The First Industrial Revolution Historical Significance of the
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The First Industrial Revolution
Historical Significance of the Industrial Revolution � An ancient Greek or Roman would have been just as comfortable in Europe in 1700 � Because daily life was not much different – agriculture and technology were not much changed in 2000+ years
What was the Industrial Revolution? � The Industrial Revolution was a fundamental change in the way goods were produced, from human labor to machines
“Putting Out” System Fun for the whole family!
Developments � Mass production of goods � Development of factory system of production � Rural-to-urban migration � People left farms to work in cities � Development of capitalism � Socio-economic classes � Working class, bourgeoisie, and wealthy industrial class
Commercial Revolution � Europeans expanded their power worldwide � Increased geographic knowledge � Colonies in the Americas and Asia � Increased trade and commerce � Guild system could not meet the demands of increasing numbers goods
ENGLAND’S ADVANTAGES
Beginnings Britain c. 1760 Historians: Was there an Industrial “Revolution”?
Why B r i t a i n ? Natural Advantages • Lots of Rivers • • • Cheap, easy transportation Water power Coal Iron Sheep (imported in 16 th century)
Why B r i t a i n ? Human Advantages • National Bank • • • Private Property Rights Aristocrats invested in commerce/industry • • • Chartered 1694 No NB in France Source of capital Not so in France Canals Invention
Why B r i t a i n ? ? ? Natural Advantages Human Advantages Rivers Canals Coal Free Market Economy Iron Capital Sheep National Bank Private Property Rights Enclosures
England’s Resources: Capital � The Commercial Revolution made many English merchants very wealthy � These merchants had the capital to invest in the factory system – money to buy buildings, machinery, and raw materials
England’s Resources: Colonies and Markets � Wealth from the Commercial Revolution spread beyond the merchant class � England had more colonies than any other nation � Its colonies gave England access to enormous markets and vast amounts of raw materials � Colonies had rich textile industries for centuries � Many of the natural cloths popular today
England’s Resources: Workers � Serfdom and guilds ended earlier in England than other countries � English people could freely travel from the countryside to the cities � Enclosure Acts – caused many small farmers to lose their lands, and these former farmers increased the labor supply
England’s Resources: Merchant Marine � World’s largest merchant fleet � Merchant marine built up from the Commercial Revolution � Vast numbers of ships could bring raw materials and finished goods to and from England’s colonies and possessions, as well as to and from other countries
England’s Resources: Geography � England is the political center of Great Britain, an island � Damp climate benefited the textile industry (thread did not dry out) � Government stable � No internal trade barriers
Chart Work! � Summarize each advantage of England � No more than � One picture � One example � 20 minutes 5 words
New Inventions
Inventions of the Industrial Revolution Spinning Jenny James Hargreaves 1764 Water Frame Richard Arkwright 1768 Spinning Mule Samuel Crompton 1779
Water Frame Richard Arkwright - 1768 Held several hundred spindles and required water power to operate
MILLS The Water Frame could not be operated from home. Mills, housing dozens of water frames, were built near rivers.
Water Power Water power is finite – only so many water frames could be built, and only by major rivers. Goods still produced on a small scale in the countryside.
Coal The British had access to coal, which provided massive amounts of energy in comparison to water, but it was still finite.
E=mc 2 Steam Engine 1705 First experimental steam engine invented 1769 James Watt (U. of Glasgow) made the existing steam engine (which was being used at Scottish universities for experiments) more efficient. 1770 s Steam engine becomes a major producer of power. Watt A preserved Watt engine at Loughborough University
Development of Steam Engines � Early water power involved mills built over fast-moving streams and rivers � Steam engines replaced water wheels for power � Factories relocated near raw materials, workers, and ports � Cities grew around the factories built near central England’s coal and iron mines
ailroads Transportation of goods was still a problem until railroads were developed. 1825 – Liverpool to Manchester Railway 1830 – The Rocket clocked a record 16 MPH.
ailroads Goods can now be produced and transported in mass quantities. � Steel rails replaced iron rails � Greater train traveling comfort – heavier train cars, improved road beds, and sleeping cars
Steamboats � Robert Fulton invented the steamboat in 1807 � Clermont � 1819 – the Savannah Ocean sailed across the Atlantic
Macadamized Roads � Strong, hard roads invented by Thomas Telford and John Mc. Adam � Improvement over dirt and gravel roads � Macadamized roads have a smooth, hard surface that supports heavy loads without requiring a thick roadbed � Modern roads are macadamized roads, with tar added to limit the creation of dust
Printing Revolution � Printing – 1800 -1830 � Iron printing press � Steam-driven press � Updated the Gutenberg Press � Rotary press – 1870 � Invented by Richard Hoe � Printed both sides of a page at once � Newspapers became much cheaper to produce � Cost of a newspaper plummeted � Number of newspapers increased
Bad Working Conditions � Families were uprooted � Moved to the cities from the country � Most time spent at work—long hours � Low pay � Workers viewed machines as the root of their misery so they destroyed them � Workers requested political representation � Leads to creation of unions
Capitalism � An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit. � A few people control a lot of businesses
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