Transport overhead 90 bytes 3 bytes 9 rows

Transport overhead 90 bytes 3 bytes 9 rows Framing A 1 Framing A 2 Section Trace J 0 BIP-8 B 1 OW E 1 User F 1 DCC D 2 DCC D 3 Pointer H 1 Pointer H 2 Pointer H 3 BIP-8 B 2 APS K 1 APS K 2 DCC D 4 DCC D 5 DCC D 6 DCC D 7 DCC D 8 DCC D 9 DCC D 10 DCC D 11 DCC D 12 Sync S 1/Z 1 FEBE M 0/M 1/Z 2 OW E 2 Transport Overhead Section Overhead STS-1 Envelope Capacity Line Overhead 125 microsec. 29

STS-1 SPE path overhead 90 bytes 3 bytes STS-1 Envelope Capacity 9 rows Transport Overhead Synchronous Payload Envelope STS Path Overhead Trace J 1 BIP-8 B 3 Label C 2 Status G 1 User F 2 Multiframe H 4 Growth Z 3 Growth Z 4 TCM Z 5 Payload Capacity 30

Framing bytes (A 1, A 2) A 1 Byte 1 1 2 3 1 4 0 5 A 2 Byte 1 6 1 0 7 8 0 0 1 2 1 0 3 4 1 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 Hex: F 628 31

Scrambling Scrambler reset to 1111 Transport Overhead Envelope Capacity Scrambler polynomial = 1 + X 6 + X 7 125 microsec. Not scrambled Scrambled 32

Section trace (J 0) J 0 Byte 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Trace ID Value ID=2 ID=3 ID=4 ID=5 33

Path trace (J 1) Path trace code assigned to indicate physical location of path source DS 3 Equipment provisioned to monitor path trace code = Vancouver DS 3 Vancouver Recommended Use: Toronto 64 character ASCII string J 1 bytes CR n n+1 n+2 LF n+63 STS-1 frame Common Language Location Identifier (CLLI) 34

Section BIP-8 (B 1) B 1 Byte 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Even parity calculated over all bit 8 s from entire STS-N frame Even parity calculated over all bit 1 s from entire STS-N frame 35

Line BIP-8 (B 2) B 2 Byte 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Even parity calculated over all bit 8 s from entire STS-1 frame excluding section overhead Even parity calculated over all bit 1 s from entire STS-1 frame excluding section overhead 36

Line remote error indication (M 0/M 1) M 0/M 1 Byte 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4 bit binary value for OC-1 interfaces (M 0) 8 bit binary value for OC-N interfaces (M 1) Example: 2 out of 8 B 2 (Line BIP-8) parity bits detected as wrong in frame n Line REI sent with binary value 2 in next outgoing frame 37

Path BIP-8 (B 3) B 3 Byte 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Even parity calculated over all bit 8 s from entire SPE frame Even parity calculated over all bit 1 s from entire SPE frame 38

Path status (G 1) G 1 Byte 1 2 3 4 5 Path REI 6 7 8 REI = Remote Error Indication RDI = Remote Defect Indication RDI Unused 0 0 0 1 1 X X No defects 0 1 No defects 1 0 Payload defects (payload label mismatch, ATM loss of cell delineation) 1 0 Connectivity defects (path trace mismatch, unequipped) 0 1 Server defects (path AIS, loss of pointer) NOTE: Exceptions to handle backwards compatibility are documented in GR-253. 39

Line RDI K 2 Byte 1 2 3 4 Channel # 5 6 7 8 111 Line AIS 110 Line RDI 101 Bidirectional APS 100 Unidirectional APS 0 1+1 Mode 1 1: N Mode 40

Section orderwire (E 1) Line Terminal Regenerator Line Terminal E 1 Byte 41

Line orderwire (E 2) Line Terminal Regenerator Line Terminal E 2 Byte 42

Section user channel (F 1) Line Terminal Regenerator Line Terminal F 1 Byte Alarm Monitored Element 43

Path user channel (F 2) DS 3 F 2 Byte DS 3 User Info Vancouver Toronto 44

SONET data communications channels (D 1 -D 3, D 4 -D 12) D 1 -3 Bytes = Section Data Comm Channel (192 kbit/s) D 4 -12 Bytes = Line Data Comm Channel (576 kbit/s) OS External Data Network Gateway NE NE OS = Operations System NE = Network Element 45

Synchronization status messaging (S 1) S 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 Synchronized - traceability unknown Stratum 1 traceable Stratum 2 traceable Stratum 3 traceable 20 ppm clock traceable Reserved for network synchronization Don’t use for synchronization Building Integrated Timing Supply BITS S 1= Stratum 1 traceable S 1 = Don’t Use S 1= Stratum 3 traceable S 1 = Don’t Use 47

Path signal label (C 2) C 2 Byte 1 2 3 4 5 Hex Value 00 01 02 04 12 13 14 15 E 1 -FC 6 7 8 Payload Unequipped Equipped - Nonspecific payload Virtual Tributaries DS 3 139. 264 Mb/s ATM DQDB FDDI Payload Defect Indicator (PDI) 48

Tandem connection monitoring Payloads (DS 1, DS 2) VT Path Map payloads into VT SPE Add path OH Payloads (DS 3, video) STS Path Map payloads into STS SPE Add path overhead Optional Tandem Connection Performance monitoring over path segments Line SONET Network Element Multiplex SPEs Add line overhead Automatic protection Section Framing and scrambling Add section overhead Photonic Convert STS-N signal to optical pulses VT Synchronous Payload Envelope STS-N with Line Overhead STS-N with Line and Section Overhead Light pulses 49

Tandem connection monitoring Path Terminating Equipment (PTE) DS 3 STS Path Tandem Connection Terminating Equipment (TCTE) Line Terminating Equipment (LTE) Tandem Connection Terminating Equipment (TCTE) TC TC Path Terminating Equipment (PTE) STS Path DS 3 STS Path Line Section Section Photonic Photonic Section Line DS 3 Line Tandem Connection STS Path 50

TCM byte (Z 5) Z 5 Byte 1 2 3 4 IEC 5 6 7 8 Data Link IEC - Incoming Error Count IEC and Data Link DS 3 OC-12 PTE Tandem Connection Monitor OC-48 TCTE OC-12 TCTE DS 3 PTE 51

STS-1 payload pointer offset 90 bytes Frame N STS-1 SPE STS Pointer 1 41 40 87 125 µs Frame N + 1 STS Pointer 250 µs 63

STS payload pointer (H 1, H 2) H 1 H 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 1 0 X X I D I D I D 1 1 New Data Flag 1 0 0 1 Not Used 0 0 Pointer Offset 1 1 1 Concatenation Flag I - Increment Bits D - Decrement Bits NDF Not Set = 0110 NDF Set = 1001 70

Multiframe indicator (H 4) V 4 Bytes H 4 00 H 4 Byte 1 2 3 4 5 6 X X X V 1 Bytes 7 8 VT Sub. Frame Counter H 4 01 V 2 Bytes H 4 10 V 3 Bytes H 4 11 V 4 Bytes H 4 00 88

Single-ended performance monitoring Path Terminal Degraded Line Terminal Path Terminal Regen DS 3 B 1 errors detected Section BIP-8 (B 1) Time Flow Far-end line errors counted B 1 B 2 errors detected Line BIP-8 (B 2) B 2 Line REI (M 0/M 1) Path BIP-8 (B 3) Far-end path errors counted M 0/M 1 B 3 errors detected Path REI (G 1 bits 1 -4) 99

Maintenance signaling VT/STS Path Terminal Regen Line Terminal STS Path Terminal DS 1 DS 3 VT/STS Path Terminal DS 1 LOS detected Time Flow Line AIS Line RDI detected Line RDI (K 2) Line AIS detected (The remaining signaling only occurs if the Line Terminal (K 2) cannot restore the traffic with a protection switch) STS Path AIS (H 1/H 2) STS Path RDI detected STS Path RDI (G 1) STS Path AIS detected STS Path AIS (H 1/H 2) DS 3 AIS STS Path AIS detected VT AIS (V 1/V 2) VT Path RDI (V 5) VT Path RDI detected VT Path RDI (V 5) VT Path AIS detected DS 1 AIS 100

Linear 1+1 Working Channel Line Terminal Protection Channel Regen 102

Linear 1: N Working Channel #1 Working Channel #2 Line Terminal Working Channel #N Protection Channel 103

APS bytes (K 1, K 2) - linear protection K 1 Byte 1 2 3 4 Switch Preemption Priority 5 6 K 2 Byte 7 8 Channel # 1111 Lockout of Protection 1110 Forced Switch 1101 Signal Fail - High 1100 Signal Fail - Low 1011 Signal Degrade - High 1010 Signal Degrade - Low 1001 1000 Manual Switch 0111 0110 Wait-to-Restore 0101 0100 Exercisor 0011 0010 Reverse Request 0001 Do Not Revert 0000 No Request 1 2 3 4 Channel # 5 6 7 8 111 Line AIS 110 Line RDI 101 Bidirectional APS 100 Unidirectional APS 0 1+1 Mode 1 1: N Mode 104

1: N APS signaling Working Channel #1 Working Channel #2 Line Terminal Working Channel #N Protection Channel Time Flow K 1 = Signal Fail, Chn 2 K 2 = Chn 1, 1: N, Bi Chn 2 bridged Signal Fail detected on Chn 2 K 1 = Reverse Request, Chn 2 K 2 = Chn 2, 1: N, Bi K 1 = Signal Fail, Chn 2 K 2 = Chn 2, 1: N, Bi Chn 2 bridged & switched 105

Unidirectional path switched rings Working Protection Ring Node 106

Unidirectional path switched rings Path AIS Fiber Cut Working Fiber Protection Fiber Ring Node 107

Bidirectional line switched rings Clockwise Fiber Counter Clockwise Fiber Ring Node 108

Bidirectional line switched rings Fiber Cut Clockwise - Working CW - Prot. CCW - Working CCW - Prot. Ring Node 109

APS bytes (K 1, K 2) - ring protection K 1 Byte 1 2 3 Switch Preemption Priority 4 5 K 2 Byte 6 7 8 Destination Node ID 1111 Lockout of Protection 1110 Forced Switch - Span 1101 Forced Switch - Ring 1100 Signal Fail - Span 1011 Signal Fail - Ring 1010 Signal Degrade - Protection 1001 Signal Degrade - Span 1000 Signal Degrade - Ring 0111 Manual Switch - Span 0110 Manual Switch - Ring 0101 Wait-to-Restore 0100 Exercisor - Span 0011 Exercisor - Ring 0010 Reverse Request - Span 0001 Reverse Request - Ring 0000 No Request 1 2 3 Source Node ID 4 5 6 7 8 111 Line AIS 110 Line RDI 011 Extra Traffic 010 Bridged and Switched Status 001 Bridged Status 000 Idle 0 Short Path Code 1 Long Path Code 110

Survivable ring interconnect DS 1, DS 3, STS-N, OC-N Protection path may be carried on working channels or protection channels Ring #1 Ring #2 Drop and Continue SEL Path Selection 111

Payload defect indicator STS-1 Ring #2 DS 3 STS-1 SEL DCS STS Payload Defect Indicator (PDI) triggers the selector in the event of the DS 3 failure 112

ITU - SDH recommendations G. 707 SDH bit rates, frame & multiplexing structure, mappings, and functions of overhead G. 781 structure of recommendations on SDH equipment G. 782 types and general characteristics of SDH equipment G. 783 characteristics of SDH equipment functional blocks G. 784 management of SDH equipment and networks G. 803 SDH transport network architectures G. 841 SDH network protection architectures G. 842 interworking of SDH network protection architectures G. 957 optical interface specifications for SDH systems G. 958 interface specifications for SDH systems 114

ANSI standards ANSI T 1. 105 basic SONET format, overhead definitions ANSI T 1. 105. 01 SONET automatic protection switching ANSI T 1. 105. 02 SONET payload mappings ANSI T 1. 105. 03 Jitter at (SONET) Network Interfaces ANSI T 1. 105. 04 SONET Data Communications Channel Protocols and Architecture ANSI T 1. 105. 05 Tandem Connection Monitoring ANSI T 1. 105. 06 SONET physical layer specifications ANSI T 1. 105. 07 Sub-STS-1 Interface Rates and Formats (VT 1. 5 and VT Group) ANSI T 1. 105. 09 SONET Timing and Synchronization ANSI T 1. 106 Original version of ANSI T 1. 105. 06 ANSI T 1. 117 Electrical physical layer specifications including STS-1 and STS-3 115

Bellcore standards GR-499 SONET Transport System Generic Requirements GR-253 SONET Common Generic Criteria GR-1377 OC-192 Criteria GR-1230 Bidirectional Line Switched Rings (BLSR) GR-1400 Unidirectional Path Switched Rings (UPSR) 116

ETSI standards ETS 300 147 SDH multiplexing structure ETS 300 232/A 1 Optical interfaces for SDH ETS 300 417 -1 -1 SDH equipment; Generic processes and performance ETS 300 417 -2 -1 SDH and PDH physical section layer functions ETS 300 417 -4 -1 SDH path layer functions ETS 300 462 -5 Generic requirements for synchronization of SDH ETS 300 746 SDH network protection ETS 300 484 SDH information model ETR 114 architecture of SDH transport networks 117