Roots of Western Imperialism IMPERIALISM Imperialism One country

Roots of Western Imperialism IMPERIALISM

Imperialism � One country takes control of another country � Government, trade, Culture � Types of Control � Settlement Colonies: large groups of people from one country living together in a new place. ○ Ex: Australia/settlement for Great Britain � Dependent Colonies: few European officials ruled non- European people. � Protectorates: Ruler kept title, but Europeans controlled area. � Spheres of Influence: area one nation had special interest.

� Economic Motives: One word: INDUSTRIALIZATION � Control regions with the raw materials country needed � New markets in Asia, Africa, and Latin America (Control) ○ Ex: Shirt and Ties in Africa � Cultural Motives for Imperialism � “White Man’s Burden” by Rudyard Kipling: “half devil and half child. ” Europeans were “helping” or “improving” them. � Missionaries: convert people to Christianity ○ Helped build schools to teach new culture ○ Medicine, Hygiene, and sanitation

North Africa � French: forced occupied Algiers (Ottoman Empire state) � Went after small state of Tunis (East of Algiers) � Tunis: Became a French protectorate. (Turkish Ruler, French government) � Morocco: appealing b/c of Strait of Gibraltar ○ Deal with Britain, Spain, and Italy (French take Morocco) ○ Not get in way of Britain (Egypt) or Italy (Libya), or Spain (Sphere of Influence with North Morocco) � British: Wanted Egypt � Suez Canal: through the Isthmus of Suez to connect to the Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea. Egypt bough half stock ○ Egypt on verge of bankruptcy, so British buys and owns most of stock. (Sea route to India, Australia, and New Zealand). ○ Rebellion begins (British navy and troops were sent)

� Fashoda Crisis: � Sudan: Egyptian colony that Britain and France wanted � Al Mahdi (expected one): led revolt against Egypt gaining control of major cities (Khartoum-Sudan capital) � British: invaded Sudan and defeated Mahdist army � French: Two years earlier, wanted to gain control of upper Nile (Jean-Baptiste Marchand). ○ French reached Fashoda ○ British arrive 2 months later (Both expected to go to war) ○ France yielded Sudan to Great Britain � Result: Great Britain and Egypt won joint control of area. ○ Great Britain: clearly the dominant partner (Anglo-Egyptian Sudan).

West Africa � Slave Trade (Most were abolished) turned to other trades: � Palm, Oil, Feathers, Ivory, Rubber � French: fought for control of Senegal for years. � Samory Toure: led revolt against France until captured � Claimed Senegal and area called French West Africa � Britain: went up against Ashanti � Took over Ashanti and Gold coast (Ghana) � France, Great Britain, Germany, Spain, and Portugal � Controlled most of West Africa � Liberia: independent state (United States helped)

Central and East Africa � Henry Stanley: wrote articles about his search of “Dr. Livingstone I presume” � King Leopold II of Belgium: personal colony of 900, 000 in Central Africa. Only interest: Become wealthier � Sold business people rubber, slave labor � Turned over to Belgian government (Belgian Congo) � East Africa: famine helped colonize � Nations divided similar way of West Africa

South Africa: Competition British seize Cape Colony: British possession � Boers: people that left colony that moved to the North and East in a mass migration. � � Carved three states: Natal (SE), Orange Free State (W), and Transvaal (N). � Run into Zulu: fought for years over land (Britain helps Boers and Zulu are defeated) � Competition starts with diamonds found in Orange FS � Cecil Rhodes: British businessman who takes control of South African diamond production. ○ Expands production to the North Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) � Boer War: Boers in Transvaal kept British from opening mines. This led to war, and British defeated Boers ○ Allowed Boers to keep language in schools.

Effect of Imperialism on Africa � Europeans � Controlled all levels of government usually � Paternalism: belief that Africans could not govern themselves. � New farming, crops, medicine, roads and railroads � Sought out alliances (Europeans tried to take advantage) � Hoped for Assimilation: give up own culture and adopt another.

Asia � Nature of British Rule: 1. Roman Method: Divide and Rule 2. Granted Favors to Princes or Dealt Harshly � Active Rulers in India 1. Some made India permanent home 2. Two different cultures: British put themselves higher in society (Social circles of Europeans) 3. Western-Style Schools a) b) c) Taught in English Western Ideas Regular school subjects 4. Either self-rule or Break all ties with Britain a) British kept under tight rein

Japan-Imperialism � Meiji Restoration: group of samurai overthrew the Tougawa shogunate then they returned the power to emperor. � Wanted government and social system similar to West. � Social Classes eliminated: Free to choose work � Voting=large amount of land owned � Two-house National Assmbly called Diet (The Elected) � Industrialization: new factory machinery from West � Sent students to West to learn about Western ideas. ○ Railroads and Telephones, Factories, Textile Industry ○ Raw materials: iron, ore, crude oil (Steel and build ships) � Wanted Korea � Rebellion in Korea led to Sino-Japanese War: China versus Japan. China was defeated by Japan. � Treaty of Shimonoseki: Korean Independence/Japan: Taiwan and area by Manchuria/Could trade in Chinal.

Southeast Asia � British Colonies: Two colonies: Manchuria and Sigapore � Singapore: Tip of Malay Peninsula/Strait of Malacca � French Gains: Siam � British had interests on one border, French on other � King Mongkut: helped modernize his country � Independent Siam was useful as a Buffer � Dutch East Indies: 1800’s, several revolts (Became Indonesia)

U. S Interest in Pacific Islands � Samoa Islands: U. S vs. Germany vs. Britain � U. S received Tutuila and six other small islands. � Germany: All other islands in Samoan group � Hawaiian Islands: US sugarcane and pineapple plantation. � Queen Liliuokalani: did not want foreigners to control Hawaii. � Business leaders gained control (US takeover)

Imperialism in Latin America � Spanish-American War: Spain vs. Cuba (Independence) � Maine: American battleship exploded in Havana harbor killing 260 Americans. Declared war on Spanish. � War begins in Philippines: Admiral Dewey: launches attack and Spanish fleet destroyed in seven hours � In Cuba, T. Roosevelt led “Rough Riders in San Juan Hill � U. S fleet sunk remaining ships � Treaty of Paris: Cuban Independence ○ Gave up Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico (For 20 million) ○ Uncorporated territories of United States. � Platt Amendment: ○ Cuba not to enter any agreements with foreign powers ○ United States could intervene with Cuban affairs if necessary ○ Must least Guantanamo Bay to U. S

� Panama Canal: � Needed quicker way to move ships between Atlantic and Pacific. � Opened in 1914: world’s greatest engineering feats at time � Shortened sea rout from NY to San Francisco by 8, 000 miles � Roosevelt Corollary: � If any countries on W. Hemisphere in danger, U. S would come to its protection. � Latin American countries would repay their loans.

Mexico Revolution � Porfirio Diaz: dictator for 30 years (Rich Mexicans control) � Jailed Francisco Indalecio Madero (opponent for presidency) which started a rebellion. � Victoriano Huerta: Madero’s own govt betrayed him and seized control of government. Madero prisoned and shot � Venustaiano Carranza: revolt against Huerta which caused civil war (millions of lives lost). � When US soldiers were arrested, Wilson took action � Pancho Villa: continued to fight Carranza for control of revolution. � Villa raided small town of Columbus, New Mexico more than a dozen American soldiers. � John Pershing: captured Villa and troops � US went deeper into Mexico but withdrew in 1917 (WW 1 in Europe).