13 1 Importance of a transport system in
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13. 1 Importance of a transport system in organisms 13. 2 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 The mammalian circulatory system 13. 3 What makes up the blood? 13. 4 The functions of blood in transport • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 13. 5 Blood groups and blood transfusion • 第二層 13. 6 Arteries, veins and capillaries • 第三層 13. 7 The mammalian heart • 第四層 13. 8 Double circulation in mammals • 第五層 13. 9 Exchange of materials between the blood and the body cells 13. 10 The lymphatic system 13. 11 Transport in flowering plants 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 2
13. 1 Importance of a transport system in 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 organisms Small waste organisms • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 • cell’s • 第二層 cytoplasm is • 第三層 close to • 第四層 environment • 第五層can • chemicals diffuse in and out of the body 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms CO 2 small organism without a transport system 3
13. 1 Importance of a transport system in 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 organisms O 2 Large Small organisms • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 CO 2 organisms • cell’s • 第二層 cytoplasm is • 第三層 close to • 第四層 environment • cytoplasm far away from the environment • diffusion is not fast enough • TRANSPORT is required • 第五層can • chemicals waste diffuse in and out of the large organism with a transport system body 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 4
What is transport in organisms? 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 • The process of moving substances from one place to another in an organism • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 HOW ? • 第二層 Flowering plants • Mammals 第三層 system • vascular tissues • • circulatory 第四層 • • lymphatic 第五層 system 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 5
13. 2 The mammalian circulatory system 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 3 main parts: Heart • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 • works as pump • 第二層 Blood • dissolves and carries • 第三層 materials • 第四層 • a第五層 • as road system for blood Blood vessels • distribute throughout the whole body • divide into finer and finer branches 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms Major parts of the mammalian circulatory system 6
13. 3 What makes up the blood? 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 Blood • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 • 第二層 Blood cells • Plasma 第三層 • red blood cells 第四層 • water • white blood cells • • soluble 第五層substances e. g. plasma dissolved hormones antibodies waste nutrients proteins gas 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms • platelets 7
Red blood cells 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 Where they are made • • • In red bone marrow 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 Circular biconcave discs 第二層 Shape 第三層 No nucleus Nucleus 第四層 Red (haemoglobin) Colour 第五層 Function 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms mainly for transport 8
White blood cells 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 Where they are made • • • In. Inred bone marrow 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 Circular or biconcave discs Irregular round shape 第二層 Shape Lobed No withnucleus granules in 第三層 Nucleus cytoplasm or large, rounded 第四層 Red. No (haemoglobin) colour Colour 第五層 Function 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms Kill pathogens mainly for transport • directly • by producing antibodies 9
Platelets 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 Where they are made • • • In. Inred bone marrow In bone marrow 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 Circular biconcave discs No regular shape, very Irregular or round shape 第二層 Shape small pieces of broken cells Lobed No withnucleus granules in 第三層 No or nucleus Nucleus cytoplasm large, rounded 第四層 Red. No (haemoglobin) colour No colour Colour 第五層 Function 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms Kill pathogens mainly for transport • directly For blood clotting • by producing antibodies 10
13. 4 The functions of blood in transport 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 kidneys lungs small intestine • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 carried by red blood • 第二層 carried by cells andnutrients • 第三層 plasma CO 2 plasma • 第四層 urea (respiratory gases) liver (excretory products) • O第五層 nutrients 2 All body cells, tissues and organs 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 11
muscle white blood cells in blood 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 liver endocrine glands • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 transported • 第二層 by plasma heat • hormones 第三層 antibodies • 第四層 • 第五層 Distributed all over body in blood 2/24/2021 Target cells and organs Transport in organisms 12
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 Carry out Practical 13. 1 • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 • Detection 第二層 of the presence of • 第三層 sugar in blood plasma reducing • 第四層 • 第五層 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 13
Transport of gases by blood 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 by red blood cells and plasma • • transport both oxygen and carbon dioxide • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 • nearly 98% oxygen is carried by haemoglobin • molecules 第二層 in red blood cells • 第三層 • 第四層 • 第五層 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 14
Haemoglobin molecule 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 • A ‘iron-containing’ protein High affinity to oxygen--increase amount • • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 of O 2 that can be carried • 第二層 Combines reversibly with O 2 • • 第三層 • • 第四層 Help loading and unloading of oxygen-‘smart’ carrier of oxygen • A第五層 4 haem groups each can carry a molecule of O 2 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 15
Loading and unloading of O 2 by Haemoglobin 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 1) Loading at lungs High [O 2] • --按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 • --第二層 Low [CO 2] loading • 第三層 O 2 + Haemoglobin Oxyhaemoglobin • 第四層 Unloading • Unloading 第五層 2) at tissue cells -- High [O 2] -- Low [CO 2] 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 16
Loading of Oxygen by blood 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 • • • At the lungs • oxygen diffuses into 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 the plasma and then 第二層 the red blood cells 第三層 • oxygen then combines 第四層 with haemoglobin to 第五層 form oxyhaemoglobin 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 17
Unloading of Oxygen from blood 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 At the tissues • • • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 • oxyhaemoglobin breaks 第二層 down into haemoglobin and oxygen 第三層 • oxygen is released into 第四層 the plasma, then tissue 第五層 fluid and finally the cells of surrounding tissues 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 19
How is carbon dioxide transported by blood? 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 Carbon dioxide produced diffuses into red blood cells. • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 It reacts with water inside • 第二層 red blood cells to form hydrogencarbonate ions. • 第三層 • 第四層 • 第五層 CO 2 + H 2 O enzyme CO 2 +H 2 O enzyme 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 21
How is carbon dioxide transported by blood? 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 Carbon dioxide produced diffuses into red blood cells. • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 It reacts with water inside • 第二層 red blood cells to form hydrogencarbonate ions. • 第三層 • 第四層 • 第五層 CO 2 + H 2 O HCO 3 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms enzyme + - H + HCO 3 These ions diffuse out of the red blood cells and are transported by plasma to the lungs. 22
How is carbon dioxide transported by blood? 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 When blood reaches the HCO 3 lungs, the ions diffuse into • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 the red blood cells. • 第二層 The ions are broken down to carbon dioxide again. • 第三層 • 第四層 • 第五層 + HCO 3 enzyme HCO 3 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 23
How is carbon dioxide transported by blood? 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 When blood reaches the CO 2 lungs, the ions diffuse into • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 the red blood cells. • 第二層 The ions are broken down to carbon dioxide again. • 第三層 • 第四層 • 第五層 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms + HCO 3 enzyme CO 2 + H 2 O Then the gas diffuses into the lungs and then to the atmosphere through expiration. 24
O 2+haemoglobin Summary 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 oxyhaemoglobin In r. b. c, lung 3 CO 2 • HCO 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 • • 第二層 第三層 第四層 第五層 In r. b. c, CO 2 HCO 32/24/2021 Transport in organisms tissues oxyhaemoglobin O 2+haemoglobin 25
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 How is oxygen transported by blood? • • • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 第二層 第三層 第四層 How red blood cells carry oxygen 第五層 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 26
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 Carry out Practical 13. 2 • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 • Investigation 第二層 of the effects of • oxygen 第三層 and carbon dioxide on • 第四層 citrated blood • 第五層 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 27
White Blood Cells 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 (white corpuscles, leucocytes) ¶ large, round or irregular in shape • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 White blood cells ¶ prominent nucleus • 第二層 ¶ no • haemoglobin 第三層 ¶ kill • germs, defend against 第四層 disease • 第五層 ¶ two main kinds of white blood cells: phagocytes and lymphocytes 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms Red blood cells 28
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 White Blood Cells - Phagocytes made in red bone marrow (so are all blood cells) • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 irregularly shaped nucleus • 第二層 • 第三層 move like Amoeba • 第四層 can squeeze out through the walls of capillaries • 第五層 into the surrounding tissues engulf dead cells or pathogens 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 29
White Blood Cells- Lymphocytes 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 °made in bone marrow, then migrate to lymph • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 nodes • 第二層 • 第三層 °large nucleus • 第四層 • 第五層 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 30
°produce antibodies to attack germs by 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 reaction with their surfaces and often cause • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 them to clump together • 第二層 • 第三層 • 第四層 • 第五層 °produce antitoxins to neutralize the toxins secreted by germs 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 31
Platelets (thrombocytes) 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 ± platelets are not cells • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 ± fragments budded off from specialized cells in • 第二層 marrow • bone 第三層 • smaller 第四層than other blood cells ± • 第五層 ± life-span is about 5 to 9 days ± agent for initializing blood clotting 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 32
Blood Clotting 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 ¯ when platelets are damaged in an injury, it releases • a按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 chemical substance which starts a chain of • reactions 第二層 • 第三層 • 第四層 ¯ Fibrin • results: 第五層 fibrinogen ¯fibrin acts like a net, trapping blood cells and plugging the wound so bleeding stops 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 33
¯serum are yellowish fluid which is 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 plasma without fibrinogen • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 ¯ • clot dries up and harden to form a scar 第二層 第三層 ¯ • when new skin formed • under 第四層 the scar, it loosens and • comes 第五層 off The clotting of blood (plasma protein) 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 34
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 Functions of Blood 4 It acts as a transport medium for oxygen, carbon • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 dioxide, food, urea, hormones, antibodies and heat • 第二層 4 • It第三層 contains white blood cells and platelets for body • defense 第四層against infection 4 • It第五層 helps in maintaining body temperature constant 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 35
In emergencies an injured 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 person may die. . . • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 How can we save his life? • 第二層 • 第三層 Blood Transfusion • 第四層 Any • criteria 第五層 for Blood Transfusion? Donor’s blood and recipient’s blood must be compatible, otherwise, agglutination will occur which will block the blood vessels 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 36
Blood Grouping 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 ®a person’s blood group determined by the • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 present on the surface of red blood • protein 第二層 called antigens • cells 第三層 • 第四層 ®there are two different antigens called antigen • 第五層 A and antigen B. For a person in group A contains antigen A 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 37
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 ® in human, there are mainly four different blood • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 groups called A, B, AB and O • 第二層 • 第三層 ® in plasma, there may contain antibodies • 第四層 known as anti-A and anti-B. They will react with • 第五層 certain red blood cells which contain the wrong antigen 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 38
The ABO Blood Group 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 Type B Type AB Antigens A and B Antigen A 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 第二層 第三層 Neither 第四層 Antibody B Antibody A and B 第五層 Type O Neither antigen A or B Antibodies A and B Plasma Red blood cell • • • Type A 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 39
Human Blood Groups 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 Antigen Antibodies Recipient • Blood 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 Group (RBC) (Plasma) • 第二層 A A Anti-B A & AB • 第三層 B B Anti-A B & AB • 第四層 AB A&B NO AB only • 第五層 O 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms NO Both anti-A & anti-B ALL 40
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 Agglutination Reaction • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 • A 第二層 A blood of Type B antibody in type A • Type 第三層 No agglutination donor blood of recipient • 第四層 • B 第五層 Type A blood of donor 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms Type A antibody in type B blood of recipient Agglutination 41
Human Blood Groups 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 Donor Recipient • • • A按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 B Agglutination 第二層 第三層 第四層 第五層 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms AB = universal recipient O = universal donor 42
13. 5 Blood groups and blood transfusion 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 People with blood Blood group: A, B, AB, O group AB are Blood transfusion: universal recipients • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 blood donors recipients • 第二層 with compatible Person with group can receive blood 第三層 blood • blood group • 第四層 A • 第五層 2/24/2021 from blood group(s) can donate blood to blood group(s) A, O A, AB B B, O B, AB AB A, B, AB, O AB O O A, B, AB, O Transport in organisms 43
13. 5 Blood groups and blood transfusion 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 People with blood Blood group: A, B, AB, O group O are universal Blood transfusion: donors • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 blood donors recipients • 第二層 Person with • 第三層 blood group • 第四層 A • 第五層 2/24/2021 can receive blood from blood group(s) can donate blood to blood group(s) A, O A, AB B B, O B, AB AB A, B, AB, O AB O O A, B, AB, O Transport in organisms 44
Blood Circulation 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 Vein Artery Venule Arteriole • • • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 第二層 Heart 第三層 第四層 第五層 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms Capillary 45
13. 6 Arteries, veins and capillaries 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms d tissues • connect arteries to veins oo • 第二層 • 第三層capillaries arteries • carry blood • exchange • 第四層 away from materials heart • 第五層 with body bl artery Network of blood vessels capillaries • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 veins • return blood to the heart vein The relationships between artery, capillaries and vein 46
Arteries thick wall small lumen 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 • blood flows away from heart • • blood inside is moved 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 by the pumping action • 第二層 of the heart • 第三層 high pressure • • with small lumen and 第四層 thick wall • 第五層 cross section of • carry oxygenated blood artery except pulmonary artery from heart to lung 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms to withstand the high pressure 48
Veins thin wall large lumen 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 • blood flows towards heart • no direct force to pump • blood 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 • • with large lumen and 第二層 wall • thin 第三層 • carry deoxygenated blood • except 第四層 pulmonary vein • • presence 第五層 of valves cross section of prevent backflow of blood 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms to reduce resistance to blood flow vein 49
Blood pressure changes along blood vessels Blood pressure / mm Hg 120 • • 80 • • 40 • 100 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 第二層 90 第三層 第四層 第五層 32 12 0 arteries arterioles 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms capillaries venules veins 50
Change in Blood pressure, velocity in relation to 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 Total cross sectional area • • • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 第二層 第三層 第四層 第五層 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 51
valves present to prevent 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 backflow of blood and ensure that it flows towards the heart • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 • • 第二層 第三層 第四層 第五層 Valve closed blood can’t flow back Valve open blood can flow 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 52
How is blood moved along the veins? 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 muscle (contracted) muscles beside vein action of • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 valves contract and press on vein • 第二層 valve flaps pushed apart by blood • 第三層 pressure • 第四層 vein is squeezed • 第五層 by muscles blood flows towards heart 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms valve flaps pushed together by backflow of blood 53
A B R S 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 X Y vein elbow joint finger Y squeezing finger X pressing blood down on R towards S • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 C D • 第二層 • 第三層 finger Y removed • finger 第四層 X still pressing down on R • 第五層 both fingers are removed What structure in the vein is indicated by the appearance of the bulge at S shown in diagram C ? Ans: The valve in the vein. 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 54
A B R S 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 X Y vein elbow joint finger Y squeezing finger X pressing blood down on R towards S • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 C D • 第二層 • 第三層 finger Y removed • finger 第四層 X still pressing down on R • 第五層 both fingers are removed What is the purpose of tying the arm with a piece of rubber tubing ? Ans: This makes the vein more conspicuous. 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 55
A B R S 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 X Y vein elbow joint finger Y squeezing finger X pressing blood down on R towards S • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 C D • 第二層 • 第三層 finger Y removed • finger 第四層 X still pressing down on R • 第五層 both fingers are removed With reference to the steps shown, explain why the part of the vein between R and S has disappeared ? Ans: Since In step On thethere other B, finger are hand, valves Y squeezes finger at Xpoint isthe still S, vein blood pressing towards is down point S. Blood on prevented point in R which from this segment flowing prevents back is blood therefore … flowing pushed into R. 56 2/24/2021 … Transportalong in organisms
A B R S 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 X Y vein elbow joint finger Y squeezing finger X pressing blood down on R towards S • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 C D • 第二層 • 第三層 finger Y removed • finger 第四層 X still pressing down on R • 第五層 both fingers are removed Why is it necessary to take the rubber tubing away as soon as the demonstration has been completed ? Ans: It is because we need to restore the normal blood flow for the arm as soon as possible. 2/24/2021 57 Transport in organisms
Capillaries 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 • allow exchange of materials between the blood and the tissues • body 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 O 2 , • 第二層 arterioles nutrients capillaries • 第三層 CO 2 , venules waste • 第四層 第五層 • • the wall is permeable to O 2, CO 2, glucose, water. . . etc. cross section of capillary 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 58
Capillaries 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 Specially adapted for exchange of materials very 1 One-cell thick walls • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 – effective exchange of small lumen materials • 第二層 2 Very small lumen • 第三層 – resistance blood flow • 第四層 Þ more time for exchange one cell • 第五層of materials thick cross section of 3 Greatly branched capillary – surface area for efficient diffusion of materials 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 59
Heart attack fatty substances 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 Fatty substances in blood cover the inner wall of arteries • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 Normal artery Artery with fatty deposits • 第二層 blood flow Plaque is formed and the • 第三層 restricted arteries become narrower • 第四層 • 第五層 Formation of blood clot (artery blocked by blood clot) 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms This reduce the amount of blood flowing 60
Heart attack 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 • • • heart Same parts of heart muscle get too little nutrients and oxygen 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 第二層 第三層 Heart beat is upset 第四層 第五層 HEART ATTACK if coronary artery is blocked 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms damaged heart muscle 61
13. 7 The mammalian heart Heart按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 • locate between two • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 lungs • made of cardiac • 第二層 musclecontracts and relaxes • 第三層 to • protected continuously by • 第四層 provide (pumping pericardium and rib force) • 第五層 cage lungs a membrane 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms The heart is protected by rib cage 62
Structure of heart Heart按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 consists of 4 chambers 2 auricles 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 – • smaller – • on第二層 the upper part • 第三層 right • auricle 第四層 • 第五層 left auricle left ventricle right ventricle 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 2 ventricles – larger – below auricles External structure 63
Structure of heart Heart按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 consists of 4 chambers 2 auricles 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 – • smaller – • on第二層 the upper part • 第三層 right • auricle 第四層 • 第五層 left auricle left ventricle right ventricle 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 2 ventricles – larger – below auricles Internal structure 64
Structure of heart 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 auricles and ventricles valves are held by are separated by valves heart strings to avoid • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 them to turning inside-out Both valves prevent blood • 第二層 • 第三層 第四層 on • right side: tricuspid • 第五層 flowing back into auricles from ventricles when ventricles contract valve ( has 3 flaps) on left side: bicuspid valve ( has 2 flaps) heart string 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms Internal structure 65
Structure of heart Blood按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 vessels : aorta heart body • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 • 第二層 pulmonary artery heart lungs • 第三層 coronary artery supply nutrients and O 2 to the heart muscle • superior 第四層 vena cava • 第五層 coronary vein carry waste and CO 2 away from the heart muscle inferior vena cava body heart 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms pulmonary vein lungs heart External structure 66
Structure of heart Blood按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 vessels : aorta heart body • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 • 第二層 pulmonary artery heart lungs • 第三層 coronary artery supply nutrients and O 2 to the heart muscle • superior 第四層 vena cava • 第五層 coronary vein carry waste and CO 2 away from the heart muscle inferior vena cava body heart 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms pulmonary vein lungs heart Internal structure 67
Structure of heart 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 The blood flow: semi-lunar valves • • • prevent backflow 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 第二層 第三層 第四層 第五層 deoxygenated blood septum prevent mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms Internal structure 68
The wall of the left ventricle is Structure of heart thicker than that of the right The blood flow: ventricle because it pumps blood to all parts of the body (except auricles: the lungs) through the aorta, blood at low • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 while the right pressure from ventricle pumps • 第二層 veins blood only to the • thin wall 第三層 lungs. 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 ventricles: • 第四層 • 第五層 contract strongly and cause high blood pressure deoxygenated blood thick wall 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms Internal structure 69
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 Carry out Practical 13. 5 • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 • 第二層 Examination of a mammalian heart • 第三層 • 第四層 • 第五層 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 70
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 HOW THE HEART • • • PUMPS BLOOD? 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 第二層The Cardiac cycle 第三層 第四層 Auricle Contraction – systole 第五層 Ventricle 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms Relaxation -- diastole 71
Auricular systole Ventricular systole Diastole 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 • • • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 第二層 第三層 第四層 第五層 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 72
How the heart is adapted for its lifelong 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 pumping action? Structure Advantages • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 heart muscle can contract and relax made of heart continuously without becoming • 第二層 muscle fatigue pump blood all the time • muscular 第三層walls they contract and set up a very thick strong force to pump blood of ventricles • 第四層 for pumping blood at high pressure especially thick of the out to the whole body wall • of第五層 left ventricles presence of valves heart strings 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms prevent backflow of blood prevent valves from being turned backwards 74
13. 8 Double circulation in mammals 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 Blood Circulatory Heart • • • Blood vessels 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 Lung pulmonary 第二層 circulation 第三層 第四層 systemic 第五層 circulation The mammalian circulation plan All other parts of the body 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms system As blood passes through heart twice, this also known as double circulation 75
The pulmonary circulation 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 3 The blood 1 Deoxygenated blood in right ventricle • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 • 第二層 2 The blood is • 第三層 pumped through pulmonary • 第四層 artery into lungs • gas 第五層 for becomes oxygenated 4 The blood flows through pulmonary veins to left auricle exchange 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms The human circulatory system 76
The systemic circulation 3 O and 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 1 Oxygenated nutrients 2 blood in left ventricle • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 • 第二層 第三層 2 • The blood is pumped • through 第四層 aorta all parts of • to 第五層 4 The blood flows through inferior/ superior vena cava to right auricle the body except lungs 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms diffuse into cells while CO 2 and wastes diffuse out The human circulatory system 77
The systemic circulation 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 After digestion The blood flows Nutrients from the • intestine 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 small diffuse into the • 第二層 blood through inferior vena cava back to right auricle • 第三層 第四層 The • blood flows through hepatic • 第五層 vein to liver 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms The human circulatory system 78
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 Carry out Practical 13. 6 • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 • 第二層 Identifying the major arteries and • veins 第三層 in a dissected mammal • 第四層 • 第五層 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 79
13. 9 Exchange of materials between 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 the blood and the body cells white Exchange of materials takes n i b glo blood o • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 m e place at the capillaries only a cells water xyh o • plasma 第二層 • tissue 第三層 fluid • 第四層 • 第五層 O 2 Diffuse across the capillary wall 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms capillary nutrients CO 2 waste products Squeeze through the wall cell Diffuse across the capillary wall 80
Formation of the tissue fluid 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 At arterial end : pressure some materials blood of tissue are forced out of • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 pressure fluid the capillaries • 第二層 high pressure • 第三層 arteriole • 第四層 • 第五層 tissue fluid body cell capillary bed 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms red blood cell 81
Formation of the tissue fluid similar to blood 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 Tissue fluid is mainly water plasma but NO with some mineral salts, fats, plasma proteins and sugars and hormones • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 red blood cells • • 第二層 第三層 第四層 第五層 too large to be forced tissue fluid through capillary wall capillary bed 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 82
Formation of the tissue fluid At venous end : 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 some tissue fluid return to Osm p of blood capillaries, others are tissue pressure • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 drained into lymph vessels fluid • • 第二層 lymph 第三層 第四層 第五層 venule capillary bed 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 83
Exchange of Materials 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 It is carried out by diffusion through the whole length of capillaries • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 (B. P. > O. P. ) (O. P. > B. P. ) • 第二層 substance pressed out substances diffused into to the tissue cells the blood capillary • 第三層 O. P. • 第四層 O. P. = osmotic • pressure 第五層 B. P. = blood pressure 2/24/2021 arteriole end Transport in organisms blood flow venule end 84
13. 10 The lymphatic system 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 Lymphatic system • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 • 第二層 Lymph vessels Lymph • 第三層 • 第四層 collect excess tissue is the tissue fluid • fluid 第五層 and return them to vein (blood circulation) in neck 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms inside lymph vessels 85
Lymph vessels 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 Lymph capillaries collect excess tissue fluid in the capillaries beds. • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 Lymph capillaries from • 第二層 different parts of the • 第三層 body join to form lymph • 第四層 vessels. Eventually, • 第五層lymph is valve closed returned to the blood. tissue fluid enters lymph capillary 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 86
How lymph moves within lymph vessels 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 Do you remember how blood flows • Lymph 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 inside veins ? flows in similar way • 第二層 • 第三層 • Skeletal 第四層muscles surround the • 第五層 vessels contract 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms Valves to prevent backflow of lymph 87
Lymph nodes 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 lymph node • swellings along the • lymph 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 vessels • • presence 第二層 of white blood cells • 第三層 – filter lymph • 第四層 • 第五層 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms kill bacteria and micro-organisms lymph nodes group of lymph nodes 88
Functions of the lymphatic system 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 2 Transport of fats 4 As a site for body • absorbed 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 from lacteals in defence (lymph • intestinal 第二層 villi into the nodes) blood • 第三層 3 • As a bridge for the 第四層 exchange of materials • between 第五層 capillaries and the tissue cells (tissue fluid) 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 1 Transport of tissue fluid back into blood circulation 89
13. 11 Transport in flowering plants 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 Transport in flowering plants is provided by • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 vascular • 第二層 tissue • 第三層 xylem phloem • 第四層 transport 第五層 • • water • substances dissolved in water 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms • organic nutrients 90
Distribution of vascular tissue in midrib 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 dicotyledonous plant leaf • • • vein 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 第二層 leaf vein 第三層 第四層 第五層xylem phloem 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 91
Distribution of vascular tissue in 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 dicotyledonous plant xylem • • • phloem 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 第二層 第三層 第四層 第五層 stem cortex 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 92
Distribution of vascular tissue in 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 dicotyledonous plant • • • root phloem xylem 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 第二層 第三層 第四層 第五層 cortex 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 93
Xylem cells 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 xylem tissue is made up of xylem vessels thick cell wall with • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 • dead, hollow cells lignin 第二層 • • thick cellulose cell continuous with lignin • walls 第三層 tube • • no第四層 cross wall between cells • 第五層 • provide support to plant other than transport 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms xylem vessels 94
Phloem cells 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 phloem tissue is made up of sieve tubes and companion cells thin cellulose 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 1 • sieve tubes cell wall with no • • living cylindrical cells 第二層 lignin • • thin cellulose cell 第三層 walls with no lignin sieve tube • 第四層 • joining end to • form 第五層 long tube sieve plate • substances can pass from cell to cell through sieve plates 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms phloem cells 95
Phloem cells 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 phloem tissue made up of sieve tubes and companion cells • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 2 companion cells companion cell • 第二層 • narrow cell • 第三層 • support the activities • of第四層 the sieve tubes • 第五層 phloem cells 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 96
按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 Carry out Practical 13. 7 • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 • To 第二層 investigate the tissues for • 第三層 water transport in a herbaceous • 第四層 plant • 第五層 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 97
Transport of water and mineral salts Xylem vessels transport – water 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 – mineral salts water forms a by transpiration pull • continuous 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 stream inside • 第二層 water drawn • 第三層 out of xylem • 第四層 vessels to • replace 第五層 water loss through leaf transpiration 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms water in xylem vessels is moved up as plants transpire minerals and other substances dissolved in water can be transported up the plant 100
Transport of organic nutrients through sieve plates by translocation 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 Phloem transport - organic nutrients bud • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 moving up to • 第二層 growing part • 第三層 • 第四層 moving down to • growing 第五層 fruit and root for storage 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms organic nutrients made by photosynthesis water and minerals absorbed by roots 101
A young dicot stem 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 in cross section • • • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 第二層 第三層 第四層 第五層 Pith A vascular bundle 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms Epidermis 103
A young dicot stem 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 in cross section showing a vascular bundle • • • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 第二層 第三層 第四層 第五層 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 104
Stem in LS showing vascular bundle 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 Xylem • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 Sieve tube • 第二層 vessel • 第三層 Sieve • 第四層 plate • 第五層 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 105
Concept diagram discuss later 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 Transport in mammals provided by in flowering plants provided by • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 • circulatory 第二層 consists of system • 第三層 consists of • 第四層 pulmonary lymph • 第五層systemic circulation nodes lymphatic system consists of lymph vessels lymph divided into lymph capillaries Please click to continue. . . 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 109
Concept diagram circulatory system 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 network of • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 blood heart blood vessels • 第二層 consists of made up of consists of • 第三層 auricles ventricles • 第四層 cells network of • 第五層 arteries capillaries classified into blood groups veins Please click to continue. . . 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms 110
Concept diagram cells 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 • • • 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 red blood white blood 第二層 cells blood cells platelets 第三層mainly for carrying for blood have 第四層 clotting oxygen 第五層 oxygen carriers called haemoglobin 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms body defence carbon dioxide Please click to continue. . . plasma mainly for carrying other soluble substances 111
Concept diagram 按一下以編輯母片標題樣式 discussed • • • Transport in mammals provided by in flowering plants provided by 按一下以編輯母片文字樣式 consist of 第二層 第三層 phloem 第四層 xylem carries 第五層 water 2/24/2021 Transport in organisms vascular tissues organic nutrients 112
