Chapter 23 The Transformation of Europe Copyright 2015

Chapter 23 The Transformation of Europe Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 1

Register for AP Exam n n Must register by Wednesday, October 30 Be sure that you have registered for class on college board Bring Cafeteria Services letter if eligible Pay in the Main office, ask for Ms. Hom q Make checks payable to Deer Valley High School Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 2

Warmup n n Crash course: Columbian exchange https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=HQPA 5 o. Npf M 4 q q Identify six notes, one way that the Columbian exchange impacted each of the major themes. Have homework out on your desk to be checked, be sure to pick up a copy of chapter 23 and 24 terms. Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 3

The Protestant Reformation n Roman Catholic church practices attacked by Martin Luther (1483– 1546), 1517 q n Ninety-Five Theses rapidly reproduced with new printing technology q n n Indulgences: preferential pardons for charitable donors Johannes Gutenberg (ca. 1395– 1468) Excommunicated by Pope Leo X in 1520 s– 1530 s, dissent spread throughout Germany and Switzerland Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 4

Roots of Reform n n Church’s political involvement, wealth, power fostered greed and corruption Church faced criticism q Demand for more personal involvement with the divine Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 5

Martin Luther’s expanded critique q q q Closure of monasteries Translations of Bible into vernacular End to priestly authority, especially the pope n n n German princes interested q n “Justification by faith alone” Return to biblical text for authority Opportunities for assertion of local control Support for reform spread throughout Germany Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 6

John Calvin (1509– 1564) n n Initiator of even more influential Reformation in France and French-speaking Switzerland Organized Protestant community in Geneva q n n Worked to impose strict code of morality, discipline Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) Differed from Luther q Doctrine of predestination Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 7

CFU n n What was the cause, and what was the effect of the protestant reformation? Identify two influential leaders in this movement. Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 8

The English Reformation n n Took place for political and religious reasons Conflict between King Henry VIII (r. 1509– 1547) and pope over king’s requested divorce q q q Severed relations with Roman church Established Anglican church Successors replaced Roman Catholic with Protestant doctrines and rituals Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 9

The Catholic Reformation n Reaction of Roman Catholic church q n n Refinement of doctrine, missionary activities to Protestants, attempts to renew spiritual activity Council of Trent (1545– 1563), periodic meetings to discuss reform Society of Jesus (Jesuits) founded by St. Ignatius Loyola (1491– 1556) q q Rigorous religious and secular education Effective missionaries Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 10

CFU n n Identify the purpose of the Catholic reformation. Evaluate the extent to which the Protestant Reformation led to violence in Europe. Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 11

Witch Hunts n n n Most prominent in regions of tension between Catholics and Protestants Late fifteenth-century development in belief in devil and human assistants Sixteenth to seventeenth centuries, approximately 110, 000 people put on trial; 45, 000 put to death q q Vast majority females, usually single, widowed Held accountable for crop failures, miscarriages, etc. Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 12

Religious Wars n n Protestants and Roman Catholics fought in France (1562– 1598) 1588, Philip II of Spain attacked England to force return to Catholicism q n English destroyed Spanish Armada Netherlands rebelled against Spain, gained independence by 1610 Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 13

The Thirty Years’ War (1618– 1648) n n Attempt by the Holy Roman emperor to force Bohemians to return to Roman Catholic church All of Europe became involved in conflict q n n Political, economic issues involved Loser: German States q n Principal battleground: Germany Approximately one-third of German population destroyed Winners of Thirty Years War: England, France Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 14

The Attempted Revival of Empire n Attempts of Emperor Charles V (r. 1519– 1556) to revive Holy Roman Empire as center of Europe q q Through marriage, political alliances Ultimately failed n n q q Protestant Reformation provided cover for local princes to assert greater independence Foreign opposition from France, Ottoman empire Unlike China, India, Ottoman empire, Europe did not develop as single empire; rather, as individual states Charles V abdicated to monastery in Spain Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 15

Sixteenth-Century Europe Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 16

The New Monarchs n n Italy well-developed as economic power through trade, manufacturing, finance Yet England, France, and Spain surged ahead in sixteenth century with innovative new tax revenues q England: Henry VIII n q Fines and fees for royal services; confiscated monastic holdings France: Louis XI, Francis I n New taxes on sales, salt trade Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 17

The Spanish Inquisition n n Founded by Fernando and Isabel in 1478 Original task: search for secret practitioners of Judaism or Islam, later search for Protestants q n Spread to Spanish holdings outside Iberian peninsula in western hemisphere Imprisonment, executions q q Intimidated nobles who might have considered Protestantism Archbishop of Toledo imprisoned, 1559– 1576 Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 18

CFU n n Explain the scale of destruction caused by the 30 years war. Describe the long term impact of the Inquisition. Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 19

English Constitutional Government n n Constitutional government: Government whose power is defined and limited by law. Parliament: Elected English legislature (lawmakers). q Gave approval for actions requested by king or queen. Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 20

English Civil War n Charles I q q n Catholic ruler, acted with absolute power Created enemies in Parliament, led to civil war English civil war, 1642– 1649 q q q Began with opposition to royal taxes Religious elements: Anglicans favored complex ritual and church hierarchy; opposed by Calvinist Puritans King Charles I and parliamentary armies clashed n Charles beheaded in 1649 Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 21

The Glorious Revolution (1688– 1689) n Oliver Cromwell was leader of the opposition to Charles I, he took over after Charles execution 1. 2. 3. n After Cromwell’s Puritan regime took power, England became a dictatorship When Cromwell died, fighting resumed Resolution with bloodless coup called Glorious Revolution King James II deposed; daughter Mary and husband William of Orange took throne q Shared governance between crown and parliament 22

The Dutch Republic n King Philip II of Spain attempted to suppress Calvinists in Netherlands, 1567 q n Large-scale rebellion followed; by 1581, Netherlands declared independence Based on a representative parliamentary system Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 23

Absolute Monarchies n n Theory of divine right of kings French absolutism designed by Cardinal Richelieu (chief minister to King Louis XIII, 1624– 1642) q q q Destroyed castles of nobles, crushed aristocratic conspiracies Built bureaucracy to bolster royal power base Ruthlessly attacked Calvinists Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 24

CFU n n What is a constitutional government? Explain the causes of and the ultimate outcome of the English Civil War? Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 25

Warmup n n Crash course: https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=cm. KHYp. C_j Vs&list=PL 8 d. Puua. Lj. Xt. Ms. MTfm. Romk. VQG 8 Aq r. Am. JFX&index=12 Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 26

Absolute Monarchies (Review) n Absolute Monarchy: The king has complete authority over the government and the lives of all people in their country. q n Dominant system of government in Russia, Austria, Prussia, France, and Spain Theory of divine right of kings: The authority or power to rule came from God. q Therefore, anyone who opposed the King opposed God. Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 27

France: The Sun King n Louis XIV (ruled: 1643– 1715) q n Magnificent palace at Versailles, 1670 s q n L’état, c’est moi: “The State—that’s me. ” Largest building in Europe, 1, 400 fountains, 25, 000 fully grown trees transplanted Power centered in court, important nobles pressured to maintain presence q Similar to Incan system of keeping powerful aristocracy close to throne Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 28

Absolutism in Russia n n Absolutism also embraced by Spanish, Austrian, Prussian rulers Particularly conspicuous in Russia q q Tsars of Romanov dynasty (1613– 1917) By 1600, Russia a vast empire extending from Arctic to Caspian Sea; with increasing presence in Siberia Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 29

Peter I (r. 1682– 1725) n n “Peter the Great” Worked to modernize Russia on western European model Developed modern Russian army, reformed Russian government bureaucracy, demanded changes in fashion: beards forbidden Built new capital at St. Petersburg Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 30

Catherine the Great n Ruthless and absolute Ruler q n Reformed government and society q q n Had her mentally unstable husband murdered, rose to become empress. Divided empire into provinces Worked to improve condition of peasantry Huge military expansion q Partitions of Poland, 1772– 1797: Forcefully conquered and ruled Polish territory Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 31

CFU n n Evaluate the extent to which Russia had an Absolute Monarchy. Describe the impact of Peter and Catherine in the Russian system of Government. Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 32

The European States System n No imperial authority to mediate regional disputes q n European states to be recognized as sovereign and equal q n n n Peace of Westphalia (1648) after Thirty Years’ War Religious, other domestic affairs protected Constant competition and Warfare continued: opposition to French expansion, Seven Years’ War (1756– 1763) Balance of power tenuous Rapid innovation in military technology 33

Europe After the Peace of Westphalia, 1648 Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 34

Population Growth and Urbanization n Rapidly growing population due to Columbian exchange q Improved nutrition n q q Use of potato expands quickly across Europe, replaces bread as staple of diet Better nutrition reduces susceptibility to plague Epidemic disease becomes insignificant for overall population decline by mid-seventeenth century Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 35

European Population Growth Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 36

Urbanization Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 37

Nature of Capitalism n n Definition: Private individuals or organizations offer (sell) goods and services on a free market, and own means of production Private investment and decision making q n Not controlled by government Supply and demand determines prices Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 38

Early Capitalism and Protoindustrialization n n Banks, stock exchanges developed in early modern period Joint-stock companies (English East India Company, VOC) q n Relationship with empire-building Medieval guilds discarded in favor of “puttingout” system Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 39

CFU n Identify and explain the significance of at least two social, political, or economic changes that impacted Europe during the early modern period. Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 40

Social Change in Early Modern Europe n Rural life q q n n Improved access to manufactured goods Increasing opportunities in urban centers began depletion of rural population Serfdom abandoned in western Europe, retained in Russia until nineteenth century Nuclear families replaced extended families Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 41

Profits and Ethics n Adam Smith (1723– 1790) argued that capitalism would ultimately improve society as a whole q n Led to an increase in wealth, raised standard of living in many cases But major social change increased poverty in some sectors q q Rise in crime Witch-hunting a possible consequence of capitalist tensions and gender roles Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 42

The Copernican Universe n Reconception of the Universe q q q n n Previous reliance on second-century Greek scholar Claudius Ptolemy of Alexandria Motionless earth inside nine concentric spheres Christians understood heaven as last sphere Difficulty reconciling model with observed planetary movement 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus broke with theory q Notion of moving Earth challenged Christian doctrine Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 43

The Scientific Revolution n Johannes Kepler (Germany, 1571– 1630) and Galileo Galilei (Italy, 1564– 1642) reinforced Copernican model Isaac Newton (1642– 1727) revolutionized study of physics Rigorous challenges to church doctrines Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 44

Women and Science n n William Harvey (1578– 1657) provided “scientific” proof of innate female inferiority Émilie du Châtelet (1701– 1749) q q French mathematician and physicist Translated Newton’s Principia Mathematica Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 45

CFU n n Explain the impact of Capitalism on society. Identify and describe important scientific changes that occurred in this time period. Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 46