Microprocessor and Microcontroller Fundamentals Microprocessor and Microcontroller Fundamentals

Microprocessor and Microcontroller Fundamentals

Microprocessor and Microcontroller Fundamentals Presented by Bigneswar Panda Assistant Professor DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING VISAKHA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Admin w Course materials available online w http: //ece. citadel. edu/hayne/ n Students are encouraged to print lecture slides in advance and use them to take notes in class 330_01 3

Microcontrollers w Embedded Systems n Operations managed behind the scenes by a microcontroller w Microcontroller (MCU) n An integrated electronic computing device that includes three major components on a single chip Microprocessor (MPU) l Memory l I/O (Input/Output) ports l 330_01 4

Microcontrollers w Support Devices n n n Timers A/D converter Serial I/O w Common communication lines n System Bus 330_01 5

Block Diagram 330_01 6

Microprocessor (MPU) w MPU (CPU) n n 330_01 Read instructions Process binary data 7

Memory w Storage Device n n Addresses Registers w Major Categories n n D 7 Read/Write Memory (R/W) Read-only-Memory (ROM) D 0 330_01 8

Input/Output (I/O) w Input Devices n n Switches and Keypads Provide binary information to the MPU w Output devices n n LEDs and LCDs Receive binary information from the MPU 330_01 9

Microprocessor-Based Systems 330_01 10

Microprocessor Architecture w The MPU communicates with Memory and I/O using the System Bus n Address bus Unidirectional l Memory and I/O Addresses l n Data bus Bidirectional l Transfers Binary Data and Instructions l n Control lines l Read and Write timing signals 330_01 11

Microprocessor-Based System 330_01 12

Example Microprocessor System 330_01 13

Software w Machine Language n n Binary Instructions Difficult to decipher and write l n Error-prone All programs converted into machine language for execution Instruction Hex Mnemonic Description Processor 10000000 80 ADD B Add reg B to Acc Intel 8085 00101000 28 ADD A, R 0 Add Reg R 0 to Acc Intel 8051 00011011 1 B ABA Motorola 6811 Add Acc A and B 330_01 14

Software w Assembly Language n n Machine instructions represented in mnemonics One-to-one correspondence Efficient execution and use of memory Machine-specific 330_01 15

Software w High-Level Languages n n n BASIC, C, and C++ Written in statements of spoken languages Machine independent Easy to write and troubleshoot Larger memory and less efficient execution 330_01 16

Data Format (8 -bit) w Unsigned Integers n All eight bits represent the magnitude of a number l n Bit 7 to Bit 0 Range 00 H to FFH (010 to 25510) 330_01 17

Data Format (8 -bit) w Signed Integers n 2's Complement l n n Bit 7 is sign bit Positive numbers: 00 H to 7 FH (010 to 12710) Negative numbers: 80 H to FFH (-110 to -12810) 330_01 18

Data Format (8 -bit) w Binary Coded Decimal Numbers (BCD) n 8 bits of a number divided into groups of four l n n Each group represents a decimal digit from 0 to 9 AH through FH are invalid Example: 0010 0101 BCD = 2510 330_01 19

Data Format (8 -bit) w American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) n n Seven-bit alphanumeric code with 128 combinations (00 H to 7 FH) Represents English alphabet, decimal digits from 0 to 9, symbols, and commands 330_01 20

MPU-Based Systems w System hardware n Discrete components l n Microprocessor, Memory, and I/O Components connected by buses l Address, Data, and Control w System software n A group of programs that monitors the functions of the entire system 330_01 21

MPU-Based Time and Temperature System 330_01 22

MCU-Based Systems w Includes microprocessor, memory, I/O ports, and support devices (such as timers) on a single semiconductor chip w Buses are generally not available to a system designer w I/O ports are generally multiplexed and can be programmed to perform different functions 330_01 23

MCU-Based Time and Temperature System 330_01 24

Computer Architectures w Princeton versus Harvard Architecture w CISC versus RISC processors w Microprocessors and Microcontrollers 330_01 25