The Atlantic World Chapter 4 Spanish Conquests in

The Atlantic World Chapter 4

Spanish Conquests in the Americas Chapter 4 Section 1

Paving the Way – Christopher Columbus made voyage for Spain in 1492 – Looked for an alternate trade route to Asia, instead landed in the Caribbean instead. – Thought he landed in the East Indies – Called the people “Indians”, in reality the people called themselves “Taino” – Called the island San Salvador

Goal of Columbus – Columbus wanted to find gold – After not finding any on Salvador, he explored other islands – After returning to Spain, he got approval for even more voyages

Other Voyages of Columbus – Brought a larger group with him – 17 ships, many armed soldiers, and 1, 000 settlers – Wanted to turn the Caribbean islands into colonies – Lands controlled by another nation

Other Explorers – Amerigo Vespucci – Italian sailing for Portugal – Determined that South America was not part of Asia (Also, America is named after him – Ferdinand Magellan – Sailed around the tip of South America, circumnavigated the world – Magellan died in the Philippines, but he crew continued

Classwork – Complete the following (Due tomorrow) – A on page 103 – B on page 105 – Geography Skillbuilder on page 104

Empire Building

Hernando Cortes – Sailed to the American mainland (in Mexico) – Looked to claim lands for Spain – One of the conquistadors – Spanish who looked to claim land in the Americas

Cortes, Cont’d – Learned of the wealthy Aztec Empire, marched weeks to get to the empire – Reached the capital of Tenochtitlan – The emperor had mistaken Cortes for a god that was said to return about the same time – Gave Cortes a large share of the gold supply, but Cortes wanted more

Cortes, Cont’d – Cortes forced the Aztecs to mind for gold and silver more, eventually the Aztecs rebelled – Cortes was able to defeat the Aztecs with a much smaller force

Reasons Cortes Defeated the Aztecs – Superior Weaponry – Arrows vs Muskets – Cortes had help from rival groups of Natives – Diseases – Measles, mumps, smallpox

Francisco Pizarro – Conquered the Inca Empire in Peru – Arranged a meeting with Atahualpa, the Inca ruler in an outlying city of Cajamarca – The Spanish unexpectedly attacked the Incas, and kidnapped Atahualpa

Kidnapping, Cont’d – The Incas promised a room filled once with gold and twice with silver for the release of the king – However, once the Spanish got the ransom, they killed Atahualpa anyways – This demoralized the Incas, the Pizarro was able to capture the capital of Cuzco without a struggle

Actions Throughout the Empire – The Spanish would live alongside the natives and teach them Spanish culture – Most Spanish to come to the Americas were men, so they would marry native women – Created a large mixed Spanish and Native American population – Mestizo

Brazil – Cabral claimed Brazil for Portugal – The Portuguese began cultivating the area for sugar after realizing there was little gold or silver

Spain Expands Even More – The American expeditions made Spain very wealthy – To protect ships carrying riches back to Spain, they built up a powerful navy – Also built up army

Other Conquistadors – Juan Ponce de Leon- Florida – According to legend, he was searching for the Fountain of Youth – Vasquez de Coronado- Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas

Opposition to the Spanish Rule – Priests would come to the Americas with the Spanish to spread Christianity – Priests spoke out against the treatment of the Natives under Spanish Rule – Natives also would resist Spanish rule periodically.

Homework Option 1 Option 2 – 2 Graphic organizers – Write a journal detailing the capture of the Aztec Empire – Detailing the Conquistadors and where they conquered – Why Cortes was successful

Competing Claims for North America Chapter 4 Section 2

More Countries Explore – Many traders looked for an all-water route to Asia. – Magellan’s journey proved that it was possible to travel West from Europe to Asia – Looked to find a faster way around or through America – After not finding an all-water route, countries decided to settle the land

Important People in the Establishment of New France – Giovanni da Verrazano- Discovered New York Harbor – Jacques Cartier- discovered and named the St. Lawrence River, found island that would later become Montreal – Samuel de Champlain- traveled further up the St. Lawrence River, claiming the area of Quebec for France

Important People in the Establishment of New France, Cont’d – Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet explored Great Lakes and upper Mississippi River – Sieur de La Salle- explored the lower Mississippi River, claimed the Mississippi River Valley for France, named it Louisiana after King Louis XIV

Characteristics of New France – France established a large area, but it was not heavily populated – Most French colonists didn’t want to establish towns or families – The French set up major fur trading networks in North America

Jamestown – British settlement by the Virginia Company – Named after King James – The Colony did not have a good start as 7 out of every 10 people died – When colonists first arrived, they didn’t concern themselves with building shelters or growing crops, they were more concerned with looking fro gold

Jamestown, Cont’d – The Colony of Jamestown recovered – Mostly due to the discovery of tobacco – Eventually, the colony had such little economic prosperity, it was turned back over to King James

New England – In 1620, a second English colony was founded in Plymouth, Massachusetts – The Pilgrims moved to America for religious freedom – Later the Puritans established another colony in Massachusetts Bay – Puritans wanted to build a model community to be an example to other Christians

The Dutch – The Dutch established the Dutch East India Company to compete in the trade of the Indian Ocean, later turned attention to the Americas – Henry Hudson, working for the Dutch looked for an allwater route to Asia (He didn’t find one) – He did, however, find the Hudson River, Hudson Strait, and Hudson Bay – The Dutch were heavily involved in fur trade

The Dutch, Cont’d – The Dutch called their colony New Netherland – It was home to a very diverse population

Homework Option 1 Option 2 – Construct a timeline of the colonization of North America – Create a map of the various colonies and claims of European countries in North America

The Fight for North America – France, England, and Netherlands battled for colonial supremacy – King Charles II of England gave his brother, the Duke of York, permission to drive out the Dutch – The Dutch surrendered without a fight

Fight for North America, Cont’d – English wanted more land, moved west and made contact in France’s holdings – In 1754, land disputes between British and French in the Ohio Valley led to war – French and Indian War – Part of the 7 years war – Britain won the war, gained more land control

Reaction of Native Americans – European colonization proved disastrous for Native Americans – Spread of disease and warfare – The French and Dutch had more cooperative relationships with the Natives

Native Relations with French and Dutch – French and Dutch settlers were heavily involved in fur trading – The natives would trap animals, then trade the furs to Europeans in exchange for guns, hatchets, mirrors, beads – Dutch eventually wanted more land, leading to disagreements between them and the natives

Native Relations with British – Many who came from Britain had poor views of Native Americans – Puritans considered the natives to be heathens (people without a faith) – Viewed natives as agents of the devil

Native Relations with British – Natives developed harsh view of white invaders – Native American ruler Metacom led an attack on 52 colonial villages throughout Massachusetts

Natives Fall to Disease – Devastated native populations – Smallpox epidemic in 1616

– Number 2 on Page 114

Atlantic Slave Trade

Evolution of African Slavery – Slavery existed all over the world, but it increased in Africa with the spread of Islam – Belief that non-Muslim prisoner of war could be bought and sold as slaves – From 650 to 1600 - 438 million Africans were transported to Southwest Asia to work mostly as domestic servants

Difference in Slavery in Africa and in Americas – Marriage into the family of owners could free the enslaved person – Slavery was not hereditary, if a slave had children, those children were free

Europeans Enter African Slave Trade – In the 1400’s, Portuguese were the first to visit Africa – First was looking for gold, but once the colonies in the Americas started prospering, they looked for ways to increase American labor force

Reasons Africans Were Picked – Africans had a better immunity to European diseases – Experience in farming – Less likely to try and escape because of no ties or familiarity with the land

The Atlantic Slave Trade – Buying and selling of Africans for work in the Americas – Quickly became massive enterprise – Over 9. 5 million Africans were sent to the Americas

Slave Trade, Cont’d – Spain in Portugal were leaders in early slave trade – Growing industry of sugar plantations led to an increased need of labor – Dutch, French, and English colonies in the Caribbean also used slaves for sugar, tobacco, and coffee plantations – From 1690 to 1807, England became the leading carrier of slaves

Role of Africans in the African Slave Trade – African rulers and merchants would capture and delivered slaves to Europeans – African rulers would look to wipe out enemy groups – In return, rulers and merchants would get gold, guns, amongst other goods

African Resistance to Slave Trade – Some rulers started to speak out against the slave trade – King Nzinga Mbemba of Congo

Triangular Trade

Triangular Trade – System of a trade network between – Europe – Africa – The Americas

Routes of Triangular Trade – Europeans transported manufactured goods to Africa – African slaves were sold to the West Indies – Sugar, coffee, and tobacco were transported to Europe

Routes, Cont’d – Rum and manufactured goods would be traded to Africa – Exchanged for African slaves – Slaves transported to the West Indies, sold for sugar and molasses – Sugar and molasses were sold to rum producers in New England

Middle Passage – The voyage that brought captured Africans to the West Indies (and later North and South America) – Called middle passage because it was the middle leg of the trade network

Conditions in the Middle Passage – Captured people were crammed into tight areas – Would be whipped or beaten by the merchants – Diseases were common on ships – Lived in their own vomit and human waste – Some committed suicide by jumping overboard – It’s estimated that 20% of Africans died on each ship

Classwork – If you haven’t already, Number 2 on page 119 – Section 4

The Columbian Exchange Chapter 4 Section 4

What is the Columbian Exchange? – A global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas – Brought foods that Europeans, Asians, and Africans hadn’t seen before

Goods Transferred FROM the Americas – Corn and Potatoes probably the most important – Inexpensive to grow and very nutritious – Tomatoes, squash, cacao beans (for chocolate), turkey

Goods Transferred TO the Americas – Grapes – Horses, cattle, and pigs – Bananas – Wheat

Others that Transferred TO the Americas – Diseases led to the death of millions of Native Americans – Natives didn’t have immunity to diseases from other parts of the world – Smallpox – Influenza – Measles

A Commercial Revolution – Because of the increase trade and wealth from the Americas, a new way of doing business arose – Known as the Commercial Revolution

Capitalism – Economic system based on private ownership – Also includes investment of wealth for profit – (Before this, the government were the only ones with a lot of wealth) – Merchants were the first to gain wealth from oversea trade – Led to some inflation

Joint-Stock Companies – Similar to a corporation today – Large number of people pool their money together to invest – If company failed, then investors only lost a small sum – If company was successful, then investors would share profits

Mercantilism – Adopted by many countries – The belief that a country’s power is dependent on its wealth – Two ways a country can build wealth – Increase holdings of gold and silver – Sell more goods than bought

Homework – Which continent was impacted the most from the Columbian Exchange? Explain why you think that in a paragraph. (Explain your reaonsing)