Chapter 12 The Spread of Civilization in East

Chapter 12 The Spread of Civilization in East and Southeast Asia 500 -1650 Focus: How did China’s culture develop and influence it’s neighbors in East and Southeast Asia?

12. 1 – Two Golden Ages of China Focus: Describe the political, economic, and cultural achievements of the Tang and Song dynasties. § Tang Dynasty* (618) § Tang Taizong* § General, reformer, historian § Most admired Chinese emperor § Dynasty unifies China* § Extend control into Central Asia (conquer territory) § Tributary states – states that remain self-governing, but recognize Chinese supremacy and send regular tribute to the Tang emperor* § Vietnam, Tibet, Korea**

12. 1 – Two Golden Ages of China § Government & Economy § Rebuild bureaucracy § Enlarge civil service system* § Jobs based on skill not social class § Schools § Land reform – breaking up of large land holdings and redistributing land to peasants* § Strengthens central govn’t § Increases revenues - taxes § Weakens power of land owners

12. 1 – Two Golden Ages of China § Tang Dynasty Declines § Lost territories to Arabs § Corruption, high taxes, drought, famine, and rebellions § Tang emperor overthrown

12. 1 – Two Golden Ages of China § Song Dynasty (960) § Rule for 319 years § Constant threat of northern invaders § Forced south of the Huang River (1100 s) § Mongols overthrew Song (1200 s)*

12. 1 – Two Golden Ages of China § Song Prosperity* § Improved farming methods* § 2 crops a year instead of 1 § Creates surplus § Grand Canal used to ship food from South to North § Open border policy* § More people were able to pursue commerce, learning, and the arts

§ China’s Society § Gentry* § Wealthy landowners* § Govn’t service (bureaucracy) § Scholar-gentry – value learning § Peasantry* § Work the land* § Majority of population § Live in self-sufficient villages § Did not rely on govn’t § Move up in status 12. 1 – Two Golden Ages of China Emperor Gentry *main social class Peasantry *main social class Merchants § Merchants* § Lowest status* – riches come from the labor of others Slaves

12. 1 – Two Golden Ages of China § Women* § Home § Control family affairs – servants, finances § Boys valued more than girls § Young woman marries – joins husbands family § Dowry – payment woman brings to a marriage* § Never remarry

12. 1 – Two Golden Ages of China § Foot Binding* § Bound with long strips of cloth § Tiny lily shaped foot & stilted walk § Symbol of nobility & beauty* § Most need help to walk § Reinforced Confucian tradition that women should remain in the home*

12. 1 – Two Golden Ages of China § Culture § Pagoda* § Multistoried temple with eaves that curve up at the corners* § Porcelain* § “chinaware”

12. 2 – The Mongol and Ming Empires Focus: What were the effects of the Mongol invasion and the rise of the Ming dynasty on China? § Mongols § Nomads from Central Asia § Steppes – treeless grasslands* § Genghis Khan* – “Universal Ruler” § Mongol chieftain – unites warring tribes* § § Demands absolute loyalty Strict military discipline Fierce – massacre entire cities* Conquers lands from Eastern Europe to the Pacific Ocean

12. 2 – Mongol Armies Build An Empire § Rule of Conquered Lands § Not oppressive – toleration* – little change to lives of those conquered § Required to pay tribute* to Mongols § Trade* § Controlled Silk Road* § Cultural exchange flourished § Tolerated beliefs – Christians & Muslims § Send goods to Europe – gunpowder, porcelain, playing cards

12. 2 – China Under Mongol Rule § Kublai Khan* § Genghis Khan’s grandson § Conquered and ruled all of China, Korea, & Tibet – Yuan Dynasty § Government* § Only Mongols could serve in military* § Highest govn’t jobs – Mongols & non-Chinese § Chinese officials rule in provinces

12. 2 – China Under Mongol Rule § Marco Polo* § Merchant – Venice, Italy* § Served Kublai Khan for 17 years § The Travels of Marco Polo – sparks European interest in the riches of Asia*

12. 2 – Ming Restore Chinese Rule § Rebel army push Mongols out of China § Establish the Ming Dynasty *(1368) § § § Restore civil service system* Terrace farming* Repair canal system – trade easier – cities grow

12. 2 – Chinese Fleets Sail the Seas § Zheng He* § (1405 – 1433) Commanded seven expeditions* § Goal: promote trade & collect tribute from lesser powers – show power and strength of Chinese empire § 1435 – Zheng He dies § Emperor ends expeditions & bans building of seagoing ships* § Ends overseas exploration § Outside goods inferior**

12. 3 – Korea and Its Traditions Focus: How are Korea’s history and culture linked to those of China and Japan? § Geography* § Korea – peninsula south of Asian mainland* § Mtns. cover 70% § Live along western coastal plains – 5, 400 miles of coastline § Mtns. & Yalu River separate from China § Cultural & technological influence; political control § Pass traditions to Japan

12. 3 – Korea and Its Traditions § Silla Dynasty (668 -935) § Chinese missionaries spread Buddhism § Buddhist temples built

12. 3 – Korea and Its Traditions § Koryo Dynasty* (935 -1392) § Produce Buddhist texts using Chinese woodblock method § Invent movable metal type* § Improve Chinese porcelain § Celadon – porcelain with blue-green glaze*

12. 3 – Korea and Its Traditions § Choson Dynasty* § Last & longest of three dynasties § King Sejong – developed Korean writing system § Hangul – Korean phonetic alphabet; uses symbols to represent sounds of spoken Korean* § Easier to use than Chinese § **high literacy rate – percentage of people who can read or write*

12. 3 – Korea and Its Traditions § 1590 s § Japanese invade China by way of Korea – 6 years § Return to Japan – introduce Korean skills

12. 4 – The Emergence of Japan and the Feudal Age Focus: What internal and external factors shaped Japan’s civilization, and what characterized Japan’s feudal age? § Geography of Japan* § Archipelago – chain of islands* § 100 miles off Asian mainland § East of Korea § 4 main islands § Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku

12. 4 –Emergence of Japan and the Feudal Age § Geography § Seas – isolate and protect* § Accept or reject influences – preserve identity* § Thriving fishing industry § Trade routes § Ring of Fire – chain of volcanoes that encircle the Pacific Ocean § Tsunamis – underwater earthquake which creates deadly tidal waves*

12. 4 – The Emergence of Japan and the Feudal Age § Traditions § Yamato Clan (500) – first & only dynasty § Shinto – the worship of the forces of nature* § Honor kami – superior powers that are natural or divine § Language § Related to Korean § Kana – phonetic symbols representing syllables*

12. 4 – The Emergence of Japan and the Feudal Age § Japanese visit China § Nobles sent to study – introduce Chinese ideas to Japan § Centralized govn’t – bureaucracy § Chinese fashion, pottery, food, music, pagoda, Buddhism § Selective Borrowing – adopting some cultural traits while discarding others* § Example: reject Chinese civil service system – jobs based on status

12. 4 – The Emergence of Japan and the Feudal Age Warriors Establish Feudalism § Emperor § § top of feudal society powerless* - represents govn’t § Shogun* § Supreme military commander* § Holds real power* § Local warlords battle for control of countryside § Loyal to local lord – not central govn’t

12. 4 – The Emergence of Japan and the Feudal Age § Shogun § Gives land to warrior lords – daimyo* § Warrior lords § Give land to lesser warriors § samurai “those who serve”* § Follow bushido “way of the warrior” – code of values*

Feudal Society § Peasants – 75% of population § Crops § Foot soldiers § Merchants – lowest status

12. 4 – The Emergence of Japan and the Feudal Age Tokugawa Shogunate* (1600 – 1868) § Strengthened central govn’t – unified society – end to feudal warfare* § Control of Daimyo* § Required to live in Edo (capital) every other year* § Wife & children stay in Edo full time § Samurai § Military § Govn’t jobs § Peasants § Remain on land

12. 4 – The Emergence of Japan and the Feudal Age § Peace restored § Economy expands § Food surplus – population rise § Trade – new roads, cities grow

12. 4 – The Emergence of Japan and the Feudal Age Zen Buddhism § Zen – emphasized self-reliance, meditation, and devotion to duty*

12. 4 – The Emergence of Japan and the Feudal Age Artistic Traditions Change § Noh – plays performed on square wooden stage with no scenery § Kabuki – drama; historical events, moral conflicts, love relationships*

12. 5 – Diverse Cultures of Southeast Asia Focus: How was Southeast Asia affected by the cultures of both China and India? Southeast Asia – Geography* § Located between China & India* § influence § Mtns. Separate from mainland & divide river valleys § 2 regions: § Mainland: Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, part of Malaysia § Islands: 20, 000 including Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei, and the Philippines

Trade § Monsoons shape trade in southern seas § All sea trade b/w India & China had to pass through* § Between seasons – harbor boats in SE ports § Key product – spices* Traditions § § § Diverse, isolated villages Women – greater equality* Matrilineal descent was accepted custom

12. 5 – Diverse Cultures of Southeast Asia Culture § Indian beliefs – widespread acceptance § Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam* § Writing, mathematics, architecture, art

12. 5 – Diverse Cultures of Southeast Asia Vietnam* § China conquers north – Annam § Red River Delta § Rice paddies – fields* § Provide food for population § Adopt § § § Chinese civil service system Chinese language Chinese religion – Buddhism, Daoism § Vietnam Identity § 939 – Tang Dynasty collapsed § Break from China – remain tributary state