MCU Microcontroller Unit 1 MCU 1 chip or

MCU – Microcontroller Unit – 1 MCU 1 chip or VLSI core – application-specific Md. Atiqur Rahman Ahad

• We use more number of microcontrollers compared to microprocessors. • Microprocessors are primarily used for computational purpose, whereas microcontrollers find wide application in devices needing real time processing / control. • Embedded system: is a system whose principal function is not computational, but which is controlled by a computer embedded within it.

• The microprocessor is a processor on one silicon chip. • The microcontrollers are used in embedded computing. • The microcontroller is a microprocessor with added circuitry.

Do HW with block diagrams • • Processor? Microprocessor? Microcomputer? Microcontroller? Embedded system? Sensor? What is inside a calculator? Smartphone? i. Pad? Laptop? Desktop PC? Supercomputer? Clustered computing system?

What is an Embedded System? • A combination of computer hardware and software, and perhaps additional mechanical or other parts, designed to perform a dedicated function. • In some cases, embedded systems are part of a larger system or product, as is the case of an antilock braking system in a car. Contrast with general-purpose computer. • Examples range from washing machines, cellular phones to missiles and space shuttles.

• Embedded Systems – Operations managed behind the scenes by a microcontroller • Microcontroller (MCU) – An integrated electronic computing device that includes three major components on a single chip • Microprocessor (MPU) • Memory • I/O (Input/Output) ports

What is an Embedded System? • Electronic devices that incorporate a computer (usually a microprocessor) within their implementation. • A computer is used in such devices primarily as a means to simplify the system design and to provide flexibility. • Often the user of the device is not even aware that a computer is present.

Where are the embedded devices?

Killer apps! • Communications network routers, switches, hubs. • Children’s toys • Fuel injection control, passenger environmental controls, anti-lock braking systems, • Air bag controls, • GPS mapping. • Automotive Navigation systems, automatic landing systems, flight attitude controls, • Engine controls, space exploration ……. .

Appli! Application of microcontrollers are numerous. • Domestic applications such as in washing machines, TVs, air-conditioners, • Automobiles, process control industries, cell phones, electrical drives, robotics and in space applications. • Biomedical instruments • Communication systems • Controller, Control systems • Instrumentations: Data collection, oscilloscopes, signal generators, signal analyzers, power supplies. • Industrial: Elevator controls, surveillance systems, robots. • Home: Dishwashers, microwave ovens, VCRs, televisions, stereos, fire/security alarm systems, lawn sprinkler controls, thermostats, cameras, clock radios, answering machines. • Printers, scanners, keyboards, displays, modems, hard disk drives, CDROM drives.

Embedded Rocks! • Embedded processors account for 100% of worldwide microprocessor production! • Embedded: desktop = 100: 1

Embedded Systems is a big, fast growing industry $ 40 billions in 2000 $92. 0 billion in 2008 $158 billion in 2015 $169 billion in 2016 $221 billion in 2021 • Embedded hardware was worth $89. 8 billion in 2008 and is expected to reach $109. 6 billion in 2013 • Embedded software generated $2. 2 billion in 2008. This should increase to $2. 9 billion in 2013 • Microprocessors/Microcontrollers are the core of embedded systems.

Read - http: //www. strategyr. com/Market. Research/Embedded_Systems_Market_Trends. asp https: //www. bccresearch. com/market-research/information-technology/embedded-systemstechs-markets-report-ift 016 f. html

• Information on embedded systems hardware including: – Processor IP (Intellectual Property): Key players include ARM and MIPS. – MPU/MCU: Microcontrollers and microprocessors. – DSP: Digital signal processors. – ASIC: Application-specific integrated circuit. – FPGA: Field processing gate arrays. – Embedded boards.

Examples: Refrigerator

Examples: Car Door

Examples: Derbot Autonomous Guided Vehicle

Examples: Derbot Autonomous Guided Vehicle

Microcontrollers

• How to convert a microcomputer into a microcontroller?

Microcontroller Packaging and Appearance From left to right: PIC 12 F 508, PIC 16 F 84 A, PIC 16 C 72, Motorola 68 HC 05 B 16, PIC 16 F 877, Motorola 68000 Some slides above are from - Dr. Gheith Abandah

Types of MCU – 8/16/32 -bit mcu – internal bus & instruction size, ALU – Instruction sets – RISC/CISC • Complicated instruction set comp [CISC] – It has an instruction set that supports many addressing modes. – It offers flexibility in choosing various ways of performing the data transfer and ALU ops. • Reduced ISC [RISC] – Supports 1/2 addressing modes – Need many registers – so need less fetching from external memories for operations… so higher performance in computing than CISC… e. g. , ARM

Types of MCU – Memory architecture • Harvard mem has a distinct mem address space for i. Program mem & ii. Data mem It has separate instructions , hence separate control signal[s], for data transfers from these two memories. • Princeton mem has a common mem space for both. So no need for separate …

Types of MCU – Family • 8051 – – – • • • Intel Philips Atmel Siemens Dallas Motorola PIC - Peripheral Interface Controller Hitachi Texas ARM - Advanced RISC Machine (previously known as Acorn RISC Machine) • Others

Microcontrollers • Microcontroller (MCU) – An integrated electronic computing device that includes three major components on a single chip • Microprocessor (MPU) • Memory • I/O (Input/Output) ports

Microcontrollers • Support Devices – Timers – A/D converter – Serial I/O • Common communication lines – System Bus

Block Diagram of Microcontroller

Microprocessor (MPU) • MPU (CPU) – Read instructions – Process binary data

MPU-Based Systems • System hardware – Discrete components • Microprocessor, Memory, and I/O – Components connected by buses • Address, Data, and Control • System software – A group of programs that monitors the functions of the entire system

MCU-Based Systems • Includes microprocessor, memory, I/O ports, and support devices (such as timers) on a single semiconductor chip • Buses are generally not available to a system designer • I/O ports are generally multiplexed and can be programmed to perform different functions

Microprocessor-Based Systems

MPU-Based Time and Temperature System

MCU-Based Time and Temperature System

MCU – Microcontroller Unit – 2 Md. Atiqur Rahman Ahad

Mechatronics • ~ area of mechanical and electrical engineering – having integration of mechanics with electronics & information processing. • The integration – between hardware & software results an integrated system called mechatronic system. • Microcontroller plays a major role in mechatronics

Selection of MCU • Checklist – 8/16/32 bit ALU – Max. power dissipation – Clock speed needed – Instructions set RISC/CISC

Selection of MCU… • Checklist – – Memory architecture – Memory size – Cache, memory management unit, DSP calculations – Internal PROM/… – I/O ports – Cost

Selection of MCU… • Additional checklists – Cost when single chip and when MCU interfaces to circuit with some features – Major building blocks of hardware cost and availability – Major building blocks of software cost and availability – Ease of integration – Design team expertise – Manpower

Internal structure of a MC

• At times, a microcontroller can have external memory also (if there is no internal memory or extra memory interface is required). • Most modern microcontrollers are manufactured with CMOS technology, which leads to reduction in size and power loss.

Harvard vs. Princeton Architecture • In the late 1940's, the US Government asked Harvard and Princeton universities to come up with a computer architecture to be used in defense apps. • Princeton suggested computer architecture with a single memory interface. – Princeton architecture was accepted for simplicity and ease of implementation

• Harvard suggested a computer with two different memory interfaces, one for the data / variables and the other for program / instructions. – Harvard architecture became popular later, due to the parallelism of instruction execution.

Von Neumann architecture? • Von Neumann architecture after the name of the chief scientist of the project in Princeton University John Von Neumann (1903 - 1957 Born in Budapest, Hungary). • How to remember? – PN [junction!] Princeton Neumann

Princeton /single mem interface

Harvard architecture

Various companies • Freescale semiconductor’s –x Motorola] 68 HC 11 • Intel – 8051 • Atmel – AVR • Zilong – Z 8 • Microchip technology – PIC • etc.

PIC – Peripheral Interface Controller by Microchip Tech. Corp. • Peripheral? • Interface? • Controller?

PIC Microcontrollers • Peripheral Interface Controller (PIC) was originally designed by General Instruments • In the late 1970 s, GI introduced PIC® 1650 and 1655 – RISC with 30 instructions. • PIC was sold to Microchip • Features: low-cost, self-contained, 8 -bit, Harvard structure, pipelined, RISC, single accumulator, with fixed reset and interrupt vectors. Dr. Gheith Abandah 49

PIC Families PIC Family Stack Size Instruction Word Size No of Instructions Interrupt Vectors 12 CX/12 FX 2 12 - or 14 -bit 33 None 16 C 5 X/16 F 5 X 2 12 -bit 33 None 16 CX/16 FX 8 14 -bit 35 1 17 CX 16 16 -bit 58 4 18 CX/18 FX 32 16 -bit 75 2 ‘C’ implies CMOS technology; Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor ‘F’ insert indicates incorporation of Flash memory technology Example: 16 C 84 was the first of its kind. It was later reissued as the 16 F 84, incorporating Flash memory technology. It was then reissued as 16 F 84 A. Dr. Gheith Abandah 50

12 Series PIC The small 12 F 508 Dr. Gheith Abandah 51

PIC 12 F 508/509 pin connection diagram Dr. Gheith Abandah 52

The 12 F 508 Architecture Dr. Gheith Abandah 53

Microchip is the no. 1 supplied of 8 -bit microcontrollers! 8 pins Small Data RAM Few hundred bytes of on-chip (program [code]) ROM One timer Few pins for I/O ports 8 -bit processor – CPU can work on only 8 -bits of data at a time Q: if data is larger than 8 bits? Break it into 8 -bit pieces to be processed by the CPU • • •

PIC… - Upwardly compatible in terms of software, when going from one family to another family? • Not always – prob! • E. g. , – PIC 12 xxx has 12 -bit wide instructions – PIC 16 xxx has 14 -bit wide instructions – PIC 18 xxx has 16 -bit wide instructions & many new instructions *So, to run a prog in PIC 18 – but written for PIC 12 – we MUST recompile the prog, & – possibly change some register locations before loading it into the PIC 18.