23 PART 1 The Digestive System Pages 676

Overview of the Digestive System • Organs are divided into two groups • Alimentary

The Alimentary Canal and Accessory Digestive Organs Mouth (oral cavity) Tongue Esophagus Liver Parotid

Digestive Processes • Ingestion—occurs in the mouth • Propulsion—movement of food • Peristalsis—major means

Digestive Processes • Chemical digestion—complex molecules broken down to chemical components • Mouth •

Digestive Processes Ingestion Mechanical digestion • Chewing (mouth) • Churning (stomach) • Segmentation (small

Peristalsis • Major means of propulsion • Adjacent segments of the alimentary canal relax

Segmentation • Rhythmic local contractions of the intestine • Mixes food with digestive juices

The Peritoneal Cavity and Peritoneum • Peritoneum—a serous membrane • Visceral peritoneum—surrounds digestive organs

The Peritoneal Cavity and Peritoneum • Mesentery—a double layer of peritoneum • Holds organs

The Peritoneal Cavity and Peritoneum Abdominopelvic Liver cavity Alimentary canal organ Ventral mesentery Alimentary

The Peritoneal Cavity and Peritoneum • Retroperitoneal organs • Behind the peritoneum • Peritoneal

Mesenteries • Superficial view of abdominal organs Falciform ligament Liver Gallbladder Spleen Stomach Ligamentum

Mesenteries • Lesser omentum attaches to lesser curvature of stomach Liver Gallbladder Lesser omentum

Mesenteries • Greater omentum —a “fatty apron” of peritoneum • Greater omentum and transverse

Mesenteries • Sagittal section through the abdominopelvic cavity • Mesenteries attach to posterior abdominal

Secondarily Retroperitoneal Organs • Initially formed within peritoneum • Become retroperitoneal • Fuse to

Summary of Intraperitoneal and Secondarily Retroperitoneal Organs © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 23.

Histology of the Alimentary Canal Wall • Same four layers from esophagus to anus

Histology of the Alimentary Canal Intrinsic nerve plexuses Myenteric nerve plexus Submucosal nerve plexus

Histology of the Alimentary Canal Wall • The muscularis externa—external to the submucosa •

Histology of the Alimentary Canal Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis externa Serosa (b) Light micrograph cross

Smooth Muscle • Primarily found in walls of viscera • Fibers elongated • Have

Smooth Muscle Longitudinal layer of smooth muscle (shows smooth muscle fibers in cross section,

The Salivary Glands • Produce saliva • Parotid glands • Parotid duct—parallel to zygomatic

Figure 23. 15 The major salivary glands. Tongue Teeth Ducts of sublingual gland Frenulum

The Pharynx • Oropharynx and laryngopharynx • Passages for air and food • Lined

The Esophagus • Gross anatomy—muscular tube • Begins as a continuation of the pharynx

Diaphragm Xiphoid process of sternum Foramen for inferior vena cava Central tendon of diaphragm

Cardia Fundus Esophagus Serosa Muscularis externa Longitudinal layer Circular layer Oblique layer Body Lumen

The Esophagus • Microscopic anatomy • Epithelium is stratified squamous epithelium • When empty,

Figure 23. 16 Microscopic structure of the esophagus. Mucosa (stratified squamous epithelium) Submucosa (areolar

The Stomach • Site where food is churned into chyme • Secretion of pepsin

The Stomach Cardia Fundus Esophagus Serosa Muscularis externa Longitudinal layer Circular layer Oblique layer

The Stomach Fundus Liver (cut) Body Spleen Lesser curvature Greater curvature (b) © 2014

Microscopic Anatomy of the Stomach • Muscularis has three layers • Circular and longitudinal

Microscopic Anatomy of the Stomach • Gastric glands of fundus and body • Mucous

The Stomach—Microscopic Anatomy Gastric pits Surface epithelium (mucous cells) Mucosa Lamina propria Muscularis Submucosa

Figure 23. 18 Microscopic anatomy of the stomach. Gastric pits Surface epithelium (mucous cells)

The Small Intestine—Gross Anatomy • Longest portion of the alimentary canal • Site of

The Duodenum • Receives digestive enzymes and bile • Main pancreatic duct and common

The Duodenum and Related Organs Right and left hepatic ducts of liver Common hepatic

The Small Intestine—Microscopic Anatomy • Modifications for absorption • Circular folds (plicae circulares) •

Histology of the Intestinal Wall • Absorptive cells • Uptake digested nutrients • Goblet

The Small Intestine—Structural Features Vein carrying blood to hepatic portal vessel Muscle layers Lumen

The Large Intestine • Digested residue contains few nutrients • Small amount of digestion

Gross Anatomy of Large Intestine • Subdivided into • Cecum, vermiform appendix, colon, rectum,

Gross Anatomy of Large Intestine • Cecum • Blind pouch • Beginning of large

Gross Anatomy of Large Intestine • Rectum • Descends along the inferior half of

Gross Anatomy of Large Intestine Left colic (splenic) flexure Transverse colon Transverse mesocolon Epiploic

Gross Anatomy of Large Intestine Rectal valve Rectum Hemorrhoidal veins Levator ani muscle Anal

Microscopic Anatomy of Large Intestine • Villi are absent • Contains numerous goblet cells

Figure 23. 23 The mucosa of the large intestine. Colonocytes Goblet cells Lamina propria

Figure 23. 24 Digestive Processes and Histology of the Alimentary Canal (1 of 2)

Figure 23. 24 Digestive Processes and Histology of the Alimentary Canal (2 of 2)

The Liver • Largest gland in the body • Performs over 500 functions •

The Liver Sternum Nipple Bare area Liver Falciform ligament Left lobe of liver Right

Visceral Surface of the Liver Lesser omentum (in fissure) Caudate lobe of liver Left

Visceral Surface of the Liver Hepatic portal vein Caudate lobe Hepatic veins Inferior vena

Microscopic Anatomy of the Liver • Hepatocyte—functional cells of the liver • Portal triad

Microscopic Anatomy of Liver (a) (b) Lobule Central vein Connective tissue septum Interlobular veins

The Gallbladder • Stores and concentrates bile • Expels bile into duodenum • Bile

The Gallbladder Right and left hepatic ducts of liver Common hepatic duct Cystic duct

Right and left hepatic ducts of liver Common hepatic duct Cystic duct Bile duct

The Pancreas • Exocrine function • Acinar cells make, store, and secrete pancreatic enzymes

Figure 23. 28 The gross and microscopic anatomy of the pancreas. Small duct Diaphragm

Figure 17. 9 Photomicrograph of a pancreatic islet. Pancreas Pancreatic islet (Glucagonproducing) cells (Insulinproducing)

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Overview of the Digestive System • Organs are divided into two groups • Alimentary canal • Mouth, pharynx, and esophagus • Stomach, small intestine, and large intestine • Accessory digestive organs • Teeth and tongue • Gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas • Accessory organs are connected to the alimentary canal by ducts • Secretions contribute to breakdown of foodstuffs © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Alimentary Canal and Accessory Digestive Organs Mouth (oral cavity) Tongue Esophagus Liver Parotid gland Sublingual gland Salivary glands Submandibular gland Pharynx Stomach Pancreas (Spleen) Gallbladder Duodenum Small intestine Jejunum Ileum Anus © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Transverse colon Descending colon Ascending colon Cecum Large intestine Sigmoid colon Rectum Vermiform appendix Anal canal Figure 23. 1

Digestive Processes • Ingestion—occurs in the mouth • Propulsion—movement of food • Peristalsis—major means of propulsion • Mechanical digestion—prepares food for chemical digestion • Chewing, churning food in stomach, segmentation • Segmentation is rhythmic local constrictions of intestine © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Digestive Processes • Chemical digestion—complex molecules broken down to chemical components • Mouth • Stomach • Small intestine • Absorption—transport of digested nutrients • Defecation—elimination of indigestible substances as feces © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Digestive Processes Ingestion Mechanical digestion • Chewing (mouth) • Churning (stomach) • Segmentation (small intestine) Chemical digestion Food Pharynx Esophagus Propulsion • Swallowing (oropharynx) • Peristalsis (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine) Stomach Absorption Lymph vessel Small intestine Large intestine Defecation © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Blood vessel Mainly H 2 O Feces Anus Figure 23. 5

The Peritoneal Cavity and Peritoneum • Peritoneum—a serous membrane • Visceral peritoneum—surrounds digestive organs • Parietal peritoneum—lines the body wall • Peritoneal cavity—a slit-like potential space © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Peritoneal Cavity and Peritoneum • Mesentery—a double layer of peritoneum • Holds organs in place • Sites of fat storage • Provides a route for circulatory vessels and nerves © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Peritoneal Cavity and Peritoneum Abdominopelvic Liver cavity Alimentary canal organ Ventral mesentery Alimentary canal organ in a retroperitoneal position Parietal peritoneum Visceral peritoneum Peritoneal Dorsal Vertebra cavity mesentery (a) Schematic cross sections of abdominal cavity illustrating the peritonea and mesenteries Falciform ligament Anterior Visceral peritoneum Peritoneal cavity (with serous fluid) Stomach Liver Parietal peritoneum Kidney (retroperitoneal) Wall of body trunk (b) Illustration of the peritonea in a cross section through the superior abdomen, inferior view Posterior © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Mesentery resorbed and lost (c) Some organs lose their mesentery and become retroperitoneal during development.

Mesenteries • Superficial view of abdominal organs Falciform ligament Liver Gallbladder Spleen Stomach Ligamentum teres Greater omentum Small intestine Cecum (a) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23. 4

Mesenteries • Lesser omentum attaches to lesser curvature of stomach Liver Gallbladder Lesser omentum Stomach Duodenum Transverse colon Small intestine Cecum Urinary bladder (b) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23. 4

Mesenteries • Greater omentum —a “fatty apron” of peritoneum • Greater omentum and transverse colon reflected Greater omentum Transverse colon Transverse mesocolon Descending colon Jejunum Mesentery Sigmoid mesocolon Sigmoid colon Ileum (c) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23. 4

Mesenteries • Sagittal section through the abdominopelvic cavity • Mesenteries attach to posterior abdominal wall Liver Lesser omentum Pancreas Stomach Duodenum Transverse mesocolon Transverse colon Mesentery Greater omentum Jejunum Ileum Visceral peritoneum Parietal peritoneum Urinary bladder Rectum (d) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Histology of the Alimentary Canal Wall • Same four layers from esophagus to anus • The mucosa—innermost layer • Consists of • Epithelium • Lamina propria • Muscularis mucosae • The submucosa—external to the mucosa • Contains blood and lymphatic vessels, nerve fibers © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Histology of the Alimentary Canal Intrinsic nerve plexuses Myenteric nerve plexus Submucosal nerve plexus Glands in submucosa Mucosa Epithelium Lamina propria Muscularis mucosae Submucosa Muscularis externa Longitudinal muscle Circular muscle Nerve Artery Gland in mucosa Vein Duct of gland outside Lymphatic vessel alimentary canal Serosa Epithelium Connective tissue Lumen Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (a) Longitudinal and cross-sectional views through the small intestine Mesentery © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23. 7 a

Histology of the Alimentary Canal Wall • The muscularis externa—external to the submucosa • Two layers • Circular muscularis—inner layer • Longitudinal muscularis—outer layer • The serosa—the outermost layer • Is the visceral peritoneum © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Smooth Muscle • Primarily found in walls of viscera • Fibers elongated • Have one centrally located nucleus • Grouped into sheets • Longitudinal layer—parallel to long axis of organ • Circular layer—deeper layer, fibers run around circumference of organ © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Smooth Muscle Longitudinal layer of smooth muscle (shows smooth muscle fibers in cross section, 145 ) Small intestine (a) Location and plane of section shown in (b) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Mucosa (b) Cross section of the intestine showing the smooth muscle layers (one circular and the other longitudinal) running at right angles to each other Circular layer of smooth muscle (shows longitudinal views of smooth muscle fibers, 145 ) Figure 23. 8 a, b

The Salivary Glands • Produce saliva • Parotid glands • Parotid duct—parallel to zygomatic arch • Submandibular glands • Lie along medial surface of mandible • Sublingual glands • Lie in floor of oral cavity © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 23. 15 The major salivary glands. Tongue Teeth Ducts of sublingual gland Frenulum of tongue Sublingual gland Mylohyoid muscle (cut) Anterior belly of digastric muscle © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Parotid gland Parotid duct Masseter muscle Body of mandible (cut) Posterior belly of digastric muscle Submandibular duct Submandibular gland

The Pharynx • Oropharynx and laryngopharynx • Passages for air and food • Lined with stratified squamous epithelium • External muscle layer • Consists of superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Esophagus • Gross anatomy—muscular tube • Begins as a continuation of the pharynx • Joins the stomach inferior to the diaphragm • Cardiac sphincter—closes lumen to prevent stomach acid from entering esophagus © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Diaphragm Xiphoid process of sternum Foramen for inferior vena cava Central tendon of diaphragm Foramen for esophagus-esophageal hiatus Costal cartilage Diaphragm Foramen for aorta Lumbar vertebra 12 th rib Quadratus lumborum Psoas major (b) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 11. 13 b

Cardia Fundus Esophagus Serosa Muscularis externa Longitudinal layer Circular layer Oblique layer Body Lumen Lesser curvature Rugae of mucosa Greater curvature Duodenum (a) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Pyloric canal Pyloric sphincter (valve) at pylorus Pyloric antrum Figure 23. 17 a

The Esophagus • Microscopic anatomy • Epithelium is stratified squamous epithelium • When empty, mucosa and submucosa in longitudinal folds • Mucous glands—extends from submucosa to lumen • Muscularis externa • Skeletal muscle first third of length • Adventitia—most external layer © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 23. 16 Microscopic structure of the esophagus. Mucosa (stratified squamous epithelium) Submucosa (areolar connective tissue) Esophagusstomach junction Lumen Muscularis externa Circular layer Longitudinal layer Simple columnar epithelium of stomach Adventitia (fibrous connective tissue) Cross section through esophagus (3 ) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Esophagus-stomach junction, longitudinal section (85 )

The Stomach • Site where food is churned into chyme • Secretion of pepsin begins protein digestion • Functions under acidic conditions • Food remains in stomach approximately 4 hours • Regions of the stomach • Cardiac region • Fundus • Body • Pyloric region © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Stomach Cardia Fundus Esophagus Serosa Muscularis externa Longitudinal layer Circular layer Oblique layer Body Lumen Lesser curvature Rugae of mucosa Greater curvature Duodenum (a) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Pyloric canal Pyloric sphincter (valve) at pylorus Pyloric antrum Figure 23. 17 a

Microscopic Anatomy of the Stomach • Muscularis has three layers • Circular and longitudinal layers and oblique layer • Epithelium is simple columnar epithelium • Mucosa dotted with gastric pits • Gastric glands—deep to gastric pits © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Microscopic Anatomy of the Stomach • Gastric glands of fundus and body • Mucous neck cells • Secrete a special mucus • Parietal (oxyntic) cells • Secrete hydrochloric acid and gastric intrinsic factor • Chief (zymogenic) cells • Secrete pepsinogen • Pepsinogen is activated to pepsin when it encounters acid in the gastric glands © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Stomach—Microscopic Anatomy Gastric pits Surface epithelium (mucous cells) Mucosa Lamina propria Muscularis Submucosa (contains mucosae submucosal plexus) Oblique layer Gastric pit Circular layer Muscularis externa (contains myenteric Longitudinal plexus) layer Serosa Stomach wall (a) Layers of the stomach wall, longitudinal section Pepsinogen HCl Pepsin Mucous neck cells Parietal cell Gastric gland Mitochondria Parietal cell Chief cell Enteroendocrine cell (b) Enlarged view of gastric pits and gastric glands (c) Location of the HCl-producing parietal cells and pepsin-secreting chief cells in a gastric gland © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23. 18

Figure 23. 18 Microscopic anatomy of the stomach. Gastric pits Surface epithelium (mucous cells) Gastric pit Surface epithelium Mucous neck cells Parietal cell Mucosa Gastric gland Lamina propria Submucosa (contains submucosal plexus) Muscularis externa (contains myenteric plexus) Serosa Chief cell Muscularis mucosae Oblique layer Enteroendocrine cell Pepsinogen Enlarged view of gastric pits and gastric glands Circular layer Longitudinal layer HCl Pepsin Mitochondria Parietal cell Stomach wall Layers of the stomach wall, longitudinal section Gastric pits Mucus-secreting cells Surface mucous cell Mucous neck cells HCl-secreting parietal cells Gastric gland Enzyme-secreting chief cells Muscularis mucosae Micrograph of the stomach mucosa, view similar to part (b) (110 ) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Chief cell Enteroendocrine cell Location of the HCl-producing parietal cells and pepsin-secreting chief cells in a gastric gland

The Small Intestine—Gross Anatomy • Longest portion of the alimentary canal • Site of most enzymatic digestion and absorption • Three subdivisions • Duodenum • Jejunum • Ileum © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Duodenum and Related Organs Right and left hepatic ducts of liver Common hepatic duct Cystic duct Bile duct and sphincter Accessory pancreatic duct Mucosa with folds Gallbladder Major duodenal papilla Hepatopancreatic ampulla and Duodenum sphincter © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Tail of pancreas Pancreas Jejunum Main pancreatic duct and sphincter Head of pancreas Figure 23. 19

The Small Intestine—Microscopic Anatomy • Modifications for absorption • Circular folds (plicae circulares) • Transverse ridges of mucosa and submucosa • Villi • Finger-like projections of the mucosa • Covered with simple columnar epithelium • Microvilli • Further increase surface area for absorption © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Histology of the Intestinal Wall • Absorptive cells • Uptake digested nutrients • Goblet cells • Secrete mucus that lubricates chyme • Enteroendocrine cells • Secrete hormones • Intestinal crypts • Epithelial cells secrete intestinal juice © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Small Intestine—Structural Features Vein carrying blood to hepatic portal vessel Muscle layers Lumen Microvilli (brush border) Circular folds Absorptive cells Villi Lacteal Goblet cell Blood capillaries (a) (b) Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue Intestinal crypt Muscularis mucosae Duodenal gland Absorptive cells Vilus Goblet cells Villi Enteroendocrine cells Venule Lymphatic vessel Submucosa (c) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Intestinal crypt Figure 23. 20

Gross Anatomy of Large Intestine • Subdivided into • Cecum, vermiform appendix, colon, rectum, anal canal • Special features of large intestine • Teniae coli • Thickening of longitudinal muscularis • Haustra • Puckering created by teniae coli • Epiploic appendages • Fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Gross Anatomy of Large Intestine • Cecum • Blind pouch • Beginning of large intestine • Vermiform appendix • Contains lymphoid tissue • Neutralizes pathogens • Colon • Divided into distinct segments • Ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Gross Anatomy of Large Intestine • Rectum • Descends along the inferior half of the sacrum • Anal canal • The last subdivision of the large intestine • Lined with stratified squamous epithelium © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Gross Anatomy of Large Intestine Left colic (splenic) flexure Transverse colon Transverse mesocolon Epiploic appendages Superior mesenteric artery Descending colon Right colic (hepatic) flexure Haustrum Ascending colon IIeum Cut edge of mesentery IIeocecal valve Teniae coli Sigmoid colon Cecum Vermiform appendix Rectum Anal canal External anal sphincter (a) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23. 21 a

Gross Anatomy of Large Intestine Rectal valve Rectum Hemorrhoidal veins Levator ani muscle Anal canal External anal sphincter Internal anal sphincter Anal columns Anal valves Pectinate line Anal sinuses Anus (b) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23. 21 b

Microscopic Anatomy of Large Intestine • Villi are absent • Contains numerous goblet cells • Intestinal crypts with many goblet cells • Lined with simple columnar epithelial tissue • Epithelium changes at anal canal • Becomes stratified squamous epithelium © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Visceral Surface of the Liver Lesser omentum (in fissure) Caudate lobe of liver Left lobe of liver Porta hepatis containing hepatic artery (left) and hepatic portal vein (right) Quadrate lobe of liver Ligamentum teres Bare area Sulcus for inferior vena cava Hepatic vein (cut) Bile duct (cut) Right lobe of liver Gallbladder (a) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23. 26

Visceral Surface of the Liver Hepatic portal vein Caudate lobe Hepatic veins Inferior vena cava Bare area Left lobe Ligamentum venosum in fissure Porta hepatis Right hepatic artery Left hepatic artery Right hepatic duct Left hepatic duct Cystic duct Common hepatic duct Gallbladder Fissure (b) Falciform ligament Ligamentum teres © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Right lobe Quadrate lobe Figure 23. 26

Microscopic Anatomy of the Liver • Hepatocyte—functional cells of the liver • Portal triad composed of • Bile duct • Branch of hepatic portal vein • Branch of hepatic artery • Kupffer cells (hepatic macrophages)— destroy bacteria © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Microscopic Anatomy of Liver (a) (b) Lobule Central vein Connective tissue septum Interlobular veins (to hepatic vein) Central vein Sinusoids Bile canaliculi Plates of hepatocytes Bile duct (receives bile from bile canaliculi) Fenestrated lining (endothelial cells) of sinusoids Hepatic macrophages in sinusoid walls Bile duct Portal venule Portal arteriole Portal triad Portal vein (c) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 23. 27

The Gallbladder • Stores and concentrates bile • Expels bile into duodenum • Bile emulsifies fats • Cholecystokinin—released from enteroendocrine cells in response to fatty chyme © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Gallbladder Right and left hepatic ducts of liver Common hepatic duct Cystic duct Bile duct and sphincter Accessory pancreatic duct Mucosa with folds Gallbladder Major duodenal papilla Hepatopancreatic ampulla and Duodenum sphincter © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Tail of pancreas Pancreas Jejunum Main pancreatic duct and sphincter Head of pancreas Figure 23. 19

Right and left hepatic ducts of liver Common hepatic duct Cystic duct Bile duct and sphincter Accessory pancreatic duct Mucosa with folds Gallbladder Major duodenal papilla Hepatopancreatic ampulla and Duodenum sphincter © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Tail of pancreas Pancreas Jejunum Main pancreatic duct and sphincter Head of pancreas Figure 23. 19

The Pancreas • Exocrine function • Acinar cells make, store, and secrete pancreatic enzymes • Enzymes are activated in the duodenum • Endocrine function • Produces insulin and glucagon • Regulates blood sugar © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 23. 28 The gross and microscopic anatomy of the pancreas. Small duct Diaphragm Acinar cell Liver Basement membrane Spleen Zymogen granules Pancreas Tail Body Head Duct cell Rough endoplasmic reticulum One acinus Illustration of the pancreatic acinar cells Duodenum Dissection illustrating the pancreas and its relationship to surrounding organs in the superior abdomen Acinar cells Pancreatic duct Photomicrograph of the exocrine acinar cells of the pancreas (130 ) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

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