Industrial Revolution Enclosure Movement 2015291057 PREMED FRESHMAN MIN

Industrial Revolution -Enclosure Movement 2015291057 PRE-MED FRESHMAN MIN HYUK LEE

What Impression Do These Words Give? Enclosure? Industrial? Revolution?

"The Tragedy of the Commons" Open field system was widespread in medieval England. Farmers were forced to follow the crowd with farming. Otherwise, they will alone defending their crop against natural predators. The Tragedy of the Commons - Garrett Hardin, December 1968, Science Magazine

"The Tragedy of the Commons" "The rational herdsman concludes that the only sensible course for him to pursue is to add another animal to his herd. And another; and another. . . But this is the conclusion reached by each and every rational herdsman sharing a commons. Therein is the tragedy. Each man is locked into a system that compels him to increase his herd without limit — in a world that is limited. Ruin is the destination toward which all men rush, each pursuing his own best interest in a society that believes in the freedom of the commons. Freedom in a commons brings ruin to all. “ A natural consequence of letting society share resources without definite designations of responsibilities.

The First Enclosure Movement - Sheep Devour People During 14 th-17 th century, textiles gained major popularity as an industry. Gentry, yeoman Statute of Merton of 1235 - First English statute - Allowed the landowner to enclose the land - Sheeps! Gentries (well-born) and yeomans (freeholder) rose in power and wealth. Local peasants were kicked out and lost sources of income.

Thomas More in Utopia (1516) "Your shepe that were wont to be so meke and tame, and so smal eaters, now, as I heare saye, be become so great devowerers and so wylde, that they eate up and swallow down the very men them selfes. They consume, destroye, and devoure whole fields, howses and cities. . . Noble man andgentleman, yea and certeyn Abbottes leave no ground for tillage, thei inclose all into pastures; they throw down houses; they pluck down townes, and leave nothing standynge but only the churche to be made a shepehowse. “ "Your sheep that were want to be so meak and tame, and so small eaters, now, as I hear say, be become so great devourers and so wild, that they eat up and swallow down the very men them selves. They consume, destroy, and devour whole fields, houses and cities. . . Noble man and gentleman, yea and certain Abbots leave no ground for tillage, they enclose all into pastures; they throw down houses; they pluck down towns, and leave nothing standing but only the church to be made a sheephouse. “

Parliamentary Enclosure (1750 -1850) The First Enclosure Movement: common land farmland -> sheep fields Parliamentary Enclosure: sheep fields -> organized enclosed farmland Why? - The colonization of Scotland for wool, and India and the Southern US states for cotton - In need of food to match the population growth Between 1760 and 1870, about 7 million acres (about one sixth the area of England) were changed, by some 4, 000 acts of parliament, from common land to enclosed land.

Textiles Timeline ~1760: Homemade Textiles – Spinning Wheels (inefficient) 1733: John Kay’s Flying Shuttle (double the efficiency of weaver) 1738: Lewis Paul’s Roller Spinner (evens out threads drawn) 1764: James Hargreaves’ Spinning Jenny (multi-spool) 1770 s: Arkwright and others’ Water Frame (machinery!) 1779: Samuel Crompton’s Spinning Mule (SJ + WF)

Fuels and Metallurgy People burned wood for charcoal to use for energy. Introduction of Coal -> high efficiency Coke pig iron technology -> abundance of cast-iron -> metal structures - 1778 Abraham Darby Bridge Construction Different technologies including rolling and puddling have developed.

Steam Power With the discovery of coal, the first piston steam engine developed by Thomas Newcomen in 1712 and was applied to reach deep mines. The engine started spreading when he died. Since then, the people built lots of different models of steam engine. James Watt has taken the steam engine and stabilized the steam engine design. 1800: 10, 000 horse power 1815: 210000 horse power

Transportation Initially, wagons on the road and ships on the seas have been major means of transportations. The mid-1700 s began the first construction of canals between industrial districts. Bridgewater Canal completed in 1761 halved the prices of the coal. Railways for horse-powered wagons were being built when iron prices were lowered in 19 th century. George Stephenson developed gears and rails suited for steam engine. In 1829, there was a competition for the best steam locomotives. A few people died but we had a winner. Railways then dominate England transportations for the next century.

Resources http: //www. thelandmagazine. org. uk/articles/short-history-enclosure-britain The Enclosure Maps of England Wales, 1595 -1918. Kain, R. J. P. , Chapman, J. , and Oliver, R. Cambridge University Press, 0521827771 X. http: //www. yale. edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1981/2/81. 02. 06. x. html https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution#Textile_manufacture https: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Statute_of_Merton