Ministry Training Program Church History The Medieval Church

Ministry Training Program Church History The Medieval Church 530 -1478 AD

The early medieval world 500 -800 AD A very different world from ours Largely illiterate Short life-spans High infant mortality Politically unstable THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Overview of the middle ages the dark ages 400 -700 “Dark Ages” • Loss of Pax Romana creates more localized customs, language and impacts every area of life. • Trade broke down as travel became unsafe and economics changed rapidly. • Social structures and educational institutions also broke down, learning and literacy slowed. Leadership lapsed. • Slavery collapsed and agriculture fell into decline without field labor. THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Overview of the middle ages Byzantium 537 -632 • Justinian recaptured borders Byzantium under Justinian • Re codified Roman Law • Built “Hagia Sophia” (right) the church of ‘holy wisdom’ • Culture and Learning of Byzantium attracted cultures from nearby eastern countries, built relationships and a rich heritage • Muslim and Turk invaders begin to be a significant threat in 626635 THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Overview of the middle ages Muslim caliphs 632 -750 • The Rise of Islam re-took much of the Byzantine empire between 632 -750 • Byzantium continued to struggle with attacks from without and Iconoclasm within. • Byzantium was substantially weakened by the late 7 th century and Constantinople had lost much of its earlier influence. THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Overview of the middle ages the Latin west 700 -850 The Latin West • Conditions improve as Agriculture rebounds in 700’s • Powerful local nobleman and families rebuilt roads and trade during the Byzantine period. This was known as “Feudalism” • Conquered peoples and newly developed kingdoms were Christianized THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Overview of the middle ages the Frankish empire • Conversion of Clovis to Christianity in 493 gave entire region a single religious practice, created unity. • Germanic land grant practices ensured that in spite of different rulers, the realm was seen as a single entity. This created a feel not unlike the earlier Roman empire. • Later, this unity would allow an assimilation under Charlemagne (751) to be relatively smooth. THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Overview of the middle ages the carlovingian empire • Charles Martel 686 -741 • 732 Wins massive victory against un-defeated Muslim army at the Battle of Tours • Pippin the short, his son, succeeded him as King of the Franks • Pippins later deal with Pope Stephen (754) solidified his position as patricius Romanorum ; “Protector of the Romans • Pippin is best known as the Father of Charlemagne THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Early philosophical influences THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Boethius 520 “Consolation of Philosophy • One of the most influential works ever written • Philosophical approach to the nature of the world • Conversation between himself & the Queen of Science • Mind is called the ‘one true good’ • Theory of Wheel of Fortuna • ‘Happiness comes from within’ • Also wrote tracts against Arianism THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Boethius 520 Sors immanis et inanis, rota tu volubilis, status malus, vana salus semper dissolubilis, obumbrata et velata michi quoque niteris; nunc per ludum dorsum nudum fero tui sceleris. . . Fortune rota volvitur; descendo minoratus; alter in altum tollitur; nimis exaltatus rex sedet in vertice caveat ruinam! nam sub axe legimus Hecubam reginam. Fate - monstrous and empty, you whirling wheel, you are malevolent, well-being is vain and always fades to nothing, shadowed and veiled you plague me too; now through the game I bring my bare back to your villainy. . The wheel of Fortune turns; I go down, demeaned; another is raised up; far too high up sits the king at the summit let him fear ruin! for under the axis is written Queen Hecuba. THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Boethius 520 “Consolation of Philosophy” • When men give in to “wickedness” They “sink to the level of being an animal. ” • Boethius sought to answer religious questions without reference to Christianity, • Relies solely on natural philosophy and the Classical Greek tradition. • Believed in harmony between faith and reason. • The truths found in Christianity are no different from the truths found in philosophy THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Rule of Benedict 530 Balanced zeal with the need for stability Based on Prayer, Works, Manual Labor Created order for generations of monastic communities Outlined detailed order of worship Provided specific guidance for novice spiritual students THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Rise of monasticism • The success of the church under Constantine led to many abuses • Monasticism is one reaction to that abuse • Purpose was salvation for the members of monastic orders • Enabled Missionary expansion • Monks often translated Bible into local languages • Long tradition of keeping, copying and restoring ancient texts and documents • Credited with many revivals throughout the middle ages • Instrumental in farming and other agricultural techniques THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Rise of monasticism • Early monastic thinkers included significant Platonic thought. • The idea that this temporal world was only a shadow and not a reality tended to promote a ‘spirituality’ that undervalued the material world, the body and led to a general to de-valuation of daily existence. • This left a fertile ground for the later neo Gnostic sects to take root. • Tended to be works rather that faith oriented. • Acetic and neo Platonic influences were highly prized. • Platonic dualism created such doctrines as celibacy, and the removal from society for which the monks are most famous. THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

The legacy monasticism A community of pious practice Ancient textual version of the scriptures Ancient hymns, prayer and other sacred documents A significant body of learning and systematic theology In many senses, a church that survived THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

BREAK THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Brief timeline 500 -800 500 - Western Monasteries begin to Copy Text - Earliest References to the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin - Codex Bezae, an important Greek MSS of the NT 506 - Eucharist celebrated 3 x a year, Christmas, Easter, Pentecost 520 - Boethius writes his “Consolation of Philosophy” from prison 526 - Birth of Christ fixed as December 25 527 - Doctrine of Appolinarianism; Christ had a Human mind & Soul 529 - The Rule of Benedict 537 - Death of King Arthur of the Britons 550 - Lent begins on Wednesdays, Bodily assumption of the BVM THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Brief timeline 500 -800 553 - Second Council of Constantinople affirms that Hell is eternal 567 - The twelve days of Christmas 570 - Birth of Mohammed 590 - Gregory introduces Ash Wednesday and formalizes Lent 600 - Church of the Holy Sepulcher displays the chalice of Christ a. k. a the Holy Grail 610 - Doctrine of double predestination begins 627 - First mention of the Immaculate Conception of the BVM and Mary being free from the stain of original sin 700 - Mass becomes ‘personal’ and for sale, may be commissioned by the rich for events, funerals etc. First mention of black being worn at Christian funerals 725 - Iconoclastic controversy begins, will later wreak havoc on Eastern THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH Orthodoxy

Brief timeline 500 -800 731 - Easter is formally traced back to Teutonic Fertility Goddess First Church organ appears 750 - Apologetics against Islam begin in earnest 787 - Beginning of Holy Relics 800 - Coronation of Charlemagne; - Allegorical interpretation of the mass begins THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

THE RISE OF THE PAPACY The Rise of Islam in 635 -732 reduces Byzantine territories, influence and power. Fall of Carthage in 698 Islam weakened Byzantium and exaggerated issues between East and West Rome pursued relationship with the Frankish Kings in the North to expand territory, collect tribute and strengthen alliances far from Islamic reach. Led directly to the Boniface Mission to Germany and ultimately to Conation of Charles the Great (Charlemagne) THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

THE RISE OF THE PAPACY Leo obtains edict from Velentinian III giving him authority over all of the Western Bishoprics, and in matters of civil law 751 Pope Zacharias assists Pepin the Short in becoming King of the Frankish empire 754 Pope Stephen II crowns Pepin King of the Roman Empire (a first for the papacy) 756 the “Donation of Pepin” creates the Papal states in Italy, increasing the need for his successors to protect land tax base in that area. This further strengthens the papal power in those states. As Islam moves West, Rome now has Northern allies to assist (See Map) THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

The coronation of Charlemagne 800 AD The Eastern Empire (Byzantium) is under siege Pepin (Charlemagne's father) has made a significant contribution of Land to the Papacy, securing a partnership between the Western empire and the Roman church for years to come. (These papal states eventually become Vatican city) His fathers strength and the Frankish kingdoms success give him power to rule and tax to build a standing army. This power makes him a logical helper for the embattled Byzantine empire which is crumbling. The great political and ecclesiastical issues discussed earlier make this a significant challenge. The power the papacy now had, the ability to crown a King, is a harbinger of things to come. THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

THE RISE OF THE PAPACY Church becomes the arbiter of the grace of God. As leaders increase in power, the church begins to teach apostolic succession. In 800 the mass begins to take on very allegorical significance; each motion of the priest and the Eucharist is a sacred drama, in which every movement is also given an allegorical meaning. The Seven Sacraments become an instituted part of the church. THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

THE RISE OF THE PAPACY Man is in Sin and needs Saving; this is accomplished via the seven sacraments Sacrament stood for a spiritual reality and enabled the salvation of those that participated in them Only the priest can administer sacraments Sacrament is ‘outward sign of an inward grace’ Receipt of Gods grace required reception of the sacraments THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

THE RISE OF THE PAPACY Kingdom moves North and Papal and Secular power become increasingly entangled The beginnings of “Christendom” begin to emerge: All of life, philosophy, politics and social areas fall under the jurisdiction of the church Civil laws and civic rulers come under the explicit protection of the church Christendom is an idealized ‘Christian society’ where every aspect of life and society are under the rule and control of the church. THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Rise of the papacy • CHURCH GAINS POWER TO ADMINSTER THE GRACE OF GOD OVER COMMON BELIEVERS • CHURCH GAINS MASSIVE POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONTROL OVER MANY ASPECTS OF LIFE • THE LEADERSIHP GREW INTO THE APOSTOLIC SUCCESSOR MODEL THAT THE RC CHURCH HOLDS TO THIS DAY • FAITH AND BELIEF BECOME DE-PERSONALIZED • THE INDIVIDUALS ABILITY TO HAVE ACCESS TO GOD IS LIMITED TO THE INTERCESSATION OF THE CHURCH • GRACE AND TRUTH CAN BE BOUGHT AND SOLD, AND MANIPULATED TO MAINTAIN SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CONTROL THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

EVERYDAY CHRISTIANITY in the middle ages Average Christian was removed from the papacy/Monasticism Focused on most popular items in liturgical practice: Veneration of the saints, especially Virgin Mary Relics and Shrines Pilgrimages Heroic efforts to re-capture the holy land from infidels Pagan influence and practice remained mostly ion ‘Christian flavor’ Dissolution of Roman Empire, most now illiterate, no ‘text’ other than the mass THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH tact but took on a

EVERYDAY CHRISTIANITY in the middle ages Conversions were obtained by the churches liberal use of existing pagan festivals Pagan gods and goddesses were replaced by Christian saints and martyrs The Virgin Mary is re-cast as the “Universal Mother” Mary prayed to directly, and prayers are offered in her name 1202 the rosary is first said in the church Increasing emphasis on the humanity rather than the divinity of Jesus (he becomes more the son of Mary and less the Son of God) THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Brief timeline 800 -1054 800 - Coronation of Charlemagne 831 - “on the body and blood of our Lord”; first document teaching that the blood of the Eucharist is the same as that of the BVM, and that it is the means of incorporation in to the visible church 850 - Confirmation viewed as the point at which a Christian receives divine assistance from the HS in resisting sin 975 - Stained glass begins to appear in cathedrals 1000 - Literacy in Europe rises again - copying of manuscripts becomes part of daily monastic life 1030 - earliest version of the hail Mary 1038 - Christmas first recorded 1054 - The Great Schism THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

BREAK THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

The Beginning of unrest THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

THE GREAT SCHISM the political developments Norman conquest was threatening southern Italy and bringing with it doctrinal controversy (unleavened bread). Eastern Empire sends request to Cerularius to turn over control of those Italian churches toe the West as a concession to the Normans. He refuses, countering that these churches must conform to Greek (Orthodox) ideals rites and rituals. Italian churches refuses and Cerularius shuts them down. Pope Leo IX sends a man named Humbert (a hot-headed anti Simonist) to handle the situation. While he is on his way Leo dies While Humbert is on his way, the East send letters of apology, trying to reconcile Humbert confronts Cerularius, and excommunicates him , Cerularius follows suit and excommunicates Humbert. THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

THE GREAT SCHISM 1054 the ecclesiastical developments In addition to political and military challenges the Eastern Empire has internal issues: Pope claimed authority over the Greek speaking patriarchs of the orthodox church. They maintained loyalty to Constantinople The addition of the ‘filioque’ clause into the Nicene creed centuries earlier is again an issue as they request help from the Western church The issue of Icon use in worship and the use of leaven in the bread in the Eucharist is deeply divisive as well. (Iconoclastic controversy) THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

THE GREAT SCHISM 1054 Eastern and western churches split into ‘orthodox’ and ‘roman catholic’ The insertion of the filioque clause into the Nicene Creed Disputes over papal control of regional patriarchs', authority of Pope Islam caused weakening of patiarchs of Antioch, Jerusalem, Alexandria Shift of political strength from Constantinople to rome Use of unleavened bread for the Eucharist Celibacy issues in the priesthood THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

iconography the eastern church position Icons are good, show gospel Message Have within them the power of the cross More they are viewed, more believer is inspired Icons should be revered but not worshipped “The honor paid to them passes on to Jesus” “He who worships them worships God” THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

THE GREAT SCHISM iconoclasm THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

THE GREAT SCHISM iconoclasm THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

SCHOLASTICISM 1033 -1470 St Anselm Peter Abelard Bernard of Clairvaux Francis of Assisi Bonaventure Thomas Aquinas John Wyclif Jan Hus Thomas a Kempis The medieval church

SCHOLASTICISM 1033 -1470 Scholastic philosophy usually combined logic, metaphysics and semantics into one discipline, and is generally recognized to have developed our understanding of logic significantly when compared to the older sources. High Scholasticism from 1250 -1350 crossed into Philosophy, metaphysics, the philosophy of science and epistemology. The movement appeals to logic and reason apart from revelation and the innate authority of scripture. Represents a new movement to apply Aristotelian and other philosophical principles into the formation of church dogma and doctrine. The medieval church

SCHOLASTICISM PETER LOMBARD, THE SENTENCES: Classic systematic theology text, used for 7 centuries and still heavily quoted. Influenced all major medieval thinkers. The text deals with the sacraments and other fundamental principles of faith and practice. The medieval church

SCHOLASTICISM Bernard of Clairvaux Staunch opponent of scholasticism and of Abelard in particular Highly regarded and the papacy sought his council regularly Instrumental in the launching and execution of the Second Crusade Very eloquent and outspoken. Traveled to Germany to defend Jews against anti-Semites Most lasting contribution is the Veneration of Mary. Clairvaux was a major proponent of what would later be called the popular piety of the 12 th century. In opposition to the scholastics he proposed a more ‘immediate’ faith which comes to us via the Virgins intercession with the Savior on our behalf. The medieval church

SCHOLASTICISM PETER ABELARD, SIC ET NON: “Yes” and “No” Trained in logic and rhetoric in the classic Greek styles. Asserts that wisdom is attained by questioning. Tradition and authority are not sufficient to answer the questions about the character of God. “By doubting we are led to questions, by questioning we are led to truth” Father of “conceptualism” a theory later developed by Immanuel Kant (1724 -1804) Famous affair with Heloise, a pupil later discredited him The medieval church

SCHOLASTICISM THOMAS AQUINAS, SUMMA THEOLOGICA: Natural Theology and attempt to find evidences for god in nature itself. Introduces the idea that god is self-evident, and can be discovered based on reason and ordinary experience. This work was later used at the Council of Trent, (15451563) alongside the bible to answer religious questions. Famous for the “Five ways” or five arguments for the existence of God. (Teleology) William Paley and later Charles Darwin used these arguments in the “watchmaker analogy” and to construct an alternate view in “on the origin of the species”. The medieval church

POPE URBAN ii 1095 N. Europe was stabilizing Unemployed soldiers needed work Seljuk Turks presence impeded Christian pilgrimages to Jerusalem Emperor Alexius I asked for help against Muslims Pope urban II called for a “War of the Cross” the assembly replied "Dieu le veult!" -- "God wills it!“ THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

And the crusades began… THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

BREAK THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

THE CRUSADES 1095 -1291 Urban Preaches The medieval church

THE CRUSADES 1095 -1291 Began as a fight against Islam and the Seljuk Turks invading Byzantium and a retaking of Jerusalem Wild stories of Islamic mistreatment of Christians inflamed the issue Council of Clermont: Pope Urban II saw this as an opportunity to re-unite the empire and gain influence for himself and build loyalty with the ‘state’ Special religious status given to those who fought Knights and warriors became increasing corrupt, many abuses followed Objectified and pillaged minority groups, Jews and others 7 crusades in all, most were abysmal failures and served only to destroy cities, culture and lives. The medieval church

A new enemy arises THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Medieval heresies THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

The cathars 1012 -1229 Human contains spark of divine light Human spirit is corrupted by the material world created by a lesser deity (the god of the OT) Cathars identified this ‘lesser version’ with Satan Christian God was a corrupt abomination from material world Goal was escape from the corrupted world Matter and man were stained with evil Believed in a limited reincarnation THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

The cathars 1012 -1229 • Socially divided into two groups : The Perfecti and the Credentes • The Perfect and the Believers • Essentially ascetic and monastic in order and practice • Belief in Jesus as a manifestation of a spirit (docetism) • The fundamental conflict with the Roman church was over the issue of the resurrection • The Cathars were a fundamental target of the inquisition and considered a heretical sect. • They do in fact have elements of classic Gnosticism, Manichaeism and Docetism. • THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

The Waldensians 1140 -1218 • Waldo converted in 1175, gave property and belongings to wife, joined a convent. • Claim that anyone can preach the gospel and gospel alone is necessary for salvation • Practiced radical asceticism • Significant following among lesser educated people • Denied doctrines of purgatory, selling of indulgences, and prayers for the dead. • Refused to shed blood and condemned warfare and the death penalty. • Excommunicated in 1215 and declared heretical THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

The hussites 1369 -1428 The Hussites • Czech Founder Jan Hus (13691415) • Spoke out against indulgences • Challenged worldly power of Papacy • Significantly influenced by Wyclif • Excommunicated; 1411 • Tired for heresy; 1415 • Burned at the Stake; 1415 THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Enter the inquisitor THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

THE INQUISITION 1184 - THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

THE INQUISITION • A specific attack on heretical sects in the church. • Began in 1184 against the Cathars in southern France. • Continued against the Waldensians in 1170. • “Trials” generally favored the church, witnesses testified in secret. • Torture was allowed to gain confessions after 1252. • Goal was a public confession and repentance and salvation of the soul. Execution was considered a failure. • Punishments included long pilgrimages to holy sites, banishment, confiscation of personal property and burning at the stake for the unrepentant or repeat offenders. THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

John wyclif 1324 -1384 All men are equal before God Called the Papacy the Antichrist Repudiates much of medieval doctrine and practice as unbiblical; pardons, the treasury of merit, indulgences, adoration of the saints and other ‘sacred cows’ of the church. Preaches personal relationship with God and believe that lay people should read and teach the scriptures He also dispenses with Augustine, Jerome and other canons Attack on transubstantiation gets him ex-communicated, branded a heretic after his death. Body exhumed and burned in 1460! Translates the Latin bible into the common (middle) English language THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

The decline of the papacy • 1296; Philip and Edward both decide to tax the church to increase financial strength for their military campaigns in • Pope Boniface says “no” Philip the Fair 1268 -1314 • Boniface VIII threatens to excommunicate them if they proceed. • Edward threatens to strip papacy of legal protections. • Philip threatens an embargo on all silver and gold. • Boniface backed down. • The church was losing its grip on affairs of ‘state’ THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH Edward Longshanks 12391307

The decline of the papacy Further struggles ensue between Philip and Boniface Philip counters that the church has no authority in ‘temporal affairs’ “ My masters sword is made of steel, the popes is made of words” Boniface continues to make threats of excommunication and Philip dispatches troops to Italy, and finding the pope on vacation imprisons him for several days. The aging Pope dies a few weeks later Generally, the European monarchs are no longer in fear of the papacy. The decline of feudalism and the beginnings of a nationalistic sense are developing. The church will increasingly lose its place at the table in the affairs of the infant nations THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

The decline of the papacy When Clement takes the throne, he chooses to remain in Avignon rather than Rome. Six additional Popes follow suit and this begins the Great Papal Schism Additional confusion about who was the true successor to St Peter ensued The council of Constance eventually resolved the issue by deposing one Pope in favor of a new Vicar of Chris, Martin V in 1417 Martins first act was to nullify all the councils act save the one that enacted him as Pope. 1492 Roderic Borgia become Pope Alexander VI. He was infamous for corruption, nepotism and scandal. Machiavelli later praised his leadership. The horror of his death and the refusal of his body at St Peters basilica and refused to say the Mass for him saying “it is blasphemous to say a mass for the damned!” THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

It all ended badly THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Milton on Waldensian Persecution AVENGE, O Lord, thy slaughtered Saints, whose bones Lie scattered on the Alpine mountains cold; Even them who kept thy truth so pure of old, When all our fathers worshiped stocks and stones, Forget not: in thy book record their groans Who were thy sheep, and in their ancient fold Slain by the bloody Piemontese, that rolled Mother with infant down the rocks. Their moans The vales redoubled to the hills, and they To heaven. Their martyred blood and ashes sow o’er all the Italian fields where still doth sway The triple Tyrant; that from these may grow A hundredfold, who, having learnt thy way, Early may fly the Babylonian woe. John Milton 1655 THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH

Chaucer on the papacy This friar boasts that he knows hell, And God knows that it is little wonder; Friars and fiends are seldom far apart. For, by God, you have ofttimes heard tell How a ravished friar went to hell In spirit, once by a vision; And as an angel led him up and down, To show him the pains that were there, In the whole place he saw not one friar; He saw enough of other folk in woe. To the angel spoke the friar thus: "Now sir, " said he, "Are friars in such good grace That none of them come to this place? " "Yes, " answered the angel, "many a million!" And the angel led him down to Satan. He said, "And Satan has a tail, Broader than a large ship's sail. Hold up your tail, Satan!" he ordered. "Show your arse, and let the friar see Where the nest of friars is in this place!" And before half a furlong of space, Just as bees swarm from a hive, Out of the devil's arse there drove Twenty thousand friars on a route, And they swarmed all over hell, And came again as fast as they had gone, And every one crept back into his arse. He clapped his tail again and lay very still. [1] THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH