The Industrial Revolution World Civilizations The Industrial Revolution

+ The Industrial Revolution World Civilizations

+ The Industrial Revolution n What is the Industrial Revolution? n Where and when did it first occur? n A 1: The use of machine labor, instead of human/animal labor, to create products n A 2: England (Great Britain)

+ The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain n Why England? n Technology n Economic Aspects n Access to Raw Materials n Political Aspects n Factors of Production n Land n Labor

+ Agriculture in Great Britain at the Start of the Industrial Revolution n Jethro Tull n Enclosure Movement n Experimentation with New Crops

+ Textile Production in England n First Cottage Industry n After Industrialization: n Spinning Jenny (James Hargreaves) n Spinning Frame (Richard Arkwright) n Flying Shuttle n Use of Factories

+ Textile Factory Workers in England

+ How Did the Use of Steam Influence the Industrial Revolution? n Steam Engine (James Watt) n Decrease Dependence on Water Power n Move Mills/Factories away from water n Railroads n Steamboats n Emphasis on Coal Production n Increased Urbanization

+ Consequences of Using Steam for Transportation

+ Coal in the Industrial Revolution n Expansion of Coal Mines n Increased Urbanization n Problems in Mines?

+ Why Did the West Industrialize First? n Focus on Individual Freedoms n Increased Competition n Rewards of Wealth and Fame

+ The Spread of the Industrial Revolution n United States (1865) n France (1815) n Germany (1871) n Japan (1890 s) n Comparisons to England n US, France, Japan, and England have government support of IR n Germany does not receive gov’t support n All focus on production of textiles first

+ Factories and Workers in the Industrial Revolution

+ Pre-Industrial Production n Cottage Industries n Several-Step Process to Create and Sell Goods n n Merchant delivers raw materials Weavers create wool into finished product by hand Merchant picks up finished good and sells it at market Benefits of the Cottage Industries n n n Workers create own schedule Ability to own small businesses and make money Focus on family b/c workshop is in the home

+ Problems of Cottage Industries n Environmental Dangers (fire/floods) could take out entire business n Needed certain skills for producing textiles, which took time to learn n Children could not work in cottage industries

+ The Shift to Industrial Production n Cottage Industries are eliminated in Industrial Revolution n Factories move to separate locations, away from the home n Working in a Factory: n Easier to learn one task than many n Children able to learn tasks and work in factories n Ability for families to make more money n Dangers: n Physical harm n Long-work days (12+ hours for all workers) n Poor sanitation and ventilation

+ Increasing Urbanization During Industrial Revolution n As more factories are built, cities in England begin to grow n Main cities: London, Manchester, Liverpool n Life in Factory Towns: n Cities grow around factories or coal mines n Some companies provide housing and food n Dangerous b/c of pollution and poor sanitation

+ Social Changes of the Early Industrial Revolution n Three main types of workers: n People to own the businesses (owners) n People to run the businesses (managers) n People to run the machines (workers) n Women gain more opportunities for jobs outside the home n Growth of the Middle Class – those who did not own the factories, but also did not do the basic work in them n Some people resist the influence of the IR n Some still want to use cottage industries n Luddites: people who opposed machines and new technology

+ Factories and Mass Production n Mass Production: the system of manufacturing large numbers of identical items n Leads to the development of the Assembly line in the United states n Advantages: n Increase in production for less cost n Increases profits n Disadvantages: n Less skilled jobs n Workers are easily replaced

+ Political Problems in the Early Industrial Revolution n British government tries to stay out of problems in the factories n Gov’t refused to pass laws regulating labor, child labor, or safe working conditions at first n Causes people to form labor unions: organizations representing workers interests n Strike (stop work) to bring about change n Forces British gov’t to make changes eventually

New Ideas of the Industrial Revolution & Industrialization’s + effects

+ New Economic Ideas n The major economic idea of the Industrial Revolution was Capitalism n Discussed by economist Adam Smith n Main Ideas: n Governments should not be involved in business or economy n “Laissez-faire” (Let them Be)

+ Other Economic Ideas Emerge: n Socialism: society or government should own property and control industry n Communism: discussed by Karl Marx in The Communist Manifesto n Government owns all means of production and controls economic planning to ensure equal treatment and opportunities

+ Social Effects of Industrial Revolution n Effects on Women: n Women often found jobs in factories or as domestic workers n Earned low wages n Some women start to get some education n Women in the middle-classes could get professional jobs (teachers/nurses) n Many believed women should remain in the private sphere (the home) and remain outside of the public sphere (workplace)

+ Other Social and Economic Impacts n n Countries that industrialized were seen as more powerful than those who did not n Industrialization helped increase military strength n Allowed strong countries to take over weaker ones Imperialism n Some countries liked the United States see an increase in immigration Improvements in Standard of Living: level of material comfort n Improves over time n Increase in leisure time

+ Effects of Industrialization: Noneconomic responses… n Utopianism: n Luddism: Machines create perfect society Rejecting the use of machines n Imperialism: n Militarism: Conquering foreign lands (for resources) Focus on military might n Nationalism: Love of one’s nation

+ Factory Life n Hired mostly children/women (cheaper) n Children as young as 7 worked n Wanted children because they’re small enough to get into and repair machines n 12 -16 n High hour workdays/6 days a week rate of injury/death n Factory owners became very wealthy

+ n Before Ind. Rev. Ppl lived on farms (rural community After Ind. n Ppl moved to cities (urban community life) n Machine produced goods n Steam and water power machines n Later fossil fuels, electricity will power machines n Cities dirty/polluted (no sewers, no trashservice) life) n n Hand-crafted goods Power supplied by humans/animals n No pollution n Business is largely controlled by the society/community