New Views on the Universe Vmes Rencontres du

New Views on the Universe Vèmes Rencontres du Vietnam August 2004 Angela V. Olinto Astronomy & Astrophysics Kavli Institute Cosmol. Phys. Enrico Fermi Institute University of Chicago

Much to celebrate! Success of the Big Bang theory Flat Universe (Inflationary prediction) Many questions remain. . . Discovery of Universe’s Acceleration Discovery of Neutrino mixing mass Vèmes Rencontres du Vietnam 2004 Gamma-ray Bursts Cosmolog. + Counterparts Black Holes in every galaxy! Te. V Gamma-ray Sources

The Big Bang

The Big Bang We live in a Homogeneous & Isotropic Universe described by (a Robertson-Walker metric & Friedmann’s equation derived from) Einstein’s General Relativity. It began 13. 7 billion years ago, and is composed of. . .

Evidence for Isotropy: The Microwave Sky! T = 2. 725 0. 002 K

launched 1989

b Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Theory vs. Observations: Remarkable agreement over 10 orders of magnitude in abundance variation Concordance region: b h 2 = 0. 02 For h=0. 7, b = 0. 04. Deuterium: strongest constraint 4 He

The Big Bang

add Inflation and we can explain. . .

Brief History of the Universe Inflation exponential expansion

Homogeneity & Isotropy Horizon of observer B at time of decoupling A Big Bang t=0 CMB naturally appears isotropic B Us, today Photon Decoupling (Last Scattering Surface) t=300, 000 yr

V( ) Quantum Fluctuations of the `Inflaton’ Field ==> Density Perturbations V( ) field space field

Today Scale grow 3000 Mpc stretch 1 Mpc inside outside inside Time Before inflation During inflation Radiation Domination Matter Domination Dark Energy Domination

High-Resolution Simulations of Cold Dark Matter (CDM) Halos

CMB Anisotropies t. U =380, 000 yr, T 10 -5 T

WMAP Precision Cosmology

total = 1. 02 0. 02 FLAT!

Inflation predicts: FLAT Universe

Dark Energy? total = + DM + b = 0. 73, DM = 0. 23, b = 0. 04

Sn. Ia WMAP (h fix) LSS 2 d. F

Radiation - Matter - Vacuum (Dark Energy? ) (a) a-4 a-3 const Early Universe today a

Expect dq/dz Riess et al. Ap. JLett 04, HST 16 SNIa

Towards = 1 closed expands forever recollapses open

Much to celebrate! Success of the Big Bang theory Flat Universe (Inflationary prediction) Discovery of Universe’s Acceleration Discovery of Neutrino mixing mass Gamma-ray Bursts Cosmolog. + Counterparts Black Holes in every galaxy! Te. V Gamma-ray Sources

Official detections by H. E. S. S. Crab Nebula (2003, 3 Tel. ) - 54 sigma PKS 2155 (2003, 2 Tel. ) - 45 sigma Mrk 421 (2004, 4 Tel. ) - 71 sigma PSR B 1259 (2004, 4 Tel. ) - 8 sigma RX J 1713 (2003, 2 Tel. ) - 20 sigma Sagittarius A* (2003. 2 Tel. ) - 11 sigma Linton, Watson. Fest, Leeds July 2004

HESS Galactic Center! Linton, Watson. Fest, Leeds July 2004

What is the Dark Matter? F. Zwicky Coma cluster

HESS Galactic Center neutralino m > 10 Te. V ? ? Linton, Watson. Fest, Leeds July 2004

Many questions remain What is the Dark Matter? What is the Dark Energy? What is the origin & max energy of cosmic rays? Astro-Physics at high energy, curvature, and/or density? What are the neutrino masses and underlying theory? Why is there something rather than nothing? Is there A Fundamental Theory? Quantum Gravity, Large Extra-Dimensions, Strings, M-theory, . . . ? How did the Universe Begin?

Cosmological Constant Natural scale for : Contrast with: + coincidence… ~ M

Many questions remain What is the Dark Matter? What is the Dark Energy? What is the origin & max energy of cosmic rays? Astro-Physics at high energy, curvature, and/or density? What are the neutrino masses and underlying theory? Why is there something rather than nothing? Is there A Fundamental Theory? Quantum Gravity, Large Extra-Dimensions, Strings, M-theory, . . . ? How did the Universe Begin?

Cosmic Rays 1912 discovered by Victor Hess (after Wilson & others) Energy range: ~ 109 e. V to > 1020 e. V 1938 Pierre Auger discovered Extensive Air Showers (EAS) ORIGIN? Unknown! soon to be a Century Old Puzzle! at all energies…

HESS 2 smoking guns CR acceleration! RX J 1713 - 20 Linton, Watson. Fest, Leeds July 2004 Galactic Centre - 11

CRs at the Highest Energies Great Opportunity for Discovery can traverse longer distances than photons can point back to the source should have spectral features

cosmic rays / / / n

UHE proton trajectories in Extra Galactic B at the Highest Energies (1020 e. V)) - should point to sources (unless Magnetic Fields are stronger &/or Z is larger) Isola, Lemoine, Sigl ‘ 02 lower bound 2 1019 e. V to 3 1020 e. V, E-2. 4 injection, BMpc ~0. 3 G, Kolmog

6 doublets 1 triplet above 4 x 1019 e. V < 2. 5 deg AGASA above 1019 e. V Log E>19. 4 Log E>19. 6

Hi. Res No clustering seen so far! Hi. Res-I Monocular Data, E > 1019. 5 e. V Hi. Res-I Monocular Data, E > 1018. 5 e. V Hi. Res Stereo Upper limit of 4 doublets (90% c. l. ) in Hi. Res-I monocular dataset.

CRs at the Highest Energies can traverse longer distances than photons can point back to the source should have spectral features

High Energy Proton sees Cosmic Microwave Background as High Energy Gamma Rays! WMAP Proton Horizon -resonance multi-pions p+ cmb + p + 0 n+ + GZK Cutoff Greisen ‘ 66, Zatsepin & Kuzmin ‘ 66

GZK feature is source & B dependent… E. Parizot et al. ‘ 03

AGASA High Energy Spectrum AGASA: ~ 11 events above 1020 e. V!!!

Comparisons 2003

Two Spectra at High Energies

Statistics Fluctuations at GZK feature are large for AGASA & Hi. Res 400 realizations of GZK feature for low statistics De. Marco, Blasi, & A. O. ‘ 03

Auger (S) x AGASA De. Marco, Blasi, A. O. ‘ 03

2 Giant Air. Shower Arrays South – Argentina Funded North – Not Yet Funded 1600 particle detectors over 3000 km 2 + 4 Fluorescence Detectors Will Measure Direction, Energy, & Composition of ~ 60 events/yr E > 1020 e. V ~ 6000 events/yr E > 1019 e. V > 250 scientists from 16 countries J. Cronin and T. Yamamoto

Pierre Auger Project 3000 km 2 - 1600 water tank array

Needed: Improved Statistics & Systematics Auger South (3 yr) Auger South + North EUSO De. Marco, Blasi, AO’ 03

What is the Dark Matter? direct detection, indirect detection, cosmological probes, theory. Many questions & work remain! What is the Dark Energy? cosmological probes (LSST, JDEM), Theory! What is the origin & max energy of cosmic rays? Auger S+N, EUSO, theory Astrophysics at high energy, curvature, and/or density? Laboratory studies of extreme Astrophysics, Theory, Constellation-X, GLAST, ACTs(Hess, Cangaroo 3, Magic, Veritas) Gravitational wave detectors (LIGO, LISA) Neutrino masses and underlying theory? Baryogenesis? A Fundamental Theory? Quantum Gravity, Large Extra. Dimensions, Strings, M-theory, . . . ? HEP experiments, HE Astrophysics Observations, Cosmology, Theory! How did the Universe Begin? Inflation’s grav. waves: CMB polarization, B modes, theory

New Views on the Universe Vèmes Rencontres du Vietnam August 2004 ‘ nhiêu!! ` Cám o’n rât