9 Diversification Chapter Title Strategies for Managing a

9 Diversification: Chapter Title Strategies for Managing a Group of Businesses 16/e PPT Mc. Graw-Hill/Irwin Screen graphics created by: Jana F. Kuzmicki, Ph. D. Troy University-Florida Region Copyright © 2008 by The Mc. Graw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

“To acquire or not to acquire: that is the question. ” Robert J. Terry 9 -2

“Make winners out of every business in your company. Don’t carry losers. ” Jack Welch Former CEO, General Electric 9 -3

Chapter Roadmap u u u u u When to Diversify Building Shareholder Value: The Ultimate Justification for Diversifying Strategies for Entering New Businesses Choosing the Diversification Path: Related versus Unrelated Businesses The Case for Diversifying into Related Businesses The Case for Diversifying into Unrelated Businesses Combination Related-Unrelated Diversification Strategies Evaluating the Strategy of a Diversified Company After a Company Diversifies: The Four Main Strategy Alternatives 9 -4

Diversification and Corporate Strategy u. A company is diversified when it is in two or more lines of business that operate in diverse market environments u Strategy-making in a diversified company is a bigger picture exercise than crafting a strategy for a single line-of-business èA diversified company needs a multi-industry, multi-business strategy èA strategic action plan must be developed for several different businesses competing in diverse industry environments 9 -5

Four Main Tasks in Crafting Corporate Strategy u Pick new industries to enter and decide on means of entry u Initiate actions to boost combined performance of businesses u Pursue opportunities to leverage cross-business value chain relationships and strategic fits into competitive advantage u Establish investment priorities, steering resources into most attractive business units 9 -6

Competitive Strengths of a Single-Business Strategy u Less ambiguity about è “Who we are” è “What we do” è “Where we are headed” u Resources è Improving can be focused on competitiveness è Expanding into new geographic markets è Responding to changing market conditions è Responding to evolving customer preferences 9 -7

Risks of a Single Business Strategy u Putting all the “eggs” in one industry basket u If market becomes unattractive, a firm’s prospects can quickly dim u Unforeseen changes can undermine a single business firm’s prospects è Technological è New products è Changing è New innovation customer needs substitutes 9 -8

When Should a Firm Diversify? u It is faced with diminishing growth prospects in present business u It has opportunities to expand into industries whose technologies and products complement its present business u It can leverage existing competencies and capabilities by expanding into businesses where these resource strengths are key success factors u It can reduce costs by diversifying into closely related businesses u It has a powerful brand name it can transfer to products of other businesses to increase sales and profits of these businesses 9 -9

Why Diversify? u To build shareholder value! 1+1=3 u Diversification is capable of building shareholder value if it passes three tests Industry Attractiveness Test — the industry presents good long-term profit opportunities 2. Cost of Entry Test — the cost of entering is not so high as to spoil the profit opportunities 3. Better-Off Test — the company’s different businesses should perform better together than as stand-alone enterprises, such that company A’s diversification into business B produces a 1 + 1 = 3 effect for shareholders 1. 9 -10

Strategies for Entering New Businesses Acquire existing company Internal start-up Joint ventures/strategic partnerships 9 -11

Acquisition of an Existing Company u Most popular approach to diversification u Advantages è Quicker è Easier entry into target market to hurdle certain entry barriers n Acquiring technological know-how n Establishing supplier relationships n Becoming big enough to match rivals’ efficiency and costs n Having to spend large sums on introductory advertising and promotion n Securing adequate distribution access 9 -12

Internal Startup u More attractive when è Parent firm already has most of needed resources to build a new business è Ample time exists to launch a new business è Internal entry has lower costs than entry via acquisition è New start-up does not have to go head-to-head against powerful rivals è Additional capacity will not adversely impact supply-demand balance in industry è Incumbents are slow in responding to new entry 9 -13

Joint Ventures and Strategic Partnerships u Good way to diversify when è Uneconomical or risky to go it alone è Pooling competencies of two partners provides more competitive strength è Only way to gain entry into a desirable foreign market u Foreign partners are needed to è Surmount tariff barriers and import quotas è Offer local knowledge about Market conditions n Customs and cultural factors n Customer buying habits n Access to distribution outlets n 9 -14

Drawbacks of Joint Ventures u Raises questions è Which è Who partner will do what has effective control u Potential conflicts è Conflicting objectives è Disagreements è Culture over how to best operate the venture clashes 9 -15

Related vs. Unrelated Diversification Related Diversification Involves diversifying into businesses whose value chains possess competitively valuable “strategic fits” with value chain(s) of firm’s present business(es) Unrelated Diversification Involves diversifying into businesses with no competitively valuable value chain match-ups or strategic fits with firm’s present business(es) 9 -16

Fig. 9. 1: Strategy Alternatives for a Company Looking to Diversify 9 -17

What Is Related Diversification? u Involves diversifying into businesses whose value chains possess competitively valuable “strategic fits” with the value chain(s) of the present business(es) u Capturing the “strategic fits” makes related diversification a 1 + 1 = 3 phenomenon 9 -18

Core Concept: Strategic Fit u Exists whenever one or more activities in the value chains of different businesses are sufficiently similar to present opportunities for è Transferring competitively valuable expertise or technological know-how from one business to another è Combining performance of common value chain activities to achieve lower costs è Exploiting use of a well-known brand name è Cross-business collaboration to create competitively valuable resource strengths and capabilities 9 -19

Fig. 9. 2: Related Businesses Possess Related Value Chain Activities and Competitively Valuable Strategic Fits 9 -20

Strategic Appeal of Related Diversification u Reap competitive advantage benefits of è Skills transfer è Lower costs è Common brand name usage è Stronger competitive capabilities u Spread investor risks over a broader base u Preserve strategic unity across businesses u Achieve consolidated performance greater than the sum of what individual businesses can earn operating independently (1 + 1 = 3 outcomes) 9 -21

Types of Strategic Fits u Cross-business strategic fits can exist anywhere along the value chain è R&D and technology activities è Supply chain activities è Manufacturing è Sales activities and marketing activities è Distribution activities è Managerial and administrative support activities 9 -22

R&D and Technology Fits u Offer potential for sharing common technology or transferring technological know-how u Potential benefits è Cost-savings in technology development and new product R&D è Shorter times in getting new products to market è Interdependence between resulting products leads to increased sales 9 -23

Supply Chain Fits u Offer potential opportunities for skills transfer and/or lower costs è Procuring materials è Greater bargaining power in negotiating with common suppliers è Benefits of added collaboration with common supply chain partners è Added leverage with shippers in securing volume discounts on incoming parts 9 -24

Manufacturing Fits u Potential source of competitive advantage when a diversifier’s expertise can be beneficially transferred to another business è Quality manufacture è Cost-efficient production methods u Cost-saving opportunities arise from ability to perform manufacturing/assembly activities jointly in same facility, making it feasible to è Consolidate production into fewer plants è Significantly reduce overall manufacturing costs 9 -25

Distribution Fits u Offer potential cost-saving opportunities è Share same distribution facilities è Use many of same wholesale distributors and retail dealers to access customers 9 -26

Sales and Marketing Fits: Types of Potential Benefits u Reduction in sales costs è Single sales force for related products è Advertising related products together è Combined after-sale service and repair work è Joint delivery, shipping, order processing and billing è Joint promotion tie-ins u Similar sales and marketing approaches provide opportunities to transfer selling, merchandising, and advertising/promotional skills u Transfer of a strong company’s brand name and reputation 9 -27

Managerial and Administrative Support Fits u Emerge when different business units require comparable types of è Entrepreneurial è Administrative è Operating know-how u Different businesses often entail same types of administrative support facilities è Customer è Billing data network and customer accounting systems è Customer service infrastructure 9 -28

Core Concept: Economies of Scope u Stem from cross-business opportunities to reduce costs è Arise when costs can be cut by operating two or more businesses under same corporate umbrella è Cost saving opportunities can stem from interrelationships anywhere along the value chains of different businesses 9 -29

Related Diversification and Competitive Advantage u Competitive advantage can result from related diversification when a company captures crossbusiness opportunities to è Transfer expertise/capabilities/technology from one business to another è Reduce costs by combining related activities of different businesses into a single operation è Transfer use of firm’s brand name reputation from one business to another è Create valuable competitive capabilities via crossbusiness collaboration in performing related value chain activities 9 -30

From Competitive Advantage to Added Gains in Shareholder Value u Capturing è Is cross-business strategic fits possible only via a strategy of related diversification è Builds shareholder value in ways shareholders cannot achieve by owning a portfolio of stocks of companies in unrelated industries è Is not something that happens “automatically” when a company diversifies into related businesses n Strategic fit benefits materialize only after management has successfully pursued internal actions to capture them 9 -31

Test Your Knowledge Which of the following is the best example of related diversification? A. A manufacturer of golf shoes diversifying into the production of fishing rods and fishing lures B. A homebuilder acquiring a building materials retailer C. A steel producer acquiring a manufacturer of farm equipment D. A producer of snow skis and ski boots acquiring a maker of ski apparel and accessories (outerwear, goggles, gloves and mittens, helmets and toboggans) E. A publisher of college textbooks acquiring a publisher of magazines 9 -32

What Is Unrelated Diversification? u Involves è No diversifying into businesses with strategic fit è No meaningful value chain relationships è No unifying strategic theme u Basic approach – Diversify into any industry where potential exists to realize good financial results u While industry attractiveness and cost-of-entry tests are important, better-off test is secondary 9 -33

Fig. 9. 3: Unrelated Have Unrelated Chains and No Fig. 9. 3: Businesses Unrelated Businesses Have Value Unrelated Strategic Value Chains and No. Fits Strategic Fits 9 -34

Acquisition Criteria For Unrelated Diversification Strategies u Can business meet corporate targets for profitability and ROI? u Is business in an industry with growth potential? u Is business big enough to contribute to parent firm’s bottom line? u Will business require substantial infusions of capital? u Is there potential for union difficulties or adverse government regulations? u Is industry vulnerable to recession, inflation, high interest rates, or shifts in government policy? 9 -35

Attractive Acquisition Targets u Companies è Capital gains may be realized u Companies è May with undervalued assets in financial distress be purchased at bargain prices and turned around u Companies with bright growth prospects but short on investment capital è Cash-poor, opportunity-rich companies are coveted acquisition candidates 9 -36

Appeal of Unrelated Diversification u Business risk scattered over different industries u Financial resources can be directed to those industries offering best profit prospects u If bargain-priced firms with big profit potential are bought, shareholder wealth can be enhanced u Stability of profits – Hard times in one industry may be offset by good times in another industry 9 -37

Building Shareholder Value via Unrelated Diversification u Corporate managers must è Do a superior job of diversifying into new businesses capable of producing good earnings and returns on investments è Do an excellent job of negotiating favorable acquisition prices è Do a good job overseeing businesses so they perform at a higher level than otherwise possible è Shift corporate financial resources from poorlyperforming businesses to those with potential for aboveaverage earnings growth è Discern when it is the “right” time to sell a business at the “right” price 9 -38

Key Drawbacks of Unrelated Diversification Demanding Managerial Requirements Limited Competitive Advantage Potential 9 -39

Unrelated Diversification Has Demanding Managerial Requirements u The greater the number and diversity of businesses, the harder it is for managers to è Discern good acquisitions from bad ones è Select capable managers to manage the diverse requirements of each business è Judge soundness of strategic proposals of business-unit managers è Know what to do if a business subsidiary stumbles Likely effect is 1 + 1 = 2, rather than 1 + 1 = 3! 9 -40

Unrelated Diversification Offers Limited Competitive Advantage Potential u Lack of cross-business strategic fits means unrelated diversification offers no competitive advantage potential beyond what each business can generate on its own è Consolidated performance of unrelated businesses tends to be no better than sum of individual businesses on their own (and it may be worse) è Promise of greater sales-profit stability over business cycles is seldom realized 9 -41

Test Your Knowledge Which of the following is the best example of unrelated diversification? A. Pepsi. Co acquiring Tropicana and Procter & Gamble acquiring Gillette B. Honda diversifying into the production of lawnmowers C. Smuckers acquiring Jif peanut butter and Crisco (from Procter & Gamble) D. Verizon Wireless acquiring Amazon. com E. Harley Davidson acquiring the motorcycle business of Honda 9 -42

Diversification and Shareholder Value u Related Diversification èA strategy-driven approach to creating shareholder value u Unrelated Diversification èA finance-driven approach to creating shareholder value 9 -43

Combination Related-Unrelated Diversification Strategies u Dominant-business firms è u Narrowly diversified firms è u Diversification includes a few (2 - 5) related or unrelated businesses Broadly diversified firms è u One major core business accounting for 50 - 80 percent of revenues, with several small related or unrelated businesses accounting for remainder Diversification includes a wide collection of either related or unrelated businesses or a mixture Multibusiness firms è Diversification portfolio includes several unrelated groups of related businesses 9 -44

For Discussion: Your Opinion Newell Rubbermaid is in the following businesses: Cleaning and Organizations Businesses: Rubbermaid storage, organization and cleaning products, Blue Ice ice substitute, Roughneck storage items, Stain Shield and Take. Alongs food storage containers, and Brute commercial-grade storage and cleaning products— 25% of annual revenues. è Home and Family Businesses: Calphalon cookware and bakeware, Cookware Europe, Graco strollers, Little Tikes children's toys and furniture, and Goody hair accessories— 20% of annual sales. è Home Fashions: Levolor and Kirsch window blinds, shades, and hardware in the U. S. ; Swish, Gardinia and Harrison Drape home furnishings in Europe— 15% of annual revenues. è Office Products Businesses: Sharpie markers, Sanford highlighters, Eberhard Faber and Berol ballpoint pens, Paper Mate pens and pencils, Waterman and Parker fine writing instruments, and Liquid Paper— 25% of annual revenues. è Would you say that Newell Rubbermaid’s strategy is one of related diversification, unrelated diversification or a mixture of both? Explain. 9 -45

For Discussion: Your Opinion Mc. Graw-Hill, the publisher of the textbook for this course, is in the following businesses: è è è Textbook publishing (for grades K-12 and higher education) Financial and information services (it owns Standard & Poors —a well-known financial ratings agency and provider of financial data, Platts — a provider of energy information, and Mc. Graw-Hill Construction — a provider of construction related information) Magazine publishing — its flagship publication is Business Week and it is also the publisher of Aviation Week TV broadcasting — it owns four ABC affiliate stations (in Indianapolis, Denver, San Diego, and Bakersfield) J. D. Power & Associates — which provides a host of services relating to product quality and consumer satisfaction Would you say that Mc. Graw-Hill’s strategy is one of related diversification, unrelated diversification or a mixture of both? Explain. 9 -46

Fig. 9. 4: Identifying a Diversified Company’s Strategy 9 -47

How to Evaluate a Diversified Company’s Strategy Step 1: Assess long-term attractiveness of each industry firm is in Step 2: Assess competitive strength of firm’s business units Step 3: Check competitive advantage potential of crossbusiness strategic fits among business units Step 4: Check whether firm’s resources fit requirements of present businesses Step 5: Rank performance prospects of businesses and determine priority for resource allocation Step 6: Craft new strategic moves to improve overall company performance 9 -48

Step 1: Evaluate Industry Attractiveness of each industry in portfolio Each industry’s attractiveness relative to the others Attractiveness of all industries as a group 9 -49

Industry Attractiveness Factors u Market size and projected growth u Intensity of competition u Emerging opportunities and threats u Presence of cross-industry strategic fits u Resource requirements u Seasonal and cyclical factors u Social, political, regulatory, and environmental factors u Industry profitability u Degree of uncertainty and business risk 9 -50

Procedure: Calculating Attractiveness Scores for Each Industry Step 1: Select industry attractiveness factors Step 2: Assign weights to each factor (sum of weights = 1. 0) Step 3: Rate each industry on each factor, using a scale of 1 to 10 Step 4: Calculate weighted ratings; sum to get an overall industry attractiveness rating for each industry 9 -51

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Interpreting Industry Attractiveness Scores u Industries with a score much below 5. 0 do not pass the attractiveness test u If a company’s industry attractiveness scores are all above 5. 0, the group of industries the firm operates in is attractive as a whole u To be a strong performer, a diversified firm’s principal businesses should be in attractive industries—that is, industries with èA good outlook for growth and è Above-average profitability 9 -53

Difficulties in Calculating Industry Attractiveness Scores u Deciding on appropriate weights for industry attractiveness factors è Different analysts may have different views about which weights are appropriate for the industry attractiveness factors è Different weights may be appropriate for different companies u Gaining sufficient command of an industry to assign accurate and objective ratings è Gathering statistical data to assign objective ratings is straightforward for some factors – market size, growth rate, industry profitability è Assessing the intensity of competition factor is more difficult due to the different types of competitive influences 9 -54

Step 2: Evaluate Each Business. Unit’s Competitive Strength u Objectives è Appraise how well each business is positioned in its industry relative to rivals è Evaluate whether it is or can be competitively strong enough to contend for market leadership 9 -55

Factors to Use in Evaluating Competitive Strength u Relative market share u Costs relative to competitors u Ability to match/beat rivals on key product attributes u Ability to benefit from strategic fits with sister businesses u Ability to exercise bargaining leverage with key suppliers or customers u Caliber of alliances and collaborative partnerships u Brand image and reputation u Competitively valuable capabilities u Profitability relative to competitors 9 -56

Procedure: Calculating Competitive Strength Scores for Each Business Step 1: Select competitive strength factors Step 2: Assign weights to each factor (sum of weights = 1. 0) Step 3: Rate each business on each factor, using a scale of 1 to 10 Step 4: Calculate weighted ratings; sum to get an overall strength rating for each business 9 -57

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Interpreting Competitive Strength Scores u Business units with ratings above 6. 7 are strong market contenders u Businesses with ratings in the 3. 3 to 6. 7 range have moderate competitive strength vis-à-vis rivals u Business units with ratings below 3. 3 are in competitively weak market positions u If a diversified firm’s businesses all have scores above 5. 0, its business units are all fairly strong market contenders 9 -59

Plotting Industry Attractiveness and Competitive Strength in a Nine-Cell Matrix u Use industry attractiveness (see Table 9. 1) and competitive strength scores (see Table 9. 2) to plot location of each business in matrix è Industry attractiveness plotted on vertical axis è Competitive u Each strength plotted on horizontal axis business unit appears as a “bubble” è Size of each bubble is scaled to percentage of revenues the business generates relative to total corporate revenues 9 -60

Fig. 9. 5: A Nine-Cell Industry Attractiveness-Competitive Strength Matrix 9 -61

Strategy Implications of Attractiveness/Strength Matrix u Businesses è Accorded è Strategic top investment priority prescription – grow and build u Businesses è Given in upper left corner in three diagonal cells medium investment priority è Invest to maintain position u Businesses in lower right corner è Candidates for harvesting or divestiture è May, based on potential for good earnings and ROI, be candidates for an overhaul and reposition strategy 9 -62

Appeal of Attractiveness/Strength Matrix u Incorporates a wide variety of strategically relevant variables u Strategy implications è Concentrate corporate resources in businesses that enjoy high degree of industry attractiveness and high degree of competitive strength è Make selective investments in businesses with intermediate positions on grid è Withdraw resources from businesses low in attractiveness and strength unless they offer exceptional potential 9 -63

Test Your Knowledge The 9 -cell industry attractiveness-competitive strength matrix A. is a valuable tool for ranking a company’s different businesses from most profitable to least profitable. B. shows which of a diversified company’s businesses have good/poor strategic fit. C. indicates which businesses have the highest/lowest economies of scope. D. is a helpful tool for allocating a diversified company’s resources—the basic idea is to give top investment priority to those businesses in the upper left portion of the matrix and to give low priority or perhaps even divest businesses in the lower right portion of the matrix. E. pinpoints which of a diversified company’s businesses are resourcerich and which are resource-poor. 9 -64

Step 3: Check Competitive Advantage Potential of Cross-Business Strategic Fits u Objective è Determine competitive advantage potential of crossbusiness strategic fits among portfolio businesses u Examine strategic fit based on è Whether one or more businesses have valuable strategic fits with other businesses in portfolio è Whether each business meshes well with firm’s long-term strategic direction 9 -65

Evaluate Portfolio for Competitively Valuable Cross-Business Strategic Fits u Identify businesses which have value chain match-ups offering opportunities to è Reduce costs n Purchasing n Manufacturing n Distribution è Transfer skills / technology / intellectual capital from one business to another è Share use of a well-known, competitively powerful brand name è Create valuable new competitive capabilities 9 -66

Fig. 9. 6: Identifying Competitive Advantage Potential of Cross-Business Strategic Fits 9 -67

Step 4: Check Resource Fit u Objective è Determine how well firm’s resources match business unit requirements u Good resource fit exists when èA business adds to a firm’s resource strengths, either financially or strategically è Firm has resources to adequately support requirements of its businesses as a group 9 -68

Check for Financial Resource Fits u Determine cash flow and investment requirements of business units è Which are cash hogs and which are cash cows? u Assess cash flow of each business è Highlights opportunities to shift financial resources between businesses è Explains why priorities for resource allocation can differ from business to business è Provides rationalization for both invest-and-expand divestiture strategies 9 -69

Characteristics of Cash Hog Businesses u Internal cash flows are inadequate to fully fund needs for working capital and new capital investment è Parent company has to continually pump in capital to “feed the hog” u Strategic options è Aggressively invest in attractive cash hogs è Divest cash hogs lacking long-term potential 9 -70

Characteristics of Cash Cow Businesses u Generate cash surpluses over what is needed to sustain present market position u Such businesses are valuable because surplus cash can be used to è Pay corporate dividends è Finance è Invest in promising cash hogs u Strategic è Fortify è Keep new acquisitions objectives and defend present market position the business healthy 9 -71

Other Tests of Resource Fits u Does the business adequately contribute to achieving companywide performance targets? u Does the company have adequate financial strength to fund its different businesses and maintain a healthy credit rating? u Does the company have or can it develop the specific resource strengths and competitive capabilities needed to be successful in each of its businesses? u Are recently acquired businesses acting to strengthen a company’s resource base and competitive capabilities or are they causing its competitive and managerial resources to be stretched too thin? 9 -72

Good vs. Poor Financial Resource Fit u Good financial fit exists when a business è Contributes è Enhances u Poor shareholder value financial fit exists when a business è Soaks è Is to achievement of corporate objectives up disproportionate share of financial resources an inconsistent bottom-line contributor è Experiences a profit downturn that could jeopardize entire company è Is too small to make a sizable contribution to total corporate earnings 9 -73

A Note of Caution: Why Diversification Efforts Can Fail u Trying to replicate a firm’s success in one business and hitting a second home run in a new business is easier said than done u Transferring resource capabilities to new businesses can be far more arduous and expensive than expected u Management can misjudge difficulty of overcoming resource strengths of rivals it will face in a new business 9 -74

Step 5: Rank Business Units Based on Performance and Priority for Resource Allocation u Factors to consider in judging business-unit performance è Sales growth è Profit growth è Contribution è Return on capital employed in business è Economic è Cash to company earnings value added flow generation è Industry attractiveness and business strength ratings 9 -75

Determine Priorities for Resource Allocation u Objective è “Get the biggest bang for the buck” in allocating corporate resources u Approach 2 3 6 4 5 è Rank each business from highest to lowest priority for corporate resource support and new capital investment è Steer resources from low- to high-opportunity areas è When funds are lacking, strategic uses of resources should take precedence 9 -76

Fig. 9. 7: The Chief Strategic and Financial Options for Allocating a Diversified Company’s Financial Resources 9 -77

Step 6: Craft New Strategic Moves – Strategic Options u Stick closely with existing business lineup and pursue opportunities it presents u Broaden company’s business scope by making new acquisitions in new industries u Divest certain businesses and retrench to a narrower base of business operations u Restructure company’s business lineup, putting a whole new face on business makeup u Pursue multinational diversification, striving to globalize operations of several business units 9 -78

Fig. 9. 8: A Company’s Four Main Strategic Alternatives After It Diversifies 9 -79

Strategies to Broaden a Diversified Company’s Business Base u Conditions making this approach attractive è Slow grow in current businesses è Vulnerability to seasonal or recessionary influences or to threats from emerging new technologies è Potential to transfer resources and capabilities to other related businesses è Rapidly-changing conditions in one or more core industries alter buyer requirements è Complement and strengthen market position of one or more current businesses 9 -80

Divestiture Strategies Aimed at Retrenching to a Narrower Diversification Base u Strategic options è Retrench to a smaller but more appealing group of businesses è Divest unattractive businesses n Sell it n Spin it off as independent company n Liquidate it (close it down because no buyers can be found) Retrench ? Divest ? Close ? Sell ? 9 -81

Retrenchment Strategies u Objective è Reduce scope of diversification to smaller number of “core “ businesses u Strategic options involve divesting businesses that è Are losing money è Have little growth potential è Have little strategic fit with core businesses è Are too small to contribute meaningfully to earnings 9 -82

Conditions That Make Retrenchment Attractive u Diversification efforts have become too broad, resulting in difficulties in profitably managing all the businesses u Deteriorating market conditions in a once-attractive industry u Lack of strategic or resource fit of a business u A business is a cash hog with questionable long-term potential u A business is weakly positioned in its industry u Businesses that turn out to be “misfits” u One or more businesses lack compatibility of values essential to cultural fit 9 -83

Options for Accomplishing Divestiture u Sell it è u Spin it off as independent company è u Involves finding a company which views the business as a good deal and good fit Involves deciding whether or not to retain partial ownership Liquidation è Involves closing down operations and selling remaining assets è A last resort because no buyer can be found 9 -84

Strategies to Restructure a Company’s Business Lineup u Objective è Make radical changes in mix of businesses in portfolio via both n Divestitures and n New acquisitions to put a whole new face on the company’s business makeup 9 -85

Conditions That Make Portfolio Restructuring Attractive u Too many businesses in unattractive industries u Too many competitively weak businesses u Ongoing declines in market shares of one or more major business units u Excessive debt load u Ill-chosen acquisitions performing worse than expected u New technologies threaten survival of one or more core businesses u Appointment of new CEO who decides to redirect company u “Unique opportunity” emerges and existing businesses must be sold to finance new acquisition 9 -86

Multinational Diversification Strategies u Distinguishing characteristics è Diversity of businesses and è Diversity of national markets u Presents a big strategy-making challenge è Strategies must be conceived and executed for each business, with as many multinational variations as appropriate è Cross-business and cross-country collaboration opportunities must be pursued and managed 9 -87

Appeal of Multinational Diversification Strategies u Offer two avenues for long-term growth in revenues and profits è Enter additional businesses è Extend operations of existing businesses into additional country markets 9 -88

Opportunities to Build Competitive Advantage via Multinational Diversification u Full capture of economies of scale and experience curve effects u Capitalize on cross-business economies of scope u Transfer competitively valuable resources from one business to another and from one country to another u Leverage use of a competitively powerful brand name u Coordinate strategic activities and initiatives across businesses and countries u Use cross-business or cross-country subsidization to out-compete rivals 9 -89

Competitive Strength of a DMNC in Global Markets u Competitive è Using advantage potential is based on a related diversification strategy based on n Resource-sharing and resource-transfer opportunities among businesses n Economies of scope and brand name benefits è Managing related businesses to capture important crossbusiness strategic fits è Using cross-market or cross-business subsidization sparingly to secure footholds in attractive country markets 9 -90

Competitive Power of a DMNC in Global Markets u. A DMNC has a strategic arsenal capable of defeating both a domestic-only rival or a singlebusiness rival by competing in è Multiple businesses and è Multiple country markets u Can use its multiple profit sanctuaries and can employ cross-subsidization tactics if need be 9 -91