets • Underground railway systems helped relieve crowding • World’s first subway line opened, London 1863 • Budapest opened subway in 1896 so residents could get to a city park easily Green Spaces • City planners made effort to preserve green spaces in cities • Gave working people places for healthy recreation • As cities became more congested, their boundaries expanded Suburbs • People moved out of cities to new areas that were less crowded • Public transportation like streetcars and ferries helped suburbs grow • Later suburbs developed along rail and bus lines

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Identify Cause and Effect Why did people migrate to cities? Answer(s): to work in factories

Section 1 The Industrial Revolution Education, Leisure, and Arts With the growth of cities in the 1800 s, new educational opportunities developed. In addition, new sports, other leisure activities, and changes in the arts world affected society. Education Support Not All Equal • Industrialization created need for more educated workforce • People supported public education to develop informed, patriotic citizens • Lower class children in school only as long as law required • Military leaders wanted officers who knew more about the world • Governments passed laws requiring education for all children • Vocational and technical training schools offered opportunities for working class

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Education, Leisure, and Arts Education lagged behind for girls as it did for the lower classes • Some countries did not require girls go beyond elementary school grades • Few girls in high schools took science and math • Few colleges allowed women to enroll • Some educators thought women should have more opportunities, founded colleges just for women

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Education, Leisure, and Arts With a more educated populace, more cities began printing newspapers. Expanded Coverage New Technology • Included not only current events, but arts and sciences • Innovations, linotype and electric press • Weekly installments of stories to keep readers coming back • Improved newspaper printing process • Political cartoons poked fun at public figures • Reporting of foreign affairs improved with telegraph • Newspapers had specific viewpoints • Readers could find one which identified with their views • Journalism profession began to grow

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Education, Leisure, and Arts Leisure time Railroads • More time to play, watch sports • Growth meant sports fans could travel to see teams play • British football, American football, rugby developed • Baseball became popular during Civil War Cultural activities • New concert halls and theaters built by governments • More orchestras, bands, choral groups evolved • Public funding lowered ticket prices • Allowed more families to enjoy range of activities • Traveled to vacation spots Art • Moved from private homes • Museums made great works available to all • Public libraries also opened

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Section 1 The Industrial Revolution Changes in the Arts With all the discoveries, inventions and new ideas of the 1800 s, it is no wonder that the world of arts underwent change as well. Artists, writers, and musicians developed new styles in response to what was going on around them. Literary and Artistic Change • Romanticism, with emphasis on intuition and feeling • Reaction to early abuses of Industrial Revolution • Love of nature, deep emotions, value of individual, affection for past, importance of imagination Romantics of the Time • William Wordsworth, expressed romantic spirit in poetry • Ludwig von Beethoven’s music celebrated human freedom Theodore Gericault, romantic painter with scenes of suffering heroes In the mid-1800 s, a movement known as realism developed in reaction to romanticism.

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Changes in the Arts Realism • Revealed the details of everyday life, no matter how unpleasant • Charles Dickens wrote about struggles of London’s poor • Pollution, exploitation, miseries of industrialization were other themes Other Voices • Russian writer Leo Tolstoy showed war as chaotic, horrible in War and Peace • Norwegian Henrik Ibsen revealed unfair treatment of women, A Doll’s House Realism in Art • Painters turned to realism as reaction against romanticism • Painted ordinary working people as they really lived • Many paintings show lower classes possessing quiet dignity

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Changes in the Arts A new way of looking at the world • 1860 s, group of French painters introduced impressionism • Wanted to capture impression of a scene using light, vivid color, motion • Did not want to show all realistic details

The Industrial Revolution Section 1 Find the Main Idea How did the arts reflect how people viewed the world in the 1800 s? Answer(s): The arts reflected the struggle between the ways of the past and the new inventions of the Industrial Age.

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Section 1 The Industrial Revolution Video The Impact of Technology Click above to play the video.