Imperialism The takeover of a country or territory

Imperialism • The takeover of a country or territory by a stronger nation with the intent of dominating the political, economic, and social life of the people of that nation.

Why Imperialism? • Imperialism - The takeover of a country or territory by a stronger nation with the intent of dominating the political, economic, and social life of the people of that nation. • National Pride • Economic competition – France vs. Germany, Britain vs. France • Social Darwinism – “Survival of the fittest” – Used as justification

Africa Before Imperialism • Demographics – 1, 000 different languages – Hundreds of ethnic groups • Religion – Traditional beliefs, Christianity, Islam • Politics – Large empires to independent villages Why is this important information? Europeans Arrive • Explorers, missionaries, humanitarians, reporters at first Why not until the late 1800 s? • Industrial Revolution – Needed new markets and raw materials • Technological superiority – Maxim Gun • Medical Breakthroughs – Quinine to battle Malaria What did Africa Have to Offer? • Mining: – Congo: copper and tin – South Africa: gold and diamonds • Agriculture: Cashcrops – Peanuts, palm oil, cocoa, rubber • More colonies means more power

Pre-Conquest of Africa • French in Algeria by 1830 s • Portuguese had Angola & Mozambique • British took Cape Colony during Napoleonic Wars • European powers only controlled about 10% of continent until 1870 s

The Scramble for Africa • King Leopold II of Belgium (1876) in Congo – Forms International Africa Association (IAA) • Influences Otto Van Bismarck – Economic/power reasons – Wants to divert French hostility toward Germany – Calls for Conference

Berlin Conference 1884 -1885 • Headed by Bismarck – Germany’s entrance into the game changed the rules • European claims to African territory had to rest on “effective occupation” in order to be recognized – Also agreed to work to stop slavery and the slave trade – No firearm or liquor sales in certain areas – Missionaries free to spread Christianity

Africa’s Response to Colonization • European technology outmatches most African armies – Maxim gun, gunboats, etc • Europeans susceptible to disease – Solution? – Recruit rival African tribes to help fight each other • African leaders weigh options: – Build alliances with Europeans, other tribes? – Make accommodations? Negotiate?

Africa’s Response to Colonization • Samori Toure – Western African leader – Created powerful Islamic Kingdom – 30, 000 man army – Fought with invading French in 1881 and lost, moved east – After internal rebellions, and imposing British forces from the west… – Captured and exiled in 1898

African Response to Colonization • Religious leaders more effective in uniting – why? – Religion unites, politics divide • Muhammad Ahmad (1844 -1885) in Sudan – Muslim “shaykh” (head of tribe, village, religious order) – Proclaimed himself the “Mahdi” (1881) • Muslim messiah, savior of the faith • Establishes “jihad” and successfully takes back British controlled land until 1898 • The “Shona” tribe rises up against British in South Africa in 1890 s

African Response to Colonization • Ethiopia only area to successfully keep European powers out… • Menelik II becomes emperor and unites the region – Starts to modernize and expand Ethiopia – Makes agreement with Italians for Red Sea coast • 1896 – Italians break treaty • Battle ensues at Aduwa – 100, 000 Ethiopian soldiers vs. 20, 000 Italian soldiers • Italians make numerous mistakes in battle, are embarrassed in defeat.

The Mineral Revolution • Diamonds discovered in 1867 in Southern Africa and thousands (both black and white) flocked to area to mine • 1873 – European diggers lobby for British to establish laws prohibiting Africans from owning claims – sets tone for future laws • European mine owners employ Africans • Compound system controls labor

The Mineral Revolution • 1886 – Gold discovered in Transvaal – Transvaal is Afrikaner territory – led by President Paul Kruger – New discovery renews British interest in controlling the Transvaal – Kruger determined to protect Transvaal from “uitlanders” • 1888 – Cecil Rhodes and Barney Barnato join to found De Beers – De Beers comes to control 90% of diamond production – Rhodes becomes prime minister of Cape Colony in S. A. – Expands British borders in S. A.

The Boer War – South Africa (1899) • Rhodes attempts invasion of Transvaal and fails – Rhodes forced to resign – invasion is seen as “reckless” – Afrikaners and Orange Free State ally and modernize army– “Boers” • Alfred Milner replaces Rhodes – Gave Kruger a list of demands that could not be met, war breaks out • First modern “total war” – Boers used guerilla tactics – British burned Boer farms; imprisoned women & children in disease-ridden concentration camps – 30, 000 Afrikaners and 15, 000 blacks died in the camps • 1902 Union of South Africa created, controlled by the British – By 1907 a self-governing dominion of the UK

After the War • British try to Anglicize Afrikaners but fail • Afrikaners controlled the government (first three Prime Ministers were Afrikaner) and gained official recognition of language • English speakers controlled the civil service and dominated the business sector • They did work together to preserve white dominance over the black majority – 70% of population controlled on 13% of land – “Civilized Labor” policies of the 1920 s • Low-level civil jobs blacks held were given to large population of poor, unskilled whites • Paves the way for…

APARTHEID (1948 -1994) • Apartheid (separateness) – a system of legal racial segregation – Rights of the majority black inhabitants of South Africa were curtailed – Minority rule by whites was maintained. • Racial segregation in South Africa began in colonial times but Apartheid now an official policy in 1948 • New legislation classified inhabitants into racial groups, and residential areas were segregated – sometimes forced removals – 1958 – Blacks deprived of citizenship of S. A. – Now citizens of one of ten tribally based self-governing territories called “bantustans” – Segregated education, medical care, and other public services – Black services were made inferior to white ones

Forms of Colonial Control • Colony – A country or region governed internally by a foreign power • Protectorate – A country or territory with its own internal gov’t but under the control of an outside power • Sphere of Influence – An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges • Economic Imperialism – Independent but less developed nations controlled by private business interests rather than by other governments

Imperialist Management • Indirect Control – Relied on existing political rulers – Legislative council that included colonial officials as well as local merchants and professionals – Councils trained local leaders • EX: Britain • Direct Control – Africans are unable to handle power – paternalism – Brought in their own officials and did not train local people – Assimilation: local populations would become absorbed into culture • EX: French & Belgians

The Ottoman Empire (1300 -1923) • • Anatolia – descendants of nomadic Turks Militaristic & Invading No strong central power Government organized by “ghazis” – Broken up independent states, warriors for Islam • Osman (Othman) build strong state until his death in 1326 – His dynastic successors expand territory and create the “Ottoman” empire

The Islamic Empires • Safavid Empire (1501– 1736) – – – Present day Iran (Persia) “Squeezed” between Ottomans and Mughals Forced to become militaristic Shi’ite Muslims Persecuted by Ottoman Sunni Muslims • Mughal Empire (1526– 1857) – Present day Northern India – Islam forced on partly Hindu population – Overexpansion, poor leadership weakens empire by 1800 s • Enter England

Ottoman Empire: Notable Sultans • Mehmet II (1444 -1481) – Captured Constantinople in 1453 – Ends Byzantine Empire, renames city Istanbul • Selim the Grim (1512 -1520) – Defeated Safavids – Swept through Syria, Palestine and into North Africa • Suleiman (1520 -1566) – Reached its peak size – Dominated Eastern Med. , controlled coastal cities of Africa as well as interior trade, pushed into Europe – Only Charles V rivaled his power

Ottoman Empire in Decline • 17 th and 18 th centuries – Ottoman empire in decline – Weak army – janissary corps – Not industrializing • Selim III (1789 -1806) attempted to modernize – Restructured army – Set up foreign embassies • Mahmud II (1808 -1839) – Restored central authority – Established new army (Euro trained) – Restructured government

Nationalism Dividing • Nationalism stirring in Ottoman lands – Serbs revolted in 1804 – Greeks in 1821 – Romanians in 1850 s – Bulgarians in 1870 s • All supported by Western Europe – why? Geopolitics: an interest in or taking of land for its strategic location or products Western Europe wanted a balance of power

European Involvement • Crimean War 1853 – Russia vs. Ottomans – France & Britain help Ottomans win • Egypt – Ottoman control since 1517 • French briefly took over 1800 • Ottoman and British end French occupation – Muhammad Ali in power (1801) • Westernizes Egypt – Reforms military, economy, agriculture, education – Under Muhammad Ali broke away from Ottomans – Grandson Ismail constructed the Suez Canal • Opened 1869 • 1882 British controlled it

Young Turk Revolution • Abdulhamid II (1876 -1909) – Reformer and autocrat • 1889 – students form Committee for Union and Progress – Want to combine Islamic culture with Euro ideas and technology • Young Turk Revolution (1908) – Constitution and assembly instated – End of Ottoman monarchy, CUP in control

British in India • British present since 1600 s • Mughal Empire collapsing in 1700 s • 1757 East India Company the major power – Had an army made up of “sepoys” Sepoy Rebellion 1857 • Cartridges of rifles sealed with beef and pork fat – Offends both Hindus and Muslims • Mughal emperor reluctantly heads rebellion • British use total war tactics • The British took direct command: The Raj – Direct rule - paternalism – Indians could not overcome their religious differences: Hindu vs. Muslim – Sikhs remained loyal to the British • British direct rule 1757 -1947 – Cabinet minister in London » British Viceroy in India » Local Councils made up of Indians

Indian Nationalist Movement • Ram Mohum Roy (1772 -1833) – Began a campaign to move India away from traditional practices; these practices were allowing foreigners to control them • Widow suicide, child marriage, caste system • Indian National Congress 1885 – Made up of both Indians and Britons • The Muslim League 1906 – Form after the partition of Bengal – Both groups begin to call for self-government – After Gandhi’s death the Muslim League will create Pakistan

British in Malaysia • 1796 • Gained Singapore as well as most of Malayan peninsula • Geopolitics – trade • Tin, rubber • Gained Burma (present day Myanmar) • Encouraged Chinese immigration – Conflict still exists between Malaysians and Chinese

Dutch • • Indonesia referred to as Dutch East Indies Dutch East India Company present since the early 1800 s Sugar, tobacco, coffee, tea Created a rigid social class system 1. Dutch 2. Wealthy & Educated Indonesians 3. Plantation workers 1. Forced production, poor working conditions, little rights gave way to independence movements

French Indochina • • • Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam Protectorates Did not encourage local industry Paternalism, assimilation Rice production went up Siam (Thailand) – neutral zone under King Mongut • Modernized Thai economy • Warded off foreign rule

Experience of Southeast Asia • Products: sugar cane, coffee, cocoa, rubber, coconut, bananas, pineapple • Europeans encouraged immigration from other Asian nations – Why? – To diversify the population – no unity – Southeast Asia became a melting pot of Hindus, Muslims, Christians, and Buddhists – Many problems still exist between these groups today in this area

U. S. in the Pacific • U. S. involved in imperialist activity – Purchased Alaska in 1867 – Overthrew Hawaiian Queen in 1893 • Spanish American War – – – 1898 Gained Puerto Rico, and Guam, and Philippines Promised to prepare them for self-rule Economic exploitation American-Philippine war • 400, 000 killed or imprisoned

China • Led by Manchus of Qing Dynasty • Strong agriculture, mining, manufacturing – Rice, sweet potatoes, peanuts, salt, tin, silver, iron, silks, cottons, porcelain, maize • Tribute system – states subordinate to China and receive gifts and protection in return • Self-Sufficient – They didn’t need anything the West had to offer – Had more people than any empire in the world

Opium • Foreigners only allowed in one port • They earned more from their exports than they spent on their imports – trade imbalance – The British were determined to even out the balance • Smuggled in Opium for non-medical use • By 1835 12 million Chinese addicted • Opium War – 1839 Chinese vs. British – Superior British Navy humiliated the Chinese – Treaty of Nanking 1842 • Britain gained Hong Kong • 1844 Treaty gave US extraterritorial rights

Internal Problems • 430 million people by 1850 – Hunger widespread; Huang He flooded regularly • Government Inaction – Dikes in disrepair, granaries empty, bribery for jobs – Many begin to turn against Qing Dynasty CHINESE NATIONALSIM GROWING Taiping Rebellion • 1850 -1864 Led by Hong Xiuquan • “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace” – all would share China’s vast wealth; there would be no poverty • Imperial troops, local militias and British & French forces fought to put down rebellion – 20 million dead

DEMAND REFORMS! • Taiping Rebellion put down • Western Ways or Chinese Traditions? • Dowager Empress Cixi 1861 -1908 – Supported some reforms but generally conservative • Sino-Japanese War 1894 – Leads to renewed aggression of West • Open Door Policy 1899 – China’s doors are open to all nations – China never becomes a colony but it is at the mercy of foreign powers Chinese Nationalists hate the presence of foreigners!

Boxer Rebellion 1900 • Reforms being suppressed • Society of Harmonious Fists (referred to as Boxers) – Peasants and workers who resented foreign privileges; resented Chinese Christians • “Death to the Foreign Devil!” – Surround European section of Beijing • Begin to imprison and kill Europeans – Soldiers from Britain, France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Russia, Japan & the US defeated the Boxers Rebellion a failure but Nationalism is not dead!!

JAPAN • Prior to 1867 ruled by the Tokugawa Shogun – Tightly ordered society cut off from the West – Traded with China and Dutch traders in Indonesia; contact with Korea – Commodore Matthew Perry arrived in 1853 • Treaty of Kanagawa 1854 opened up two ports to American ships • 1860 foreigners allowed to trade in all treaty ports • 1863 -1864 Imperial naval fleets bombard two rebel-prone cities

The Meiji Era: 1867 -1912 • Japanese annoyed with Tokugawa for giving into foreigners • The Meiji Restoration – – – Peaceful coup by young samurais 1867 – End of military dictatorship of the Tokugawa Restructures government Ruled for 45 years Emperor Mutsuhito “Enlightened Rule”

The Meiji Government • Japanese sent to study foreign ways – Iwakura Mission (1871) – Liked Germany’s centralized gov’t, the skill of British Navy, and American system of public education • Industrialization – By 1914 – 7, 000 miles of railroad – Coal production grew, factories built, developed shipbuilding, weapons production as well as local industries • Who is left behind as Japan modernizes? • Satsuma Rebellion 1877 – Now irrelevant samurai rebel – over 30, 000 are killed

Japanese Imperialism • By 1890 strongest military power in Asia – Build an empire to secure their interests • War with China over Korea – 1895 Sino-Japanese war – Within a few months the Chinese were driven from Korea and Japan began to move into Manchuria – Peace treaty gave Japan its first colonies Europeans very surprised that Japan won

Russo-Japanese War 1905 • The two major powers in East Asia • Went to war over Manchuria and Korea –Japan easily defeats the Russians (really bad for Russia) • Treaty of Portsmouth: forced Russia to withdraw from Manchuria and stay out of Korea Japan is THE power in East Asia

Korea & Japanese Imperialism • After the Russo-Japanese War the Japanese don’t hold back in Korea • 1905 – made a protectorate • 1910 – Japan annexed Korea • For the next 35 years brutal Japanese rule – Forbade public protest – Shut down newspapers – Took over schools – Replaced the Korean language – Took away land KOREAN NATIONALISM GROWS!!