TEK 8 9 Earth and Space The student

TEK 8. 9 Earth and Space The student knows that natural events can impact Earth systems.

The student is expected to: 8. 9 A) Describe the historical development of evidence that supports plate tectonic theory. 8. 9 B) Relate plate tectonics to the formation of crustal features. 8. 9 C) Interpret topographic maps and satellite views to identify land erosional features and predict how these features may be reshaped by weathering.

8. 9 Vocabulary Continental Drift Pangaea Plate Tectonics Mountain Building Volcano Erosion Lithosphere Seafloor spreading Divergent plate boundary Trench Topography Weathering Mid-Ocean Ridge Topographic map Asthenosphere Convergent plate boundary Transform boundary

Science Starters…Watch This! The Himalayas The Ring of Fire Tsunami San Francisco Earthquake

Discussion Questions These clips are all related to each other. The clips showed a volcano, an earthquake, a mountain range and a tsunami. • What caused these events to occur? • How are these things connected?

Discussion Questions • What do you think is meant by the term “continental drift” ? • What do you know about it? • How does it relate to the clips you saw?

The Theory of Continental Drift -proposed by Alfred Wegner 1912 -states that all the continents were once connected in a single, large land mass -broke apart 200 million years ago and drifted slowly to their current positions -moving 1 -10 cm per year

Pangaea • Large ancient land mass that was composed of all the continents joined together. • Greek meaning “all land”

Pangaea

Evidence of Continental Drift • Pieces of a Puzzle • Fossil Record (similar fossils found on different continents) • Rock Type and Structure(similar rocks found on different continents) • Climate (fossils of plants and animals not suited for current climate of continent)

Pieces of a Puzzle

Fossil (plant/animal) Record

Rock Type and Structure

Climate

Pangaea

The Theory of Plate Tectonics -proposed by Harry Hess in 1960’s -describes and explains the way that continents separated into today’s land masses from Pangaea (one large ancestral land mass).

Lithosphere -the outermost layer of the Earth’s surface, which is rocky and solid. -includes the crust and the rigid part of the upper mantle. -Includes the tectonic plates that move on semi liquid mantle

**Asthenosphere** Scientists believe that convection currents within the asthenosphere are responsible for the movement of the plates that form the Earth's crust.

Lithospheric Plates

Watch This Continental Drift Bill Nye Layers of the Earth

Plate Boundaries and Land Formations

Divergent Boundary • “Di-”meaning two • Boundaries in which plates move apart • Results in a Rift Valley or Mid Ocean Ridge

Seafloor Spreading -Theory proposed by Harry Hess 1960 -States that new seafloor is formed when magma is forced upward toward the surface at a midocean ridge. – Divergent boundaries

Seafloor Spreading

Mid Ocean Ridge -an underwater volcanic mountain range -typically has a valley known as a rift running along its spine

Mid Ocean Ridge

Mid Ocean Ridge

Convergent Boundary -“con-” meaning together -Boundaries that come together -results in mountain building

Convergent Boundary (subduction) -the process in which one lithospheric plate slides under another -can result in volcanoes and a trench.

Transform Boundary -Boundaries run transversely to each other. – Slide past each other -Creates fault lines – Origin of earthquakes

Transform Boundary

Hayward Fault Line Berkely, California

University of California Memorial Stadium

Interpreting Topographic Maps

Topographic Map A topographical map is one that shows the physical features of the land. Besides just showing landforms such as mountains and rivers, the map also shows the elevation changes of the land. Elevation is shown using contour lines.

Topographic Map

Contour line (contour) -connects points of the same elevation (height above sea level). -closed contours indicate hills.

Contour Lines

Contour interval -difference in the elevation between any two contour lines on a topographic map

Contour Interval

Slope Contour lines spaced far apart Shallow slope Contour lines spaced close together Steep slope Contour lines spaced evenly Constant slope

Index contour - a contour line that is darker than nearby lines and has its elevation labeled.

Index Contours

Valleys and Ridges • Valleys, including rivers, will show as v-shaped lines pointing in the direction of higher elevation Ridges, including hill tops and mountain ranges, will show as v-shaped lines pointing in the direction of lower elevation.

Topographic Map Features Valley Ridge Key --- road

Topographic Map Should also include -North Arrow (shows direction) -Scale (show size) -Key or legend (showing certain land features or points)

Topographic Map Features Key --- road

What is Topography? Watch this!

Cross Section Heading 1/11/13 Science 8 -pd

Cross Section Heading 1/11/13 Science 8 -pd

Topographic Lab Map Requirements -Color by elevation ROYGBV R-highest Include and Label -Contour Index ( at least 1) -Contour lines -steep slope Must include -shallow slope -bar scale -label any rivers/valleys and -North arrow -Identify the contour draw arrows showing direction of water flow and interval where delta can be found