CIVILIZATION AND CIVILIZATION PRODUCTS BEFORE PRESENT CIVILIZATION and

CIVILIZATION AND CIVILIZATION PRODUCTS BEFORE PRESENT CIVILIZATION and PRODUCTS DAY 2600. 103 -2000. 103 Stone tools. In Africa. Homo Habilis. year 1400. 103 year Use of fire. In Africa. Homo Erektus. 200. 103 year The devolopment of language. Homo Sapiens. 100. 103 yıl Amulet. Fitted graves. Homo Sapiens. 50. 103 year 35. 103 year Cosmetic. In France. Body paints made with yellow geotite and red hematite. Trade routes. Between Poland Czechoslovakia. 35. 103 year Calendar. In France. Lunar calendar. 30. 103 year Couning. 29. 103 year Ceramic. In Czechoslovakia. Clay oven. 25. 103 year Clothings. In Moscow. Jackets and pants sewn with needle and thread. 1

CIVILIZATION AND CIVILIZATION PRODUCTS BEFORE PRESENT CIVILIZATION and PRODUCTS DAY 20. 103 year Prehistoric cave paintings. 20. 103 year Bow and arrow. In North Africa and Spain. 18. 103 year Domestication of goat. In Palestine. 17. 103 year Oil lamp and rope. In France. 14. 103 year Fish net. In Baltic coat. 11. 103 year Domestication of sheep. 10, 6. 103 year Village-bostan. In Jerusalem. 10. 103 year Yeasting. 10. 103 year Grain cultivation. 10. 103 - 3. 103 year Neolithic age. 2

CIVILIZATION AND CIVILIZATION PRODUCTS BEFORE PRESENT CIVILIZATION and PRODUCTS DAY 9. 103 year Pottery from terra-cotta. 8, 8. 103 year City. In Çatalhöyük. About 5. 000 people. 8. 103 year Use of linen yarn. 7. 103 year Obtaininig copper metal from malachite mineral. In Afghanistan. Corn plant cultivation. 7. 103 year 6, 5. 103 year Hwang Ho (Yellow river) civilization in China. 6, 2. 103 year Sumerian civilization in Mesopotamia. 6. 103 year Development of plow. 6. 103 year Domestication of horse. Use of gold, silver, lead metals. Bronze age. 5, 5. 103 – 3, 4. 103 year 3

CIVILIZATION AND CIVILIZATION PRODUCTS BEFORE PRESENT CIVILIZATION and PRODUCTS DAY 5, 5. 103 – 3, 5. 103 Development of civilizations in the river basins. year 5, 5. 103 year Obtaining tin metal. 5, 5. 103 year Use of wheeled cars. 5, 5. 103 year Development of number systems. 5, 5. 103 year Production of glass beads. In Egypt. 5, 1. 103 year Development of writing. In Mesopotamia. 5. 103 year 3, 4. 103 year Glorious myth. Use of iron metal. Iron age. 4

EARLY CIVILIZATIONS Ø The first widespread agriculture and craft regions on earth; The basins of the great streams such as Euphrates, Tigris, Nile, Ganges, Indus and Yellow rivers. Ø As the river floods in the valleys provide permanent agriculture in fertile soils, nomadic migrants settled in these regions and reached a social structure different from the previous ones. 5

MESOPOTAMIA • There is no doubt that the origins of the prevailing civilization are the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle Eastern civilizations covering Mesopotamia, Egypt, Asia Minor and Greece. • In Mesopotamia, the first civilization products were found in the basins of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers of the nomadic communities of Asian origin. It was seen in the Sumerian-Akad kingdoms that they founded in 4000 years. 6

EGYPT • BC In 4000, they used gold, silver, lead, and copper metals, making ceramic pots and glazing their outer surfaces. • BC In 3400, during the First Dynasty period, they used tin and bronze items, they made jewelry from precious stones, found fermentation, produced wine and beer, and knew tanning of animal skins. 7

In the Akkadian - Chaldean Civilizations, seven metals are identified with various concepts: Symbol Metal Planet Day Other Au Sunday God-King-Yellow ℂ Ag Moon Monday Goddess-Queen. White ♂ Fe Mars Tuesday-Mardi War God ¤ Hg Mercury Wednesday-Mercredi Hermes. Messenger-Grey ц Sn Jupiter Thursday-Donnerstag Lightning ♀ Cu Venus Friday-Vendredi Red-Life ђ Pb Saturn Saturday Black-Cold 8

ANCIENT EGYPT CHEMISTRY Ø The sources of information about ancient Egyptian chemistry are archaeological findings, found objects in tombs and colored wall paintings, hieroglyphics, manuscripts, etc. Ø The most important sources are wall paintings in the graves. The Egyptians believed in the resurrection of the physical body and the inability of the soul. For this reason, they would decorate their graves with pictures of domestic and social life. 9

Pottery, Glaze and Faience • Initially, the formed earthenware was dried in the sun without baking and thus no chemical changes were made. Later on, when the chemical water connected to clay was found to be heated, the clay ware was started to be produced by baking in the oven and glazed. The faiences were made in all colors. The most common ones were blue and green colored and they were made as imitations of lapis lazuli and malahit. 10

Glazier's Work Humans, used in the nature and known as Obsidian = Volcano glass, sputtered cooler material used as sharp axes and knives in stone age. Ø Egypt (B. C. ~3400) glass beads. Ø (B. C. 1550) glass vases of III. Tutmosis. Ø (B. C. ~1400 -1370) glass production. Ø Mesopotamia (B. C. ~3500 -3000) glass glaze. Ø (B. C. 2500) Tell Amarna glass production plants. 11

Glazier's Work Desired Color Additive White (transparent) Nothing White (opaque) Tin oxide Dark blue Cobalt salt Light blue Copper and iron salt Greenish blue Copper salt Green Copper salt Red (opaque) Red copper oxide Yellow Antimony and lead; copper and manganese salt Black Copper and manganese or iron salt Purpura (purple) Manganese salt 12

Precious Stone Ø The old people found the rice (copper zinc alloy, yellow mine) while trying to turn the copper into gold. Ø When they were trying to make blue turquoise or navy blue, they found a glaze, and that material eventually became a glass. Ø The art of painting and glaze in Ancient Egypt and the art of making precious stones were also developed. 13

Metals and Mining Ø Gold can be found in nature as pure, but may contain a small amount of silver, copper and iron. Ø Generally, the gold alloy containing 30 -45% silver was called asem or electrum and was highly valued. Egyptians preferred electrum to silver; Because electrum material was very well polished and not dull. 14

Fermentation Products • Milk: Cheese, yogurt and etc. has been known since ancient times. • Wine: Obtained from grape, date palm and palm plants in Egypt. The waters of the oppressed fruits were fermented in jars and bottled in jugs, and their mouths were covered with clay, plaster or black gum. Often used as a rich drink. • Beer: This drink, commonly used as a folk drink, is made of hops. 15

Leather Trade • Egyptians knew how to tan the raw skin, making it very thin and durable. For this purpose, acacia seed husk, thuja extract and acorn bark were used. • The skins were stored and protected with the help of the sap obtained from the plants and cleaned by scraping with specially shaped copper knives. • Fine skins were painted in red, yellow and green. The white leather was used as parchment in writing. 16

Sulphur and Sal Ammoniac • Sulphur: Sulphur was known by Egyptians since ancient times. As noted in the «Ebers Papyrus» , sulphur was widely used in medicine. • Sal Ammoniac: The smoke from the dung burned in the camel caravans of the temple of Ammon creates white crystals on the ceilings. These are called Ammon salt (= Sal Ammonia). 17

Medications • Preparation: Physical methods; Crushing, Grinding, Boiling, Extracting, Shaking, Washing, Solving. • ALUM [KAl(SO 4). 12 H 2 O]: For the prevention of minor bleeding, such as nasal bleeding; Used as mouthwash and bandages. • HENBANE: It is used to reduce tooth pain. Contains thiocyanamine (= daturin). [C 17 H 23 NO 3] • MANDRAGORA AUTUMNALİS : It is used in emotion confusion. Contains scopolamine (= Hiosine = Atroskin). [C 17 H 21 NO 4] 18

Poisons • HEMLOCK EXTRACT: (= Wild celery = Conium Maculatum) In addition to conein [C 8 H 17 N] alkaloid, it contains Konisein, Konhidrin, Methyl cone and Apple acid. It was used in the execution of Socrates. The amount of 6 mg is lethal. • NUXVOMİCA EXTRACT : Striknin alkaloid [C 21 H 22 N 2 O 2] contains. Very toxic. LD 50=0, 96 mg/kg 19

Paints • Animal origins TYRIAN (SUR) PURPLE: The dye known as the port city in Lebanon was obtained from a sea snail named Murex Brandaris. Approximately 10000 insects can be supplied with 1 kg paint. The dyestuff [6, 6′-Dibromindigo] is red-bud colored. It is expensive, but can be used for nobles' clothes. It is forbidden for the public to use clothes made from dyes that are dyed with this dye. 20

Cosmetics • Animal support material • LANOLEİN: It is the part of the wool that is boiled in the boilers and passes into the water after being treated with sea water. Kneading is a mixture of cholesterol and esters which are purified by filtration, melting steps and bleached in the sun. • Herbal support material • Olive Oil, Sesame Oil, Almond Oil, Walnut Oil, Rose Oil • Fruits and seeds are pressed and the leaves are extracted with cold or hot extracts. 21

INDIAN CHEMISTRY • Veda’s: B. C. 3000 – 1000 they are scriptures of religious and philosophical texts collected between 3000 -1000. Ø Gold: Hiranya (=Yellow) Ø Silver: Rajata (=White) Ø İron: Krishnayas (=Black) Ø Cupper: Lohitayas (=Red) • It was thought that gold was the elixir of life, and the bullet was a war charm. 22

CHINA CHEMISTRY Basic elements and the properties that matched them in Old China ELEMENTS Wood Fire Metal Water Soil East South West North Center SEASONS Spring Summer Autumn Winter All COLORS Green Red White Black Yellow MERITS Goodness Suitability Justice Good intention Wisdom DIRECTIONS 23