COMMON ION EFFECT COMMON ION an ion common

COMMON ION EFFECT

COMMON ION an ion common with one in a system at equilibrium which places a stress on the equilibrium Common Ion

Uses of Common Ion Effect 1. control p. H of a weak acid or base 2. control formation of a precipitate

BUFFER Example Non-example A solution which resists a change in p. H when an acid or base is added consists of a weak acid or base and a salt containing a common ion of its conjugate

How does Le. Chatelier’s Principle explain the operation of a buffer?

Example of a buffer system CH 3 COOH + HOH CH 3 COO- + H 3 O+ Na. CH 3 COO(aq) Na+ + CH 3 COO-

Characteristics of a Good Buffer

1. operates over a narrow p. H range (< 1 p. H unit) 2. no reactions between buffers in a multiple buffer system 3. range can be extended using more than one buffer

Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation

Maximum buffering will occur when ratio is close to 1, or when p. H = p. Ka

1. What is the p. H of a 0. 20 M acetic acid solution?

Add 10. 0 m. L of 0. 20 M Na. OH to 50. 0 m. L of the preceding solution. What is the p. H?

Add 5. 0 g sodium acetate (MM 82. 05) to 500. m. L of the 0. 20 M acetic acid solution. What is the p. H?

Add 10. 0 m. L of 0. 20 M Na. OH to 50. 0 m. L of the preceding solution. What is the p. H?

2. Calculate the mass of ammonium chloride (MM 43. 6) needed to buffer 250. m. L of 2. 0 M ammonia to a p. H of 10.

TITRATION CURVES

Titration Curve A graphical history of a titration typically a plot of the p. H (dependent variable) and volume titrant (independent variable)

Uses of Titration Curves 1. determine equivalence point 2. determine number of ionization reactions 3. determine optimum buffer region 4. determine possible indicators

Shape of Titration Curve Strong acid - strong base Weak acid - strong base

Shape of Titration Curve

Shape of Titration Curve

Equivalence Point 1. Midpoint between points of inflection 2. Plot of the slope of each point of the curve against volume titrant (Dp. H/DV vs Vavg)

Number of Ionization Reactions CH 3 COOH - Na. OH H 2 C 2 O 4 - Na. OH

Optimum Buffer Region Area where the concentration of molecules and their conjugate ions are relatively high

Indicators Need to choose for each titration system Dependent on p. H at equivalence point

ACID-BASE INDICATORS

Acid-base indicators are weak Bronsted. Lowry compounds that are different colors in acid and base form.

Acid-base indicators are all large organic molecules. HIn <===> Color 1 + H In + Color 2

Phenolphthalein Colorless acid form, HIn

Phenolphthalein Pink base form, In-

The color change occurs at a different p. H for different indicators. The p. H at which the indicator changes color is dependent on the Ka of the indicator as a weak acid.

HIn <===> + H + In

Experiments have shown that the minimum amount of change of HIn <==> In that can be detected visually is

Thus, from the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, one can select an appropriate indicator for a titration based upon the Ka of the indicator and the p. H at the equivalence point.

What is the p. H at the equivalence point of a titration of 25. 0 m. L each of 0. 10 M HCl and 0. 10 M Na. OH?

What is the p. H at the equivalence point of a titration of 25. 0 m. L each of 0. 10 M CH 3 COOH and 0. 10 M Na. OH?

Phenolphthalein -9 Ka = 1 x 10 p. H of perceptible color change?

SOLUBILITY EQUILIBRIA

Saturated Solution Maximum amount of solute dissolved in a specific volume of solvent at a specific temperature

Saturated Solution Equilibrium is established between a solid solute and ions from the solute

Super-Saturated Solution More than the normal maximum amount of solute is dissolved in a solution.

Question at a constant temperature, what is the difference in concentration of a saturated solution: (1 m. L vs 1 ML solution) (1 mg vs 1 kg solid)

The concentration of a saturated solution remains the same, no matter how much solid is present, as long as the temperature remains constant.

The “concentration” of a solid remains the same at a constant temperature.

By convention, equations for the formation of saturated solutions are written in the format solid <===> solution Ag. Cl(s) <===> Ag+ + Cl-

Ag. Cl(s) <===> + Ag + Cl

Ag. Cl(s) <===> + Ag + Cl

3. What is the solubility of silver chloride in water at 25 o. C? -10 (Ksp = 1. 6 x 10 )

4. What is the solubility of lead(II) bromide at o -6 25 C? (Ksp = 4. 6 x 10 )

6. What mass of nickel is dissolved in 100. m. L of saturated nickel(II) hydroxide? -16 (Ksp = 1. 6 x 10 ) What is the p. H of this solution?

Which is more soluble? Ag 2 CO 3 [Ksp = 8. 5 x 10 -13] or Ca. CO 3 [Ksp = 3. 4 x 10 -9]

SOLUBILITY ---ACIDITY ---PRECIPITATION

8. If 0. 581 gram of magnesium hydroxide (MM 58. 3) is added to 1. 00 L of water, will it all dissolve? (Ksp = 8. 9 x 10 -12) Below what p. H would the solution be buffered so that it does all dissolve?

9. Calculate the + concentration of NH 4 from ammonium chloride required to prevent the precipitation of Ca(OH)2 in a liter of solution that contains 0. 10 mole of ammonia and 0. 10 mole of calcium ion.

10. If 50. m. L of 0. 012 M barium chloride are mixed -6 with 25 m. L of 1. 0 x 10 M sulfuric acid, will a precipitate form? HINT: use the concentration quotient “Q” as we used it before

11. You have a aqueous solution of Zn 2+ and Pb 2+ both 0. 0010 M. Both form insoluble sulfides. Approximately what p. H will allow maximum precipitation of one ion and leave the other in solution? 12. [Ksp Zn. S = 2. 5 x 10 -22] 13. [Ksp Pb. S = 7 x 10 -29]

SOLUBILITY ---COMMON IONS ---COMPLEX IONS

12. Calculate the molar solubility of silver thiocyanate, Ag. SCN, in pure water and in 0. 010 M Na. SCN.

Complex Ion A charged species consisting of a metal ion surrounded by ligands

LIGAND An ion or molecule, acting as a Lewis base, attached to the central metal ion using the d-orbitals of the metal

Coordination Number The number of ligands attached to the central metal ion. 2, 4, or 6 are most common CN

Metal ions add ligands one step at a time. Ag+ + NH 3 <==> Ag(NH 3)+ Kf 1 = 2. 1 x 103 Ag(NH 3)+ + NH 3 <==> Ag(NH 3)2+ Kf 2 = 8. 2 x 103 where Kf = formation constant

You need to familiarize yourself with “typical” complex ions, Appendix K

Note that a formation constant reflects the stability of the complex.

13. Calculate the equilibrium constant for Ag. I(s) + 2 NH 3(aq) <===> + [Ag(NH 3)2] (aq) + I (aq)

14. Will 5. 0 m. L of 2. 5 M NH 3 dissolve 0. 0001 mole Ag. Cl?

15. A solution is prepared by adding 0. 10 mole Ni(NH 3)6 Cl 2 to 0. 50 L of 3. 0 M NH 3. Calculate the [Ni(NH 3)62+] and [Ni 2+] in the solution.