World History 1500 to present Unit 4 Growth

World History 1500 to present Unit 4 : Growth of Western Democracies, End of Old Empires, Causes and Effects of WWI SOLs: WHII 8 a-c; 9 a-c; 10 a

Unit 3 Review before moving on…. o Industrialization n Need for natural resources n Need for new markets for industrially produced finished goods n Need to establish the most powerful empire n Need to embrace and justify IMPERIALISM

Imperialism o Justified as the “White Man’s Burden” (Rudyard Kipling) n Idea that technologically advanced Europeans were morally and socially superior to natives of Asia, Africa, and the Americas n Colonies, Protectorates, and Spheres of Influence

Africa falls to Imperialism

Berlin Conference: 1884 -1885

CHINA: Dynasty Song? ! o Confucian values and traditional beliefs o External pressures from the Western powers o Internal pressures n Corruption and incompetence n Peasant unrest n Increased population growth and decreased food production (famine and death)

China: Taiping Rebellion (late 1830 s to 1850 s) o Taiping Rebellion: led by Christian convert who thought he was Jesus’ little brother n Means “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace” o 14 year civil war with 20 million killed o Foreign powers came together to crush it

CHINA: Opium War 1839 -1842 o Economics of trade balance o Britain spent too much silver on Chinese imports o British East India Co. sold Opium to Chinese lost the war and Hong Kong

CHINA: under Western spheres of influence o Extraterritoriality: Europeans living in China did not have to live by Chinese laws, but by their own nation’s laws o USA’s “Open Door Policy” declares equal access to China to all European nations…(AND the USA!)

CHINA: Boxer Rebellion (1900) o Shadow-boxing and the name “Society of the Harmonious Fists” o Another attempt to get foreigners OUT of China o Failed after allied foreign armies crushed them and demanded they pay for damages (!)

China: Moving into the Modern Age o Republic of China est. 1911 under Sun Yixian (aka Sun Yat. Sen) o Three Principles of the People: “Father of Modern China” n NATIONALISM n SOCIALISM n DEMOCRACY

Sun Yat-Sen’s 3 Principles o Nationalism: to unite the Chinese people against foreign influences and give them a Chinese “Identity” o Socialism: to lead to greater equality and opportunity o Democracy: to give the people the ability to make their own future

Sun-Yat Sen & Communists o Most of the intended reforms did not happen and a workable system did not emerge in “modern” China o By 1921, radical Chinese college students and faculty form The Chinese Communist Party o Communist International, formed in 1919, (Comintern) advised the new party to join Sun Yat-Sen’s Nationalist Party

Sun Yixian and Jiang Jieshi (aka Chiang Kai-Shek) o The Communist/Nationalist Alliance helped oppose Chinese warlords and drive out imperialist powers…. 3 years o Revolutionary army marches north to take control o Sun Yixian dies in 1925 and Jiang Jieshi becomes the head of the Nationalist Party

CHINESE NATIONALISTS (Nationalist Party) Sun Yat-Sen Chiang Kai-shek

“Communists are a disease of the heart” Chiang Kai-shek and his forces attacked the communists in Shanghai, killing thousands (Shanghai Massacre)

The Nationalist Party. Chinese Communist alliance was…. . ”over”

Chinese Communists o After the Shanghai Massacre they go into hiding o In the mountainous south, they find a strong leader in MAO ZEDONG o Mao sees the future of Communism not in the urban working poor but in the rural peasants

Chinese Nationalists vs Communists o By 1931, Nationalists drive most Communists from Shanghai o Mao’s Communists are smaller in number BUT…effective at guerilla tactics in battle o LONG MARCH 1935 -1936: Mao’s communist forces marched 6, 000 miles to the last base in the North

90, 000 troops marched North---only 9, 000 made it

Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) tries to force China to reform o Use of dictatorial powers to prevent spread of communism o Land “reform” program o Small middle class in urban areas accepted some western practices: n material wealth n individual advancement o Peasants were 80% of Chinese population

Confucian Values and New China o Successes: roads, railways, education o Chiang Kai-shek wanted to combine the BEST Western innovations with traditional Chinese values (while rejecting excessive greed and individualism) n Hard-work n Obedience n Integrity

Major Problems for China o Japan was threatening to take over more of Northern China (Manchuria, 1931) o Great Depression was affecting the Chinese economy o Chiang Kai-Shek’s support base (landed gentry and urban middle class). . he did not want to lose their support o Did NOT attempt “redistribution of wealth” programs o Censorship and suppression of opposition alienated intellectuals and moderates

Nationalists & Communists: Part 2 o Chiang Kai-shek’s Nationalists and Mao Zedong’s Communists put the civil war on hold in 1936 to work together against the JAPANESE o Japanese take capital of Nanjing o WW II ends in 1945 o 1946 Nationalists and Communists go back to full scale civil war

Communists eventually win China o Peasants love the idea of “free land” o Millions join the Communists o Nationalists flee to Island of Formosa (TAIWAN) o Mao Zedong takes over China and begins the Great Leap Forward (but China falls on its butt) n …Saga to be continued in Unit 5

JAPAN

Japan: a brief review o By 1000 AD the Imperial period was in decline and the feudal age on the rise o Certain families gained power and weakened the central power of the emperor o Emperor becomes more of a “ceremonial figure” than a real POWER

o Social organization in Japan n Shogun- appointed by emperor, military leader, most powerful person in Japan n Daimyo (DIME-’yo)- landowners, loyal to the shogun, but powerful in their own right n Samurai- warrior class that supported the daimyo and shogun militarily in return for land supplies n Peasants and Artisans: exchange services for protection n Merchants: bottom of the social scale, but “rich”

China VS Japan o Scholars were respected in China o Buddhism and Confucian values focused on family and relationships o China was easily invaded o Warriors were respected in Japan o Japanese were able to repel attacks by invaders & develop in isolation o Fostered a militaristic attitude (Code of Bushido)

Japan: Between 1500 and 1800 o 3 Great Unifiers (Last was the powerful daimyo of Tokugawa Ieyasu) o Tokugawa shogunate takes over 1603 o “great peace” until 1868 o Europeans come in with clocks, tobacco, eyeglasses, Christianity (Jesuits destroyed shrines…not good PR move)

Japan: Between 1500 and 1800 o Japanese Christians were persecuted o European merchants were also forced out, only a small Dutch port was left in Nagasaki. . one time every year, 2 -3 months MAX o Daimyo “hostage system” of rule o Samurai lost “warrior” status and became managers of daimyo hans o Ronin were masterless samurai

Japan: Between 1500 and 1800 o Formal foreign relations until 1800 with only Korea, “The Hermit Kingdom” o Foreign trade ships were driven away from Japan o 4 US WARships under Commodore Matthew Perry n Perry brings a letter from President Millard Fillmore (sailors in cages, trade) n Perry comes back with bigger fleet n Treaty of Kanagawa signed

Treaty of Kanagawa: • Return shipwrecked sailors (free from cages) • Open 2 ports for US trade • Consulate established • Exchange foreign ministers

Japanese Resistance o Samurai classes strongly resisted o 1863, Satsuma and Choshu areas formed an alliance to force the shogun to end relations with the West o Western ships were stronger and revealed to the Japanese that they were militarily WEAK! o The Sat-Cho alliance attacked the shogun and forced the restoration of the emperor

Meiji Restoration o Sat-Cho leaders began a new policy to make Japan strong enough to resist Western imperialism o Young emperor was “Mutsuhito” who called the new era Meiji for “Enlightened Rule”

Changes under Meiji rule in Japan o By 1890, the o Western political German model style: a legislative (attractive to assembly with Progressives) won imperial rule o Traditional and o Liberals (want modern. . same Parliament powerful power people had and representative power of people) and Progressives o “Democratic in (power shared form, between legislative authoritarian in and executive**) practice” emerge

Japanese society under Meiji Aristocratic privileges abolished Women got jobs and education More industrialization and shift to cities LOTS of westernization (dancing, eating, playing games, clothing) o Exploitation of working classes o Demands for more political voice o o

Japan’s Imperial dreams…. o Need for colonies, just like the west o Ryukyu islands (had been under Chinese control) o Korean ports forced to open up o Manchurian city of Port Arthur and Taiwan o War with Russia over Korea, Japan wins (Peace negotiated by POTUS Teddy Roosevelt) o Japan becomes…”Significant” as a world power

Chilly relations with United States o USA wants more power in the Pacific and authority over Philippines o US restricts Japanese immigration o Racism and nativism in US, especially on West Coast

Causes of World War I The Industrial Revolution leads nations to compete for economic dominance and international prestige. Question: By 1900, which countries were the most industrially developed in the world?

Causes of World War I o. Imperialism: o. Militarism: o. Alliance System: o. Nationalism:

Imperialism (as a cause of WWI) o Competition over access to resources and markets = economic rivalry o British and French concern over GERMAN competition and colonial claims o German growth in all areas:

French Colonies 1914: British Colonies 1914:

Militarism (as a cause of WWI) o Arms race =Industrial nations build up better weapons o Military power = national prestige o Glorification of all things military o Military leaders become powerful o …. . ”Social Darwinism”…. stronger can outfight the weaker

Militarism: New tech for WWI o o o o Machine guns Hand grenades Poison gas Zeppelins Submarines SOME airplanes ……trench warfare strategy

Trench Warfare = STALEMATE! o Defensive strategy o Horrific casualities o Rats: feeding on dead o Lice: everywhere o Mud: WET, slimy o Trenchfoot

Trench Warfare = STALEMATE! o Rats: feeding on dead o Lice: everywhere o Mud: WET, slimy “TRENCH FOOT”

Alliance System (as a cause of WWI) o Agreements between nations to aid each other if attacked (OLD, new, flimsy, etc. ) o Russia is the “protector” of smaller Slavic nations o Emergence of “the Allies” (Britain, France, Russia) o Emergence of “the Central Powers”(Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire)

Nationalism (as a cause of WWI) o French want revenge against Germany o French want Alsace and Lorraine back from Germany (after Franco-Prussian war) o Pan-Slavism unites those wanting a Southern European state for Slavic people o Germany wants “a place in the sun” (recognition and respect for its power)

Immediate Cause: Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary, August 1914

Alliance System (as a cause of WWI) o Agreements between nations to aid each other if attacked (OLD, new, flimsy, etc. ) o Russia is the “protector” of smaller Slavic nations o Emergence of “the Allies” (Britain, France, Russia) o Emergence of “the Central Powers”(Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire)

Examples of Nationalism (as a cause of WWI) o French want revenge against Germany o French want Alsace and Lorraine back from Germany (after Franco-Prussian war) o Pan-Slavism unites those wanting a Southern European state for Slavic people o Germany wants “a place in the sun” (recognition and respect for its power)

Immediate Cause: Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary, August 1914

United States and World War I o For three years, America remained neutral, and there was strong sentiment not to get involved in a European war. o continuing German submarine warfare restricts freedom of the seas o American cultural ties to Great Britain. o Wilson wanted to “make the world safe for democracy. ”

United States and World War I 1. Propaganda fuels anti-German feelings 2. Germany sinks Lusitania ship 3. Zimmerman telegram intercepted 4. Russian revolution breaks out and a “nonautocratic” government is set up…. . BEFORE it goes communist 5. April 2, 1917…USA declares war on Germany

United States and World War I o Draft laws o Rationing and government organizes war production o Americans SUPPORT war effort o Gov’t acts to STOP those who protest: n Espionage and Sedition Act

o America’s military resources of soldiers and war materials tipped the balance of the war and led to Germany’s defeat.

Armistice Day “November 11 th, 11: 00 am, 1918”

Wilson’s Fourteen Points o Wilson’s plan to eliminate the causes of war o Key ideas: n n Self-determination Freedom of the sea League of Nations Mandate system

Treaty of Versailles (Verse-EYE) o The French and English insisted on punishment of Germany. o A League of Nations was created. o National boundaries were redrawn, creating many new nations.

League debate in United States Objections to U. S. foreign policy decisions made by an international organization, not by U. S. leaders o U. S. Senate’s failure to approve Treaty of Versailles

Russia and the Revolution

RUSSIA: the Land People • 1/6 of Earth’s surface is “Russia and its republics” Tundra, taiga, steppe and desert from the Caspian Sea in Asiatic highlands • Ural mountains divide “Europe” from “Asia” • Volga River is longest in all of Europe (flows South to Caspian) • Lake Baikal is the deepest freshwater lake (1 mile at deepest)

Historical Background of Russia o Earliest invaders were Vikings from the North (Norsemen or “Varangians”) n Reddish hair (“rus”) gave name to earliest state of Kiev n Kievan Rus…. . became “Russia” n “Viking” names (Helga and Waldamar) became Russian names (Olga and Vladimir)

Background History of Russia o Riches of Kiev led to its downfall o Tatar/Mongol Domination for almost 300 years n n Paid taxes to Khans; military service Cut off from West Allowed Orthodox Christianity to remain Autocracy is accepted; screws up Russian thinking about gov’t for…. . (ever? !) o Rise of Moscow: Russian princes eventually put down Mongols 1380 at Battle of Kulikovo n Moscow is geographically important on trade routes from East n Princes of Moscow maintain a stable gov’t

Background History of Russia o Ivan III (The Great) 1462 – 1505 n built a framework absolute rule n Limited the power of boyars n Adopted Byzantine customs, …grandson: o Ivan IV (The Terrible) 1533 - 1584 n Centralized royal power n Exchanged land to boyars for military service n Entrenched serfdom n Was NUTS

Background History of Russia o Time of Troubles 1604 -1613 n Political instability, peasant uprisings, invasions by foreigners n Ends with the Zemsky Sobor appointment of the Romanov Dynasty beginning with Michael in 1613

Brief Outline of the “modern Age)Romanovs o Alexander III: cracks o Alexander I: 1 st to down on dissent, embrace “liberal” ideas, censorship, secret but after Napoleon, went police, exiled people, conservative at COV “Russification” esp o Nicholas I: cracks down against Jews on dissent, uses secret (pogroms) police, starts o Nicholas II: modernization Ineffective ruler and o Alexander II: loses soldier, WWI, October Crimean War; FREES the Manifesto, Bloody serfs, assassinated Sunday, assassinated w/family

Russian Revolution n Czar Nicholas II’s reforms were too little too late n No industrial power = no national power n Loss to the Japanese was humiliating announcement of weakness n WWI participation sucked Russia dry and made civil war inevitable n Weak resistance to well organized and mobilized Bolshevik radicals n Total abdication and assassination end the Romanov Dynasty

Vladimir Lenin o Marxist Revolutionary o NEP allowed some capitalism and helped Soviet economy recover from early communist stagnation o Dies of stroke, 1924

Leon Trotsky o Co-founder with Lenin o Organized and trained the RED ARMY o Practice of decimation made Red Army “effective” o Rival of Stalin’ o Assassinated in Mexico with an icepick

Lenin’s Communist Dictatorship in Russia 1917 -1924 “Bloodshed & Brainwashing” o Terror Tactics: use mass executions to wipe out opposition o Economic Control: nationalization of industry, banks, foreign trade (& NEP) o Centralization of Gov’t: total control of gov’t, trade unions, youth groups, ban other political parties, ethnic republics est. o Religious Persecution: seizure of church land & property, jail/kill priests, close church schools, GOD does not exist, Lenin is your god now o Ideology: censor critics and foreign news, use of PROPAGANDA

Rise of Totalitarian Regimes o Common Features: Single party dictatorship State control of the economy Secret police/state sponsored terrorism Censorship & Propaganda/government control of the media o Schools used to indoctrinate citizens o Unquestioning obedience to a single ruler o o

Totalitarian Regime at FDHS extra TEST grade creative writing? ? o Follow each direction to the letter o It is a test grade o Video presentation is OK, but it must make sense, follow the rubric and not waste time!

Post World War I Nationalist Movements

Mehmet II enters the city of Constantinople in 1453…. . …by 1633, spans 3 continents

Ottoman Empire circa 1683

Ottoman Empire post WW I o Great Britain & France decided during WWI (secretly via Sykes-Picot Agreement) to divide parts of the Ottoman Empire amongst themselves o Mandate system est. by League of Nations o New foreign rulers simply planted the seeds for future conflicts in the region

Young Turks of the Ottoman Empire o shared the common goal of reform o Super-secular o Primarily envisioned an intellectual elite to govern the empire…but labeled “liberal” o military and social uprisings characterize the movement o Now blamed for the Armenian genocide of 1915 o Term “Young Turks" now used to identify any groups or individuals inside an organization who are more progressive and reform minded and are grabbing power

Turkey under Mustafa Kemal (Ataturk) o o o o “democracy” in theory, not practice Suppression of critics Romanized alphabet (Arabic gone) Popular education Last names for families (Euro style) Industrialization MAJOR secular ideas that don’t sit well with super-Muslim conservatives

Cultural changes that Muslims hated o No fez for men or veils for women o Marriage & inheritance rights for women o Right to vote for women o Right for anyone to convert to other religions

Emergence of Modern Iran Reza Shah Pahlavi

Reforms under Pahlavi o Strengthen & modernize military, government o “Iran” 1935 o Remains “Muslim” o Forbids women wearing veils in public o Modern education

Pahlavi Dynasty o Friendly relations with Germany (by default) o Great Britain/USSR invade Iran o Reza Shah Pahlavi resigns, his son takes over

Ibn Saud

Ibn Saud & Saudi Arabia o Won a series of military victories over more powerful enemies o transformed himself from a minor sheikh into a respected king and was visited by world leaders such as Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt (see picture) took many wives & concubines (fathered almost one hundred children) A devout Muslim Saudi Arabia is a CLOSE ally of the West n AND…. the birthplace of Osama bin Laden and most of the 9/11 hijackers o o o

Other Arab Nationalist Movements o Mandate System creates “artificial” nations after WWI n Britain: Palestine, Iraq and Jordan o “Balfour Declaration” n Not to undermine rights of non-Jews (98% Muslim residents) n Zionist Movement strenghtens n France: Syria and Lebanon

Indian Nationalism Mohandas Gandhi Civil disobedience Passive resistance British extend political influence for SOME Indians o Salt March, 1930 o o

Indian Nationalism o Western educated intellectuals challenge Gandhi's leadership which was …traditional, religious and INDIAN. o Jawaharlal Nehru is most modern, secular and ……. Western

……Nehru Dynasty

Indian Islamic nationalism

Indian Islamic nationalism o Calls for a separate Muslim state in India begin o Muhammad Ali Jinnah wants to see “Pakistan” ruled by Muslims

1. Define IMPERIALISM and then describe the different forms of IMPERIALISM that Europeans used to gain resources and markets for their industrial economies.

2. Review CH: 11 and prepare a CHART of the political, economic, social and cultural impacts of European imperialism in each of the following areas Africa Middle East India Southeast Asia

3. Explain why China fell to European imperialism and how European imperialists crushed Chinese nationalism.

4. How was Japan able to resist European imperialism and ultimately become an imperial power themselves?

5. What role did the United States play in the age of imperialism? What part of the world most concerned the United States and…. how did US officials handle foreign policy in these areas?

(6 A). Explain the four main causes of WWI …. . (6 B. )and the GLOBAL impact of the Treaty of Versailles.

7. Describe the causes of the Russian Revolution and how Lenin and Stalin changed it under communism.

8. Describe the position and politics of the following people: Sun Yixian Jiang Jieshi Mao Zedong. How did their visions for China’s future differ?

9. Describe the Nationalist movement in India under Gandhi. What methods did he use that were most successful?

10. Compare and contrast the nationalist movements in: India, Turkey, Persia, and Saudi Arabia. What cultural problems accompany modernization in this area of the world? Use a CHART to show your answer. India Turkey Persia Saudi Arabia