Chapter 13 The Spread of Civilization Japan Korea

Chapter 13: The Spread of Civilization Japan, Korea, Vietnam Ms. Sheets and Professor Hopkins AP World History

Japan: The Imperial Age • Japanese rulers want to build a Chinese-style society • Taika, Nara and Heian periods (7 th to 9 th centuries) • Tremendous borrowing from China • Courts who lost political control to powerful aristocratic families and Buddhist monks • Taika reforms, 646 • Copy Chinese style of rule • Try to develop bureaucracy • Try to establish large peasant based conscript army

Crisis at Nara and the Shift to Heian (Kyoto) • Emperor Kammu moves capital from Nara to Heian (Kyoto), 794, try to gain a fresh start • Buddhists forbidden to build monasteries • Abandons Taika reforms • Aristocracy restored to power

Failure of Taika Reforms Failure of import strong state model of Chinese dynasty Heian Era was courtier’s dream Both Buddhist monestaries and aristocratic families encouraged this failure This allows regional warlords/families to establish local control with little resistance

Failure of Taika Reforms (cont. ) Japanese geography as well encouraged political decentralization Weak state model/Emperor puppet Rise of bushi or local lords and kingdoms Evolution towards Japanese feudalism Rise of Samurai culture/Bushido Declining influence of China and Chinese culture Aristocratic families like Fujiwara had to rely on alliances with regional warlords 300 feudal kingdoms run by daimyo

Evolution of Japanese Zen Buddhism A Buddhist current uniquely Japanese Focuses on simplicity and harmony with nature Zen Buddhist gardens Areas for quiet contemplation

Ryoan –Ji Garden (Kyoto)

Kinkakuji (Golden Pavilion)

Court Life in the Heian Era • Heian court culture, extremely refined • Codes of behavior • Aesthetic enjoyment and luxurious delights • Poetry, written on fans or scented paper • Women and men take part in outpouring of literary production • Lady Murasaki, Tale of Genji

The Decline of Imperial Power • Fujiwara family • Dominate government and shape policies • Marry into imperial family • Cooperate with Buddhists • Elite cult within Buddhism

Rise of the Provincial Warrior Elite • Regional lords (bushi) • Fortress bases on their land • Semi-independent, ruled forts • Samurai begin as loyal to bushi • Warrior class emerges • Martial arts esteemed • Special code stresses family honor and death rather than defeat • Seppuku or hari-kiri • Peasants lose status, freedom, treated as property of local lord • Turn to salvationist Buddhism

The Era of Warrior Dominance • Provincial lords’ power grows • Imperial house and aristocracy decline • By 11 th/12 th c. , provincial families dominate, are in control at court (Taira, Minamoto clans) • Declining influence of China as Japanese imperial house weakens • 838, Japanese embassies to Tang China stopped • Gempei Wars in Honshu (main island) • Battle between Taira and Minamoto clans • 1185, Minamoto victorious and control court • Minamoto establish Bakufu, feudal military government/dictatorship • Kamakura, capital called Kamakura regime

The Breakdown of Bakufu Dominance and the Age of the Warlords • Yoritomo, Minamoto shogun (military leader of bakufu) • Assassinates relatives • Death brings succession struggle • Hojo family, alligned with Minamoto, dominate Kamakura regime • Real power rests in Hojo family • Hojo manipulated Minamoto shoguns • Minamoto claimed to rule in the name of Kyoto emperor • Ashikaga Takuaji, a Minamoto, overthrows Kamakura rule in 14 th c. • Ashikaga Shogunate established • Collapse of centralized authority • 1467 -1477, civil war among Ashikaga factions • 300 small kingdoms, ruled by warlords (daimyo)

Violence and Solace • Chivalry of Bushi era deteriorates • Era of barbarism emerges • Military division and social change • Peasant violence • Warfare becomes more brutal • Battles determined more by size and organization of warlord’s forces, than the outcome of samurai combat • Economic and cultural growth • Daimyo support commerce • Increase in trade • Art and Zen Buddhism (simplicity) • Mimic monochrome Chinese style • Screen and scroll paintings • Show natural beauty of Japan

Korea • Ruled by indigenous dynasties for most of its history, but most greatly influenced by China • Ancestors from Siberia, Manchuria, begin farming (4 th c. ) • Tang Alliances and the Conquest of Korea • 109 BCE, Choson kingdom conquered by Han • Koguryo people resist Chinese dominance • Establish independent state in the northern half • Sinification increases after fall of Han (adopt Chinese culture) • Buddhism an important vehicle (artists, monasteries) • Chinese writing, Chinese law code • Three Korean kingdoms: Koguryo, Paekche, Silla

Korea, cont. • The Sinification of Korean Elite Culture • Silla capital, Kumsong, copied Tang cities • Buddhism favored over Confucianism • Aristocracy most influenced by Chinese culture • Koryo (same as Koguryo, changes its name) Collapse, Dynastic Renewal • Revolts caused by labor, tax burdens • Weaken Silla, Koryo governments • 1231, Mongol invasion, followed by turmoil • 1392, Yi dynasty founded, lasts until 1910 • Restored aristocratic dominance

The Making of Vietnam • Chinese push south to Red River Valley • Viets retain distinctiveness • Qin raid into Vietnam, 220 s BCE • Commerce increased • Viets conquer Red River lords • Merge with Mon-Khmer and Tai peoples • Important formation of Vietnamese as distinct ethnic group • Culture distinct from China • Women generally have higher status in family and in society • Conquest and Sinification • Han expand (dissatisfied with Viet tribute), Vietnam becomes a tributary from 111 BCE, direct control • Chinese culture systematically introduced

The Making of Vietnam, cont. • Culture of anti-Chinese resistance develops • Resistance from aristocracy, peasants • Women participate • 39 CE, Revolt of Trung sisters • Winning independence and continuing Chinese influences • Distance from China helps resistance • Independence by 939 until 19 th century • Le Dynasty (Vietnamese dynasty, 980 -1009), using Chinese-style bureaucracy

Museum to the Vietnamese Revolution (Hanoi)

Vietnamese Drive to the South • Khmer, Chams (groups who occupy lowland regions) • Viets want this land • Defeated by Viets • From 11 th-18 th centuries, Viets expand into Mekong delta region • Expansion and Division • Hanoi, far from frontiers • Cultural divisions develop following intermarriage with Chams, Khmers • Nguyen dynasty • Capital at Hue, by late 1500 s • Challenge Trinh family in North • Rivalry until 18 th century • Leaves Vietnamese oblivious to outside threat: French and Catholic Church

Chapter 13 Homework Questions • Compare the role of the elites in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam in the process of Sinification. • How did borrowing from China evolve Japan along their own political and cultural traditions? • How did the Tokugawa warlord family come to power after years of civil war? • How did Korea develop a separate identity after repeated Chinese interventions? • After benefitting from borrowing from the Chinese, how did Vietnam develop their own identity despite intervention from the Han dynasty?