Reliable Data Transfer Transport Layer 1 Principles of

Reliable Data Transfer Transport Layer 1

Principles of Reliable data transfer r important in app. , transport, link layers r top-10 list of important networking topics! r characteristics of unreliable channel will determine complexity of reliable data transfer protocol (rdt) Transport Layer 2

Reliable data transfer: getting started rdt_send(): called from above, (e. g. , by app. ). Passed data to deliver to receiver upper layer send side udt_send(): called by rdt, to transfer packet over unreliable channel to receiver deliver_data(): called by rdt to deliver data to upper receive side rdt_rcv(): called when packet arrives on rcv-side of channel Transport Layer 3

Reliable data transfer: getting started We’ll: r incrementally develop sender, receiver sides of reliable data transfer protocol (rdt) r consider only unidirectional data transfer m but control info will flow on both directions! r use finite state machines (FSM) to specify sender, receiver state: when in this “state” next state uniquely determined by next event state 1 event causing state transition actions taken on state transition event actions state 2 Transport Layer 4

Rdt 1. 0: reliable transfer over a reliable channel r underlying channel perfectly reliable m no bit errors m no loss of packets r separate FSMs for sender, receiver: m sender sends data into underlying channel m receiver read data from underlying channel Wait for call from above rdt_send(data) packet = make_pkt(data) udt_send(packet) sender Wait for call from below rdt_rcv(packet) extract (packet, data) deliver_data(data) receiver Transport Layer 5

Rdt 2. 0: channel with bit errors r underlying channel may flip bits in packet m checksum to detect bit errors r the question: how to recover from errors: m acknowledgements (ACKs): receiver explicitly tells sender that pkt received OK m negative acknowledgements (NAKs): receiver explicitly tells sender that pkt had errors m sender retransmits pkt on receipt of NAK r new mechanisms in rdt 2. 0 (beyond rdt 1. 0): m m error detection receiver feedback: control msgs (ACK, NAK) rcvr->sender Transport Layer 6

rdt 2. 0: FSM specification rdt_send(data) snkpkt = make_pkt(data, checksum) udt_send(sndpkt) rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && is. NAK(rcvpkt) Wait for call from ACK or udt_send(sndpkt) above NAK rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && is. ACK(rcvpkt) L sender receiver rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && corrupt(rcvpkt) udt_send(NAK) Wait for call from below rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && notcorrupt(rcvpkt) extract(rcvpkt, data) deliver_data(data) udt_send(ACK) Transport Layer 7

rdt 2. 0: operation with no errors rdt_send(data) snkpkt = make_pkt(data, checksum) udt_send(sndpkt) rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && is. NAK(rcvpkt) Wait for call from ACK or udt_send(sndpkt) above NAK rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && is. ACK(rcvpkt) L rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && corrupt(rcvpkt) udt_send(NAK) Wait for call from below rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && notcorrupt(rcvpkt) extract(rcvpkt, data) deliver_data(data) udt_send(ACK) Transport Layer 8

rdt 2. 0: error scenario rdt_send(data) snkpkt = make_pkt(data, checksum) udt_send(sndpkt) rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && is. NAK(rcvpkt) Wait for call from ACK or udt_send(sndpkt) above NAK rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && is. ACK(rcvpkt) L rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && corrupt(rcvpkt) udt_send(NAK) Wait for call from below rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && notcorrupt(rcvpkt) extract(rcvpkt, data) deliver_data(data) udt_send(ACK) Transport Layer 9

rdt 2. 0 has a fatal flaw! r Stop and Wait m Sender sends one packet, then waits for receiver response r What happens if ACK/NAK corrupted? m m sender doesn’t know what happened at receiver! can’t just retransmit: possible duplicate r Handling duplicates: m m m sender adds sequence number to each pkt sender retransmits current pkt if ACK/NAK garbled receiver discards (doesn’t deliver up) duplicate pkt Transport Layer 10

rdt 2. 1: sender, handles garbled ACK/NAKs rdt_send(data) sndpkt = make_pkt(0, data, checksum) udt_send(sndpkt) rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && notcorrupt(rcvpkt) && is. ACK(rcvpkt) Wait for call 0 from above rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && notcorrupt(rcvpkt) && is. ACK(rcvpkt) L rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && ( corrupt(rcvpkt) || is. NAK(rcvpkt) ) udt_send(sndpkt) Wait for ACK or NAK 0 L Wait for ACK or NAK 1 Wait for call 1 from above rdt_send(data) sndpkt = make_pkt(1, data, checksum) udt_send(sndpkt) Transport Layer 11

rdt 2. 1: receiver, handles garbled ACK/NAKs rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && notcorrupt(rcvpkt) && has_seq 0(rcvpkt) rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && (corrupt(rcvpkt) extract(rcvpkt, data) deliver_data(data) sndpkt = make_pkt(ACK, chksum) udt_send(sndpkt) rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && (corrupt(rcvpkt) sndpkt = make_pkt(NAK, chksum) udt_send(sndpkt) rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && not corrupt(rcvpkt) && has_seq 1(rcvpkt) sndpkt = make_pkt(ACK, chksum) udt_send(sndpkt) sndpkt = make_pkt(NAK, chksum) udt_send(sndpkt) Wait for 0 from below Wait for 1 from below rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && notcorrupt(rcvpkt) && has_seq 1(rcvpkt) rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && not corrupt(rcvpkt) && has_seq 0(rcvpkt) sndpkt = make_pkt(ACK, chksum) udt_send(sndpkt) extract(rcvpkt, data) deliver_data(data) sndpkt = make_pkt(ACK, chksum) udt_send(sndpkt) Transport Layer 12

rdt 2. 1: discussion Sender: r seq # added to pkt r two seq. #’s (0, 1) will suffice. Why? r must check if received ACK/NAK corrupted r twice as many states m state must “remember” whether “current” pkt has 0 or 1 seq. # Receiver: r must check if received packet is duplicate m state indicates whether 0 or 1 is expected pkt seq # r note: receiver can not know if its last ACK/NAK received OK at sender Transport Layer 13

rdt 2. 2: a NAK-free protocol r same functionality as rdt 2. 1, using ACKs only r instead of NAK, receiver sends ACK for last pkt received OK m receiver must explicitly include seq # of pkt being ACKed r duplicate ACK at sender results in same action as NAK: retransmit current pkt Transport Layer 14

rdt 2. 2: sender, receiver fragments rdt_send(data) sndpkt = make_pkt(0, data, checksum) udt_send(sndpkt) rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && Wait for call 0 from above rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && (corrupt(rcvpkt) || has_seq 1(rcvpkt)) udt_send(sndpkt) Wait for 0 from below ( corrupt(rcvpkt) || is. ACK(rcvpkt, 1) ) udt_send(sndpkt) Wait for ACK 0 sender FSM fragment rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && notcorrupt(rcvpkt) && is. ACK(rcvpkt, 0) receiver FSM fragment L rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && notcorrupt(rcvpkt) && has_seq 1(rcvpkt) extract(rcvpkt, data) deliver_data(data) sndpkt = make_pkt(ACK 1, chksum) udt_send(sndpkt) Transport Layer 15

rdt 3. 0: channels with errors and loss New assumption: underlying channel can also lose packets (data or ACKs) m checksum, seq. #, ACKs, retransmissions will be of help, but not enough Approach: sender waits “reasonable” amount of time for ACK r retransmits if no ACK received in this time r if pkt (or ACK) just delayed (not lost): m retransmission will be duplicate, but use of seq. #’s already handles this m receiver must specify seq # of pkt being ACKed r requires countdown timer Transport Layer 16

rdt 3. 0 sender rdt_send(data) sndpkt = make_pkt(0, data, checksum) udt_send(sndpkt) start_timer rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) L rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && notcorrupt(rcvpkt) && is. ACK(rcvpkt, 1) rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && ( corrupt(rcvpkt) || is. ACK(rcvpkt, 0) ) timeout udt_send(sndpkt) start_timer rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && notcorrupt(rcvpkt) && is. ACK(rcvpkt, 0) stop_timer timeout udt_send(sndpkt) start_timer L Wait for ACK 0 Wait for call 0 from above L rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) && ( corrupt(rcvpkt) || is. ACK(rcvpkt, 1) ) Wait for ACK 1 Wait for call 1 from above rdt_send(data) rdt_rcv(rcvpkt) L sndpkt = make_pkt(1, data, checksum) udt_send(sndpkt) start_timer Transport Layer 17

rdt 3. 0 in action Transport Layer 18

rdt 3. 0 in action Transport Layer 19

Performance of rdt 3. 0 r rdt 3. 0 works, but performance stinks r Why? Transport Layer 20

rdt 3. 0: stop-and-wait operation sender receiver first packet bit transmitted, t = 0 last packet bit transmitted, t = L / R RTT first packet bit arrives last packet bit arrives, send ACK arrives, send next packet, t = RTT + L / R Transport Layer 21

Pipelined protocols Pipelining: sender allows multiple, “in-flight”, yet-tobe-acknowledged pkts m m range of sequence numbers must be increased buffering at sender and/or receiver r Two generic forms of pipelined protocols: go-Back-N, selective repeat Transport Layer 22

Pipelining: increased utilization sender receiver first packet bit transmitted, t = 0 last bit transmitted, t = L / R RTT first packet bit arrives last packet bit arrives, send ACK last bit of 2 nd packet arrives, send ACK last bit of 3 rd packet arrives, send ACK arrives, send next packet, t = RTT + L / R Transport Layer 23

Go-Back-N Sender: r k-bit seq # in pkt header r “window” of up to N, consecutive unack’ed pkts allowed r ACK(n): ACKs all pkts up to, including seq # n - “cumulative ACK” may deceive duplicate ACKs (see receiver) r timer for each in-flight pkt r timeout(n): retransmit pkt n and all higher seq # pkts in window m Transport Layer 24

GBN: receiver ACK-only: always send ACK for correctlyreceived pkt with highest in-order seq # m may generate duplicate ACKs m need only remember expectedseqnum r out-of-order pkt: m discard (don’t buffer) -> isn't this bad? m Re-ACK pkt with highest in-order seq # Transport Layer 25

GBN in action Transport Layer 26

Selective Repeat r receiver individually acknowledges all correctly received pkts m buffers pkts, as needed, for eventual in-order delivery to upper layer r sender only resends pkts for which ACK not received m sender timer for each un. ACKed pkt r sender window m N consecutive seq #’s m again limits seq #s of sent, un. ACKed pkts Transport Layer 27

Selective repeat: sender, receiver windows Transport Layer 28

Selective repeat sender data from above : receiver pkt n in [rcvbase, rcvbase+N-1] r if next available seq # in r send ACK(n) timeout(n): r in-order: deliver (also window, send pkt r resend pkt n, restart timer ACK(n) in [sendbase, sendbase+N]: r mark pkt n as received r if n smallest un. ACKed pkt, advance window base to next un. ACKed seq # r out-of-order: buffer deliver buffered, in-order pkts), advance window to next not-yet-received pkt n in [rcvbase-N, rcvbase-1] r ACK(n) otherwise: r ignore Transport Layer 29

Selective repeat in action Transport Layer 30

Selective repeat: dilemma Example: r seq #’s: 0, 1, 2, 3 r window size=3 r receiver sees no difference in two scenarios! r incorrectly passes duplicate data as new in (a) Q: what relationship between seq # size and window size? Transport Layer 31