AP EURO Introduction Ms Callejas THE EUROPEAN CONTINENT

AP EURO - Introduction Ms. Callejas

THE EUROPEAN CONTINENT V. U. S. & CANADA

SATELLITE VIEW OF EUROPE

EUROPEAN REGIONS 1. Northern Europe 2. Western Europe 3. Eastern Europe 3, 800 square miles

CLIMATE

BREAKDOWN OF EUROPEAN HISTORY: 1. “Classical Period” - Ancient Greece/Rome 2. “Middle Ages/Medieval Period”- (Early : 476 -1000, High : 1000 -1300, Late : 13001450) 3. “Early Modern Period” – 1450 to mid 1700’s 4. “Modern Period”- Mid 1700’s to Present

WHAT IS HISTORICAL INQUIRY? Inquiry: A close examination of something in order to search for information or truth. Historical Sources: Are used as EVIDENCE by Historians.

HISTORICAL SOURCES 1. Primary Source: A document/Artifact that originates from the past. Ex: letter, diary, drawing, Painting, clothing, document, map, photograph… 2. Secondary Source: A document/Artifact that has been written (or made ) recently about the past. Ex: textbook, scholarly article, biography, current book.

DON’T FORGET!! 13 th century = 1200’s 14 th century= 1300’s 15 th century = 1400’s 16 th century = 1500’s 17 th century = 1600’s 18 th century = 1700’s 19 th century = 1800’s 20 th century – 1900’s 21 st century = 2000’s

**** BACKGROUND INFO – THE MIDDLE AGES

Chapter 9 HIGH MIDDLE AGES: BACKGROUND INFO

HIGH MIDDLE AGES (1000 -1300) 1. Improvement in climate 2. New Agricultural Methods : wheeled plow 3. Growth in Population 4. Growth in Trade 5. Growth of Cities

BIRTH OF UNIVERSITIES 1 st European University: * Bologna, Italy Est. 11 th century ! *University of Paris, 1200 *University of Oxford (England), 1208

CURRICULAR STUDIES 1. Trivium : Grammar, rhetoric, logic 2. Quadrivium: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy & music

MEDIEVAL UNIVERSITY DEGREES Degrees awarded after 4 -6 years of study Artium Baccalaureus (Bachelor of Arts) Artium Magister (Master of Arts) Doctor’s Degree-Law, Medicine, Theology. Required 10 additional years of study! Lectures in Latin

SCHOLASTICISM Instructional Method: An attempt to reconcile faith (Theology) and reason (Greek Philosophy of Aristotle) St. Thomas Aquinas

Social, Political, & Ecclesiastical Breakdown LATE MIDDLE AGES (1300 -1453)

CLIMATE CHANGES & “THE DOMINO EFFECT” Brutal , Longer Winters 1303, 13061307 Excessive Rain & Floods 1314 3 Years of Crop Failures 1315 - 1317 End result : The Great Famine

THE BLACK DEATH : 1347 -1351 The Plague Culprits: Rats & Fleas carried bacterium Yesrinia Pestis Symptoms: high fever, aching joints, swelling of lymph nodes, dark blotches

BLACK DEATH Entered through Constantinople (Turkey) 1346 Spread rapidly Followed Trade routes The dance maccabre

THE BLACK DEATH: STATISTICS European population declined between 25% to 50% Between 1347 -1351 How did this inexplicable event affect the mentality of people? Doctor’s Robe

REACTIONS TO THE PLAGUE New attitudes towards Life & Death emerged Altered ideas towards religion 2 Perspectives: 1. New Pietism Emerged 2. Loss of Respect for the Church

EXTREME REACTIONS The Flagellants (Germany) Saw Black Death as punishment from God Flogged themselves to win forgiveness of God Catholic Church alarmed

ANTI-SEMITISM & SCAPE-GOATING Jews accused of Causing Plague By “poisoning wells” Jews Persecuted In Germany 60 Jewish Communities persecuted by 1351

GIOVANNI BOCCACCIO Wrote The Decameron Premise of Novel : Nobles “hide” in country home to escape plague And Tell stories to pass time

MUSIC VIDEO REVIEW - “BLACK DEATH” http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=r. Zy 6 Xil. XD ZQ

HUNDRED YEARS’ WAR MAY 1337 - OCTOBER 1453

HOW LONG DID THE HUNDRED YEAR’S WAR LAST?

THE HUNDRED YEARS WAR A Series of wars between England France What were the causes of the Hundred Year’s War?

CAUSE #1: CONFLICT OVER SUCCESSION * French King Charles IV died without a male heir

CAUSE #1: CONFLICT OVER SUCCESSION English King Edward III Claimed French Throne as his Why? His Grandfather was a French King!

CAUSE #1: CONFLICT OVER SUCCESSION French Barons were insulted and Chose Phillip VI of Valois as King (1 st cousin of the dead French King Charles IV)

CAUSE #2: ENGLAND’S POSSESSIONS IN FRANCE A PROBLEM French land controlled by English King!

CAUSE #3: CONFLICT OVER FLANDERS TERRITORY Flanders wanted independence from France Asked England for help… And acknowledged English King Edward III as King of France 1340 !!!

CAUSE #4: STRUGGLE FOR NATIONAL IDENTITY France not a unified country before war began French King controlled only ½ the country

THE WAR ITSELF A Series of short raids Few Major battles Marked by Times of truce & Ineffective treaties

FRENCH ADVANTAGES Much larger population Army of 50, 000 men vs. British army of 32, 000

BRITISH ADVANTAGES Weapons & Technology: The Long Bow ( six arrows per minute!) Successful strategies: 1. Capture the enemy knights & hold them for ransom ! 2. Raids: steal & destroy

BATTLE OF POITIERS, 1356 English won greatest victory Used Cannons & Longbows They Captured the greatest ransom…of all

BATTLE OF POITIERS, 1356 THE NEW FRENCH KING !! John II “the Good” claimed throne in 1350 was Captured by the English! France now “ruled” by Estates General Representative Council of Townspeople & nobles

PEACE OF BRETIGNY-CALAIS, 1360 France agreed to pay ransom- 3 million gold crowns for King John II’s Release King Edward of England renounced claim to French throne, but kept territories

HENRY V OF ENGLAND (RULED : 14131422) Re-started the war invaded a weakened France With help from Dukes of Normandy, Gained control of Normandy, Paris, & Northern France

TREATY OF TROYES, 1420 Legitimate French heir disinherited ! King Henry V of England proclaimed successor to French Throne ! Henry V and Real French Heir Charles VI died 1422 But Charles VI had a SON…

CHARLES VII Son of Charles VI Rightful French heir to the throne Was desperate to win/end war

JOAN OF ARC – “THE MAID OF ORLEANS” Presented herself to King Charles VII in 1429 The King of Heaven called her to deliver the besieged Orleans from the English.

JOAN OF ARC- –” I AM NOT AFRAID, I WAS BORN TO DO THIS” Became an inspiration to all Unified hopes of the French Brought sense of national identity & self confidence Led French army to victory at Orleans , 1429

JOAN’S CAPTURE, 1430 Fell into English hands Her “unnatural dress” & claim to divine guidance was used against her

THE DEATH OF JOAN OF ARC, 1431 Suffered 10 weeks of interrogation Condemned & burned as a heretic She was 19 1456 declared innocent 1920 declared Roman Catholic Saint

“JOAN OF ARC” (1879) BY JULES BASTIENLEPAGE

JOAN OF ARC SITES IN FRANCE

MUSIC VIDEO REVIEW -“JOAN OF ARC” http: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=w. Qyd. Mh. Y 9 Op. I

OUTCOME OF 100 YEAR’S WAR: 1. France gained national identity and a “National” hero, Joan of Arc 2. France became unified “nation” 3. England lost territories in France by 1450 4. War ended 1453