EMERGENCE OF THE ATLANTIC WORLD EMERGENCE OF ATLANTIC

EMERGENCE OF THE ATLANTIC WORLD

EMERGENCE OF ATLANTIC WORLD I. NATIVE AMERICAN SOCIETY A. IMMIGRATION B. MAYANS/AZTECS C. NORTH AMERICA II. EUROPE AND AFRICA/AMERICA A. EUROPEAN SOCIETY B. AFRICA C. AMERICA III. ENGLAND A. PROTESTANTS B. THE URGE TO COLONIZE

IMMIGRATION • TRIBAL HUNTERS FOLLOW GAME IN SMALL BANDS ACROSS BERINGIA LAND BRIDGE • MAIN INFLUX 13, 000 BC TO 7, 000 BC • MORE ARRIVE BY WATER BY 6, 000 BC, MAINLY IN SOUTHWEST AMERICA • OTHERS ARRIVE AS HUNTING PARTIES FROM NORTHERN EUROPE

NEW IMMIGRANTS • STARTED AS HUNTER / GATHERERS, THEN DEVELOPED HUNTING SKILLS AS GAME CHANGED OVER TIME • HAD SOME DOMESTICATED CROPS BY 6, 000 BC • INCREASE IN POPULATION GROWTH AS DIET BECAME BETTER • 7 MILLION IN NORTH AMERICA BY 1400 S

MESOAMERICA 40 MILLION PEOPLE IN MESOAMERICA BY 1400 s

MAYAN WORLD 700 BC FLOWERING-900 AD DECLINE BUILT MANY URBAN CENTERS IN YUCUTAN PENINSULA AND WHAT IS NOW GUATEMALA

MAYAN WORLD - TIKAL • POPULATION OF 20, 000 BY 300 AD • HAD AN ELITE, DIVINE CLASS SUPPORTED BY FARMERS THROUGH LABOR TAXES • SERIES OF TEMPLES • UTILIZED HIEROGLYPHIC WRITING, CALENDAR • DROUGHTS LEAD TO DECLINE BY 800 AD • POPULATION SPREADS TO THE COUNTRY

PYRAMID OF THE SUN TEOTIHUACAN 500 AD: POP-100, 000 “THE BIRTHPLACE OF THE GODS” • 100 TEMPLES INSIDE PYRAMID • PRACTICED HUMAN SACRIFICE, MOSTLY WITH CAPTURED PRISONERS • AZTECS BELIEVED THIS WAS THE CENTER OF THE UNIVERSE

AZTEC EMPIRE DUE TO DROUGHT, MAYAN POPULATION DECLINES BY 800 AD, AND AZTECS INVADE

TENOCHTITLAN-1500 (STARTED IN 1325 – PRESENT DAY MEXICO CITY) • BUILT ON AN ISLAND WITH A CHAIN OF LAKES & LAND • DIVIDED INTO ZONES & DISTRICTS WITH A MAIN STREET CONNECTING COMMERCIAL DISTRICTS

• GREAT MILITARY POWER, TRADE ROUTES, AND IRRIGATION • SOCIAL HIERARCHY OF UPPER CLASS, LABORERS, SERFS, AND SLAVES • WAS A TRUE “METROPOLIS”-BOTANICAL GARDENS, SCHOOLS, ZOOS, COMMERCIAL CENTERS

• 200, 000 RESIDENTS BY 1500, CAPTURED IN 1521 BY THE SPANISH & CORTES-THIS MARKS THE START OF THE DOWNFALL OF THE AZTEC EMPIRE • CAPTURE FACILITATED BY A 2 -MONTH SMALLPOX OUTBREAK THAT KILLED MOST AZTEC LEADERS AND 40% OF THE POPULATION • AZTEC SOCIETAL STRUCTURE WAS SUCH THAT THE COMMON PEOPLE COULD NOT RULE-SPANISH WIN

NATIVE PEOPLES OF NORTH AMERICA, 1500 IN GENERAL, SELF-GOVERNING, LOCALLY CENTERED TRIBES THAT HAD NO DISTINCT RULING CLASS BUT DID HAVE ELDERS WHO GOVERNED AND ENFORCED RULES & CUSTOMS

HOPEWELL CIVILIZATION

HOPEWELL CIVILIZATION HAD DOMESTICATED PLANTS BY 100 AD, BUILT LARGE VILLAGES AND HAD A LARGE TRADING NETWORK. COLLAPSED BY 400 AD HOPEWELL BURIAL MOUND

PUEBLO: 600 -1300 • BY 600 AD, THE PUEBLO CIVILIZATION HAD IRRIGATION AND STONE STRUCTURES • UTILIZED IRRIGATION TO GROW MAIZE • A SERIES OF DROUGHTS BROUGHT PUEBLAN DOMINANCE TO AN END BY 1300

CHACO CANYON WAS A PUEBLAN DEVELOPMENT THAT WAS FIVE STORIES HIGH SURROUNDING A PLAZA, AND ALSO CONTAINED OUTLYING BUILDINGS

MISSISSIPIAN 1000 -1600 • TECHNOLOGY FROM MESOAMERICA ALLOWED MISSISSIPIAN CIVILIZATION TO RAISE MAIZE AND BEANS BY 800 AD • BY 1150, MISSISSIPIAN CULTURE WAS COMPOSED OF LARGE CITIES WITH A PRIVILEGED CLASS THAT WAS SUPPORTED BY FARMERS

CAHOKIA 1150 AD • CAHOKIA WAS THE LARGEST CITY IN MISSISSIPIAN CULTURE • LOCATED NEAR PRESENT-DAY ST. LOUIS • THE CITY HAD MANY DIVERSE CULTURES • CAHOKIA DECLINED BY 1350 DUE TO DISEASE AND A DEPLETED ENVIRONMENT

NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS • SMALLER COMMUNITIES • MUCH DIVERSITY BETWEEN TRIBES/NATIONS • MATRILINEAL SOCIETIES-WOMEN NOT IN CHARGE, BUT FAMILY LINE FOLLOWS MOTHER’S SIDE • DIVERSITY AND SEPARATED STRUCTURE MAKES MOST TRIBES RIPE FOR TAKEOVERS

IROQUOIS NATION“THE GREAT ENEMY ONES” • THE IROQUOIS LEAGUE WAS ACTUALLY A LOOSE ALLIANCE OF FIVE INDIAN NATIONS WHO MET ONCE A YEAR TO DECIDE ON THEIR POLICIES AND DIRECTION • LEAGUE WAS CREATED IN THE LATE 1400 s • THE LEAGUE HAD A FLUID LEADERSHIP, NOT LIKE EUROPE

THE IROQUOIS LIVED IN LONGHOUSES (“HAUDOSAUNEE”), WHICH SYMBOLIZED THE ENTIRE ALLIANCE-PLEASE WATCH THE VIDEO BELOW FOR MORE INFORMATION https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=y. Is 3 ai. Fr. TQc

THE FIVE NATIONS OF THE IROQUOIS LEAGUE BANDED TOGETHER FOR PROTECTION AND CONTROL, BUT OTHERWISE ACTED INDEPENDENTLY. THEY WIELDED GREAT POWER OVER OTHER, INDIVIDUAL INDIAN NATIONS AND LATER OVER THEIR RELATIONSHIPS WITH ENGLISH AND FRENCH SETTLERS. THEY LATER ADDED THE TUSCARORA AS A SIXTH NATION.

IROQUOIS POPULATION 1600 – 20, 000 1660 – 25, 000 1768 – 12, 000 1783 – 8, 000 • CENTRAL, INLAND LOCATION PROTECTED THEM FROM DISEASE • HUNTED AND PRODUCED CORN, BEANS, AND SQUASH • BECAUSE OF LOCATION, CONTROLLED FERTILE LAND • CONTROLLED TRAVEL AND FUR TRADE • PRACTICED MOURNING WARS- CAPTURED WHITE SETTLERS TO REPLACE WARRIORS LOST IN BATTLE • PRACTICED RITUAL TORTURE – MOST WHITES AND INDIANS WERE AFRAID TO CROSS THEM

NEW ENGLAND TRIBAL DIVERSITY BY LOOKING AT THE MAP ABOVE, ONE CAN SEE THAT THERE WERE NUMEROUS AND VARIED TRIBES IN NEW ENGLAND, EACH WORKING AND FIGHTING FOR SURVIVAL. ALLIANCES SHIFTED AS DIFFERENT NATIONS ANGLED FOR SUPERIORITY AND DOMINANCE.

ALONG SOUTHERN CONNECTICUT AND SE MASSACHUSETTS, NOTICE THE STRING OF CLASHES THAT ARE SET TO HAPPEN BETWEEN THE PEQUOT, NARRAGANSETT, AND WAMPANOAG. THE WAMPANOAGS, DEFENDING THEMSELVES AGAINST THE NARRAGANSETT, WELCOMED THE “PILGRIMS” AS ALLIES WHO, TO THEM, LOOKED RATHER PASTY AND DIRTY. THE NEW SETTLERS BELIEVED THE ALREADY-CLEARED LAND WAS A GIFT FROM GOD-IN ACTUALITY, IT HAD BEEN CLEARED BY NATIVE AMERICANS WHO HAD THEN DIED FROM EUROPEAN DISEASES.

FUR TRADE • EXTREMELY COMPETETIVE • FIRST EUROPEAN CONTACT IN GEORGE’S BANK HELPED FUR TRADE TO DEVELOP • THROUGH FUR TRADE, NATIVE AMERICANS BEGAN TO RELY MORE ON EUROPEAN GOODS AND CONTACT • BROUGHT CULTURAL INFLUENCES TOGETHER

THIS SEAL OF MASS. DEMONSTRATES THE SETTLERS’ VIEW OF NATIVE AMERICANS. NOTICE WHAT THE NATIVE AMERICAN IS SAYING – DID THEY REALLY NEED HELP? THE EUROPEANS THOUGHT THEY DID.

LAND ABOVE ARE LAND DEEDS SIGNED BY EUROPEAN LAND DEALERS AND NATIVE AMERICAN SACHEMS. THESE SACHEMS WERE “PERSUADERS IN CHIEF”, AND SPOKE ON BEHALF OF TRIBAL MEMBERS. IN SELLING LAND, NATIVE AMERICANS EXPECTED TO STILL HAVE RIGHTS TO UTILIZE THE LAND FOR CERTAIN THINGS-THIS CAUSED CONFLICT.

15 TH CENTURY EUROPE

CONDITIONS IN EUROPE • By 1450, 1/3 of the population had died from the plague • People worked in small, peasant farming communities, bartering for products within town – life took a local, cooperative path • Goal was to become a yeoman – own land to support oneself – most did not make it • 50% child mortality rate, plethora of disease and malnourishment • Male dominated life, practiced primogeniture: all land goes to the first-born son

1450 -STRENGTH OF THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH • ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH WAS PART OF EVERYDAY LIFE • THE CHURCH FOCUSED ON RESISTING TEMPTATION AND ON HERETICS (THOSE THAT PREACHED OTHER THAN WHAT THE CHURCH PREACHED) • ENORMOUS POWER

• CHURCH AND NOBLES INSTITUTE CRUSADES TO RECLAIM THE HOLY LAND FROM THE “INFIDELS” • EUROPEANS NOW TRAVELLING TO THE MIDDLE EAST IN LARGE NUMBERS OVER MANY YEARS • BRINGS ABOUT A WIDE EXCHANGE OF GOODS AND CULTURE

ITALIAN RENAISSANCEGLOBALIZATION 1300 -1500 • A REBIRTH OF CULTURE, LANGUAGE, KNOWLEDGE • MULTIPLE INFLUENCES MOVE BACK AND FORTH BETWEEN EUROPE, ASIA, AND THE MIDDLE EAST • COMES THROUGH ITALY FIRST • AN ALLIANCE OF MONARCHS AND ITALIAN MERCHANTS LEADS TO EXPANDED TRADE AND EXPLORATION FROM EUROPE • PRINCE HENRY FROM PORTUGAL EXPLORES AFRICA AND TRADES FISH AND SALT FOR GOLD AND IVORY – BY 1440, THE SLAVE TRADE IS ESTABLISHED AND A STRONG TRADE LINK IS FORGED

TRADE WITH AFRICA • WEST AFRICANS LIVED IN EXTENDED FAMILIES AND IN SMALL VILLAGES • VILLAGES HAD DIVERSE SPIRITUAL BELIEFS • PRACTICED ISLAM AS WELL AS WORSHIP OF NATURE AT FIRST, EUROPEAN TRADERS WERE POSITIVE IN THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH AFRICANS. EUROPEANS INTRODUCED NEW PLANTS AND ANIMALS FROM THE MEDITERRANEAN, AND ALSO BROUGHT IN LIVESTOCK AND TOMATOES

AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE-1440 • PORTUGUESE AND ARAB TRADERS ESTABLISHED A SLAVE TRADE WITH WESTERN AFRICAN KINGS • MANY SLAVES WERE PRISONERS FROM SMALL VILLAGES OR NATIONS DEFEATED BY LARGER AFRICAN KINGDOMS THE PORTUGUESE PROCEEDED TO BUILD SMALL SLAVE FORTS ALONG THE WEST AFRICAN COAST IN KINGDOMS FRIENDLY TO THE SLAVE TRADE. ONCE THE WEST INDIES (CARIBBEAN) BECAME ESTABLISHED, THERE WAS A LARGE CALL FOR THIS SUPPLY OF SLAVES

COLUMBUS “CLAIMS” THE NEW WORLD TAKE A CLOSE LOOK AT THIS PAINTING-WHAT IS THE POINT OF VIEW OF THE ARTIST?

THE “NEW” WORLD • NATIONALISM, THE URGE TO EXPLORE, AND THE INFLUENCE OF THE RENAISSANCE BROUGHT ON THIS NEW AGE OF EXPLORATION • FERDINAND ISABELLA OF SPAIN ARRANGE FOR COLUMBUS TO EXPLORE IN THE NAME OF CATHOLICISM AND SPAIN • COLUMBUS LANDS IN THE BAHAMAS AND JAMAICA IN 1492 WITH THE MISSION TO CONVERT AND “CIVILIZE” THE PEOPLE • COLUMBUS EXPLORED THE WEST INDIES AND DEMANDED TRIBUTE FROM THE TAINO, ARAWAK, AND CARIB INDIANS • HE THEN MAKES THREE MORE TRIPS AND SPURS TRANSATLANTIC EXPLORATION AND TRADE

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE THIS IS A TRANSFER OF GOODS AND DISEASE BACK AND FORTH ACROSS THE ATLANTIC. NOTE ABOVE THE CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC INFLUENCE THIS EXCHANGE WOULD HAVE IN THE FUTURE

PROTESTANT REFORMATION • IN 1513, POPE LEO RECEIVED HALF A MILLION DUCATS ($20 MILLION) IN ONE YEAR FROM RELIGIOUS SALES • MARTIN LUTHER, A CATHOLIC PRIEST, TAKES OFFENSE TO THIS AND OTHER PRACTICES SUCH AS THE SALE OF INDULGENCES (FORGIVENESS) • IN 1517, LUTHER POSTS HIS 95 THESES, BEGINNING A PROTESTANT SPLIT FROM THE CATHOLIC CHURCH • GROUPS LIKE THE PURITANS MOVE TO PURIFY THE CHURCH, NAKE IT MORE SIMPLE, AND EMPHASIZE LOCAL AUTHORITY

THE URGE TO COLONIZE

REASONS FOR COLONIZATION • COMPETITION FOR POWER AND RESOURCES, ESPECIALY BETWEEN ENGLAND, THE SPANISH, AND THE DUTCH • BECAUSE OF THE RENAISSANCE, THERE WAS A HUGE DESIRE FOR TRADE AND GLOBALIZATION, WHICH BROUGHT MONEY, POWER, AND DOMINANCE • BETWEEN 1500 AND 1630, ENGLAND’S POPULATION GREW FROM 3 MILLION TO 5 MILLION – THEY NEEDED RESOURCES • ENGLAND EXPERIENCED MAJOR INFLATION DUE TO INCREASE IN POPULATION AND DEMANDMANY PEOPLE WANTED TO LEAVE • GROWTH OF THE CONCEPT OF MERCANTILISM

MERCANTILISM “FAVORABLE BALANCE OF TRADE” MERCANTILISM can be defined as a favorable balance of trade for the home, or mother, country. In other words, the mother country forces a colony to trade in a way that only benefits the mother country. The colony is only allowed to sell and purchase items from the mother country at prices that make money for the mother country.

CRITICAL THINKING NOW THAT YOU HAVE COMPLETED THE FIRST SET OF SLIDES, THINK ABOUT THE FOLLOWING: • How did initial immigration and establishment of cultures impact contact with Europeans? • In what ways did conditions in Europe and Africa compel people towards expansion and exploration? • What was the mindset of European explorers as they developed a true global market and exchange? • How are the Columbian Exchange and Mercantilism connected-how are mercantilism and colonization connected? Think about these questions and write down your thoughts before proceeding to slide show # 2.