Standard 10 European Exploration Reasons for the Age

Standard 10: European Exploration

Reasons for the Age of Exploration Gold – The desire for wealth was the main reason for European exploration • Wars fought were very expensive, so they needed to find lots of gold, silver, and jewels to pay for them. They thought Asia would have lots of it, so they wanted to find it and bring it back

Reasons for the Age of Exploration God – Desire to spread Christianity – Believed duty was to continue to fight Muslims (bitterness left over from the Crusades) and seek to convert non-Christians • “To serve God and His Majesty, to give light to those who were in darkness and to grow rich as all men desire to do. ” - Bartolomeu Dias

Reasons for the Age of Exploration Glory – Wanted to bring fame to themselves and their country – Expand Knowledge • They did not know much; most had never been outside Europe. They thought there was only one ocean. Many thought the world was flat; the educated knew the world was round, but they did not know how big it was.

Reasons for the Age of Exploration Find a Sea Route to Asia – Merchants & traders hoped to profit from the trade of spices & other luxury goods from Asia • Silk road trade routes were dangerous • Sea was dangerous due to storms and pirates, so spices were very expensive – Became more expensive due to Turkish Empire cutting off trade routes. Could not defeat Turks in battle, so needed to find a way around the Turkish Empire • This meant finding a direct sea route to Asia

Advances in Technology Cartographers – Map-makers – Began to create maps that were more accurate

Advances in Technology Astrolabe – Device used to measure star position • Different types were made, but a mariner’s astrolabe was used to determine the latitude of a ship at sea by measuring the noon altitude of the Sun or the meridian altitude of a star of known declination • To find the latitude of the ship at sea, the noon altitude of the Sun was measured during the day or the altitude of a star of known declination was measured when it was on the meridian (due north or south) at night. The Sun's or star's declination for the date was looked up in an almanac.

Advances in Technology Improved magnetic compass

Advances in Technology Improved ships – Caravel • Ships with three masts, more sails, more cargo

1405: Zheng He launches the first of seven voyages of exploration. Zheng He – Chinese Muslim admiral of the fleets – Most known for their remarkable size • Distances traveled, fleet size, and ship measurements – 40 -300 ships sailed in each expedition, with crews numbering over 27, 000 on some voyages • Included sailors, soldiers, carpenters, interpreters, accountants, doctors, & religious leaders – Purpose: Distributed gifts of silver & silk to show Chinese superiority • 16 countries sent tribute to Ming Court • Chinese scholar-officials argued that the voyages wasted valuable resources that could be used to fight barbarian attacks from the north – As such, after the last voyage in 1433, China withdrew into isolation

Zheng He’s Treasure Ships (as compared to a European flagship)

1419: Prince Henry starts a navigation school. Prince Henry the Navigator (1394 -1460) – His school of navigation • Mapmakers, instrument makers, shipbuilders, scientists, & sea captains perfected their trade here – Portuguese led the way • Ships sailed down western coast of Africa • Established trading ports along the “Gold Coast” – Also traded for ivory • Eventually traded for African captives to be used as slaves

1488: Bartolomeu Dias rounds the southern tip of Africa. Explored SE coast of Africa Considered sailing to India, but an exhausted crew and low food supplies forced him to return home

1492: Christopher Columbus reaches the Caribbean. Goal of Expedition – Find a shorter route to Asia First European since the Vikings to “discover” the new world – Although, he originally thought he had reached Asia, which is why he called the natives “Indians, ” because he thought he was in the Indies – the name stuck Immediate Outcomes – Increased tensions between Spain & Portugal Long-Term Outcomes – Opened up the Americas to European exploration

1494: Spain & Portugal sign the Treaty of Tordesillas. As tension increased between Spain & Portugal over lands, Pope Alexander VI stepped in to keep the peace – Drew the Line of Demarcation • Imaginary dividing line drawn north to south through the Atlantic Ocean • All lands west belonged to Spain • All lands east belonged to Portugal – The Treaty was signed agreeing to the terms • Resulted in the countries opening up an era of exploration and colonization in earnest. Map showing lines on next slide

1498: Vasco de Gama reaches the port of Calicut on the Indian Ocean. Explored East Africa on his way to India Explorations led to the discovery that there was a direct sea route to Asia – Now, keep in mind, it was a long and treacherous journey, but it avoided territory controlled by the Ottoman Turks

1521: Ferdinand Magellan leads a Spanish expedition to the Philippines. 1 st person to lead an expedition around the world – Although, Magellan never actually made it – he died in a war in the Philippines – Out of 250 crew and 5 ships that set out on the journey, only 18 men and 1 ship made it back to Spain – Magellan is given credit for naming the Pacific Ocean (because of its calm waters) and discovered the Strait of Magellan on the southern tip of South America

Notable Spanish Explorers Amerigo Vespucci – He was the first European to recognize that the new continents discovered by Columbus were not part of Asia (1502) • As a result, North and South America were named for him

Notable Spanish Explorers Juan Ponce de Leon – He was the first European to explore Florida, searching for the Fountain of Youth (1513)

Notable Spanish Explorers Vasco Núñez de Balboa – He was the first European to see the Pacific Ocean from its eastern shore (1513)

Notable Spanish Explorers Hernando Cortez – He was a Spanish Conquistador who defeated and conquered the Aztec Empire (1521) • Spanish were able to defeat them because: – Superior weaponry – Aid from some other groups of natives – European diseases killed many Native Americans who had no immunity to the diseases

Notable Spanish Explorers Francisco Pizarro – He conquered the Inca Empire (1533) • Created a large mestizo population • Imposed Spanish culture • Exploited Native Americans as laborers

Notable Spanish Explorers Francisco Vasquez de Coronado – Discovered SW part of the United States, including the Grand Canyon (1540) • Unique because mainly priests explored and colonized much of the region

Notable Spanish Explorers Hernando De Soto – He led the first expedition across the southeastern United States (1539 -1542)

Notable English Explorers Sir Francis Drake – He helped defeat the Spanish Armada, and he was the first Englishman to sail around the world

Notable English Explorers John Cabot – He was the first European since the Vikings to explore the mainland of North America and the first to search for the Northwest Passage

Notable English Explorers James Cook – Circumnavigated the globe twice – First British ship commander to circumnavigate the globe in a lone ship – First known European to reach the Hawaiian Islands – Explored area around Australia and ventured south toward Antarctica

Notable French Explorers Rene-Robert de La Salle – He was the first European to sail down the Mississippi River from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico

Rene-Robert de La Salle

Notable French Explorers Jacques Cartier – He discovered the St. Lawrence River

Notable French Explorers Father Jacques Marquette – He was on the expedition that led to the discovery of the Mississippi River

Notable French Explorers Louis Jolliet – He was the first European to travel down the Mississippi River from the Great Lakes

Notable French Explorers Samuel de Champlain – Established New France in Quebec

European Settlements in North America New France – Reasons for exploration: • Find a sea route to Asia • Establish the fur trade

European Settlements in North America Jamestown – Significance: • England’s first permanent North American colony

European Settlements in North America Plymouth & Massachusetts Bay colonies – Reasons for colonization: • Pilgrims & Puritans were searching for religious freedom

European Settlements in North America New Netherland – Reasons for colonization: • Expanded fur trade • Set up permanent colonies

The Atlantic Slave Trade (1500 -1800) Contributing Factors: European colonization of the Americas – At first, colonists forced Native Americans to work their profitable mines & plantations – As Native Americans began dying by the millions, the colonists bought Africans to replace Native American workers • Experienced in farming • Not familiar with the New World, so they could not escape • Skin color made it easier to catch them if they did escape

Forced Journey The voyage across the Atlantic was dehumanizing, and deadly Nearly 1/3 died between capture and sailing Another 1/3 died in the crossing

Forced Journey Many Africans jumped overboard to their deaths rather than be enslaved. Diseases ravaged the “passengers” Cruel treatment ravaged more

Forced Journey The second part of the journey, from Africa to the Americas was known as the Middle Passage. The ships were designed to hold about 400 slaves Loose Pack and Tight Pack

The Atlantic Slave Trade (1500 -1600) Contributing Factors: Portuguese settlement of Brazil – Demand for slaves grew massively as Brazil’s sugar industry expanded

The Atlantic Slave Trade (1500 -1600) Contributing Factors: African rulers – Some African rulers helped deliver slaves to Europeans in exchange for goods

The Atlantic Slave Trade (1500 -1600) Contributing Factors: African merchants – They bought and sold slaves – When some African rulers opposed the slave trade, merchants developed new trade routes

The Atlantic Slave Trade (1500 -1600) Consequences: African societies – Population drain – Introduction of guns that helped spread war and devastation

The Slavers (cont. ) Crowded, unsanitary conditions – Slaves ride on planks 66” x 15” • only 20”– 25” of headroom – Males chained together in pairs – Kept apart from women and children – High mortality rates • 1/3 perish between capture and embarkation

The Atlantic Slave Trade (1500 -1600) Consequences: Enslaved Africans – Separation from families – Harsh lives – Eventual development of rich cultural heritage

I was soon put down under the decks, and there I received such a salutation [greeting] in my nostrils as I never experienced in my life; so that, with the loathsomeness of the stench, and crying together, I became so sick and low that I was not able to eat. . . but soon, to my grief, two of the white men offered me eatables; and on my refusing to eat, one of them held me fast by the hands, and laid me across. . . the windlass, while the other flogged me severely. - Olaudah Equiano

The Atlantic Slave Trade (1500 -1600) Consequences: American colonies – Economic and cultural development – Back-breaking labor and farming expertise that helped many colonies survive

The Atlantic Slave Trade (1500 -1600) Consequences: Present-day American cultures – Addition of Africans to population group – Mixed-race populations – Cultural additions – Cultural blending

Triangular Trade West Africa Ships departed from Europe with manufactured goods (e. g. , knives, swords, guns, cloth & rum). g nin gin Caribbean islands or North & South America Be In West Africa, European items were traded for slaves --- most of whom were war captives. Europe Ships next sailed across the Atlantic to various Caribbean islands or to North & South America where the slave ‘cargo’ was sold. Money derived from the sale of slaves was used to buy sugar, molasses, cotton, and tobacco to be re-sold in Europe.

The Columbian Exchange & Global Trade Columbian Exchange - Definition: – Global transfer of foods, plants, and animals from Europe to the Americas • Pigs, horses, sheep, and cows brought from Europe to Americas • Diseases were also brought, killing millions of natives • Led to changes in diets – Corn and potatoes were taken from Americas to Europe

The Columbian Exchange & Global Trade – Causes: • Establishment of colonial empires • Expansion of overseas trade • Increased wealth for many individuals and countries – Effects: • Rise of capitalism – Economic system based on private ownership • Rise of merchant class • Growth of towns

The Columbian Exchange & Global Trade Inflation – Causes: • Increased money supply • Increased demand for goods – Effects: • Scarcity of goods • Rising prices

The Columbian Exchange & Global Trade Formation of Joint-Stock Companies – Definition: • Investors buy stock into a company and share the profits or losses – Causes: • High cost of colonization • Need to reduce potential losses – Effects: • Establishment of Jamestown and other colonies in North Americad

The Columbian Exchange & Global Trade Growth of Mercantilism – Definition: • Country’s power depends on its wealth • Sell more than you buy (favorable balance of trade) – Colonies helped countries achieve a favorable balance of trade by providing raw materials; the mother country would manufacture it into a product and sell for a profit – Causes: • Desire for power, wealth, and self-sufficiency – Effects: • Creation of colonial empires Map on next slide