Nationalism in Europe EUROPE 1805 EUROPE 1915 Nationalism

Nationalism in Europe

EUROPE 1805 EUROPE 1915

Nationalism Ties to your country • A form of patriotism • God divided the people, thus intending nations • people of the same nation are your family you are tied together Used by Napoleon during his Empire

Nationalism Origins • People naturally identify with people similar to them If you were dropped in Africa, you would be drawn to other Americans or English speakers You have a shared identity

Origins (cont) The modernization of economy • The idea that you need certain characteristics of a modern society Industrialization so society can sustain itself A central government that can maintain control A shared or similar language for the people • Usually needs a leader to push the people into it

European Nationalism The period in the 1800 s when multiple European nations began unifying their individual peoples into one country • Italy • Germany (a couple times) • Greece

Nationalism in Italy Liberals and Nationalists • The Carbonari A secret revolutionary society in Italy “neither pope nor king” • 1848 Revolts against Austria Ultimately failed Austria and other monarchs regain power • Italians want a constitutional monarchy under king of Sardinia

Sardinia, France, and Austria Sardinia • Controlled by Cavour (chief minister) • Admired British Parliamentary system • Tries to separate church and state • Sides with Britain and France during Crimean war Gains political influence

Sardinia, France, and Austria France and Napoleon III Cavour allies with France in hopes of forcing out Austria • Napoleon wants to gain influence in Italy France will send troops to force Austria out of the north • Cavour will give French- speaking regions to France

Sardinia, France, and Austria France and Italy drove Austria out of Lombardy and Venetia • Italian Patriots in other Austrian provinces also revolted • Napoleon had not expected this Napoleon III signs his own peace treaty with Austria • Italy maintain Lombardy but Austria keeps Venetia • France still wants what it was promised Sardinia agrees to keep progress made

Giribaldi and the Thousand Giuseppe Garibaldi • Leader of the Italian nationalists Want to attack the kingdom of the two Sicilies • Gathered an army of 1000 soldiers to invade the mainland Quickly captures Sicily and Naples, the capital Pushed the king north to the papal states Lauded as a hero in Italy Going to push farther north

Garibaldi (cont) Cavour sends an army to stop him • Sardinia annexes most of the papal states • Garibaldi and King meet in Naples Wants to be governor of Naples King refuses due to his popularity

Unification The people of Italy vote for unification • Rome becomes the Capital of Kingdom Unified in politics only • No real feeling of National unity Attempts to use wars to unite the people • Forays into Africa The people of Italy are still very locally centered

Domestic Affiars Russification • Forced to accept and become Russian Pan Slavism • The unification of all Slavic people under Russia • A threat to other nations with Slavic peoples Further expansion south and east • Continually butting against ottoman empire

Alexander II Frees the serfs 1861 • Formerly tied to persons, not the land • Began working in Factories Former serfs served as cheap labor factories Began growing cities and towns quickly Zemstvos • Councils at the provincial levels • Voted in by nobles, middle class, and peasants

Radicals and Government reaction Terrorists attacks • The populists Violent movement to force changes The “People’s Will” • Makes Alexander II more conservative Still represses radicals but continues reforms Cities granted limited elected government Killed by People’s Will bombing attack

Repression • Alexander’s assassination ends liberal reforms Next two Czars lead an era of intense repression • Censorship, control of church and education, imprisonment • Discrimination against minority groups Intense return to Russification Jews killed in Riots call Pogroms • Met with opposition Workers wanted to form unions Terrorism increased Creation of the Social Democratic Labor party

Revolution of 1905 War with Japan for lands in Asia • Japan deal humiliating defeat to Russia • Surprises the rest of the world “Bloody Sunday” • Czar troops shoot strikers coming to deliver a petition • Sets October Manifesto • Promised individual liberties • Creation of the Duma Parliament

Reasons for Russian success Much of the army remained loyal to the Czar France was bound to Russia by military, sent money Not a unified goal among the revolutionaries

Austria and Hungary

The Dual Monarcy Hungary attempts revolt against Austria in mid 1800 Compromise instead of Hungarian independence • Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary • Each nation had its own parliament Economic benefits • Hungary was agricultural • Austria was industrial Discontent • Still divided linguistically and culturally

Ottoman Empire and the Balkans Decline of the Ottomans (“the Sick man of Europe”) • The empire has been in decline for years Military defeats Not enough money to maintain infrastructure • Religious recognition of Christians and Jews Did not get equal political rights

(cont. ) Nationalism in the Balkans threatens the Empire • Greeks revolt and gain independence in 1829 • Other ethnic groups want self rule Serbs, Bulgarians, Romanians, Albanians • Other nations get involved Russia supports revolution so they can gain ports

Congress of Berlin and the Balkans Treaty of San Stefano • Ended revolts in Provinces in the Balkans • Romania, Serbian and Montenegro are independent • Bulgaria attains self rule Russia Occupies it for a while

Cont Congress of Berlin (1878) • Divided up lands in the Balkans • Trying to keep Russia out of the Mediterranean • Bosnia and Herzegovina are independent

(cont. ) The Balkan league • Austria annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina • Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, and Montenegro unite Declare war on Ottoman empire and win • Quarrel over land, a second war begins in 1913 Strong tensions over land culture Balkans are powder keg waiting to blow