Uhuru In the early 1970s NASAs Uhuru X

История • Uhuru. In the early 1970's, NASA's Uhuru X -ray satellite, equipped with a relatively simple instrument - a sensitive X-ray detector similar to a Geiger counter attached to a viewing pipe to locate the source -- made some astounding discoveries.

Запуск – 12. 1970 г. До лета 1973 г. Масса 175. 5 кг. Рентген. Счётчики 70 кг Орбита: 520 -560 км, наклон 3 о Тrot=12 min Two sets of proportional counters 2 -20 ke. V 0. 084 m 2 First comprehensive and uniform all sky survey with a sensitivity of 10 -3 the Crab intensity. The 339 X-ray sources detected are binaries, supernova remnants, Seyfert galaxies and cluster of galaxies Discovery of the diffuse X-ray emission from clusters of galaxies

Skylab • The first large focussing Xray telescope was the Apollo Telescope Mount aboard Skylab in the early 1970's. This pioneering telescope used two pairs of concentric mirrors to make stunning X-ray images of the Sun.

Einstein--the First Imaging X-Ray Observatory Launched in 1978, was the first large X-ray telescope with mirrors. It made the first X-ray images of shock waves from exploded stars, and images of hot gas in galaxies and clusters of galaxies. Located over 7000 X-ray sources

ROSAT Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States, carried an even larger X-ray telescope into orbit in 1990. It has expanded the number of known X-ray sources to more than 60, 000 and has proved to be especially valuable for investigating the multi-million degree gas present in the upper atmospheres of many stars.

The Ulysses

• The Ulysses mission is a joint mission with NASA and ESA to explore the solar environment at high ecliptic latitudes. It was launched 6 October 1990, and reached Jupiter for its "gravitational slingshot" in February 1992. It passed the south solar pole in June 1994 and crossed the ecliptic equator in February 1995. In addition to its solar environment instruments, Ulysses also carries plasma instruments to study the interstellar and Jovian regions, as well as two instruments for studying X-rays and gamma-rays of both solar and cosmic origins.

ASCA (Advanced Satellite for Cosmology) • The ASCA X-ray observatory, (Japan and US) launched in 1993, was especially designed to study the detailed distribution of X-rays with energy, which provide important information about the elements that make up the hot X-ray emitting gas.

The Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) is a NASA mission which was launched in December 1995. Although RXTE does not have focusing X-ray mirrors, it has the unique capability to study rapid time variability in the emission of cosmic X-ray sources over a wide band of X-ray energies, and is expected to make valuable contributions to our understanding of neutron stars and black holes.

Beppo. SAX was a program of the Italian Space Agency with participation of the Netherlands Agency for Aerospace Programs. It was launched on April 30, 1996 from Cape Cana eral, and was the first X-ray mission with a scientifi payload covering more than three decades of ene – from 0. 1 to 300 ke. V, with moderate imaging cap bility. Beppo. SAX proved to be useful for X-ray imag sources associated with Gamma-ray bursts

XMM Launched, 10. 12. 99 (X-ray Multi-Mirror satellite. XMM's three huge telescope barrels each hold 58 concentric cylindrical mirrors

The Classification of X-ray Solar Flares

The Yohkoh Satellite • On August 30, 1991 a satellite was launched into space from the Kagoshima Space Center (KSC) in Southern Japan. This satellite, known as Yohkoh ("Sunbeam"), is a project of the Japanese Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS). The scientific objective has been to observe the energetic phenomena taking place on the Sun, specifically solar flares in x-ray and gammaray emissions.

the Bragg Crystal Spectrometer (BCS) the Wide Band Spectrometer (WBS) the Soft X-Ray Telescope (SXT) the Hard X-Ray Telescope (HXT).

The Soft X-ray Telescope, YOHKOH

A Flaring Loop at the Solar Limb as Seen by Yohkoh