Unit 3 The age of revolutions Ch 8

Unit 3. The age of revolutions Ch. 8 The industrial revolution S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Technological innovations Steam is used to produce energy Textile Looms to weave cotton Metallurgy Melting metals in furnaces Machines Paddle streamers, locomotives Need to invest capitals 2 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Britain's industrial primacy A new generation of entrepreneurs appears in Great Britain between the 18 th and 19 th century Geography and environmental conditions Huge market of the Empire Financial stability Available commodities Cultural revolution: the consumption goods industry is born 3 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 Available manpower (crisis of agriculture)

The industrial society Demographic growth in Britain Cheap manpower is available Entrepreneurs can keep wages low Workers live in their own neighborhoods, divided from the rest of society 4 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The working conditions • From 12 to 16 working hours per day • Workers have to move from their hometowns, they are often disoriented and lonely • Women's wages are lower than men's • Also children work, they are paid even less than women 5 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Workers' organizations 6 Workers are wary of machines, which work on their behalf. The Luddist movement seeks to destroy the machines Luddism encourages workers to see themselves as part of a collective entity, the proletariat Workers organize strikes and set up trade unions British unions are recognized by the state in 1824 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The development of transports Restructuring of the transport system Waterways are not the only option anymore Railways Roads New method of Steam locomotives paving (macadam); make rail transport more efficient new roads are built to cross the main passes 7 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016 Infrastructures New bridges and tunnels are built, using iron

The British leadership England becomes the first advanced industrialized country Its products cost less, they are very competitive in the European market The other European countries can take inspiration from the British model and imitate it 8 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

Industrialization in Europe 9 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016

The class struggle With the industrial revolution, two classes enter in conflict Bourgeoisie (supporting capitalism) The working class, which seeks to transform the social balance of power (promoting socialism) 10 S. Luzzatto, Dalle storie alla Storia © Zanichelli editore 2016