Industrialization in Russia and Japan AP World History

Industrialization in Russia and Japan AP World History

Setting the Stage n What is Russia’s role in the greater global context? – Intellectuals and politicians remain absorbed in fascination of the west § Political freedom, educational and scientific advances, cultural styles § Romanticism hits home in Russia with its combination of folklore and nationalism § Russian music composers begin to explore this idiom, and contribute to the wider musical scene

Setting the Stage n Alexander I: Supported conservative ideologies at the Congress of Vienna.

Setting the Stage n Nicholas I: 1825 Decembrist uprising by western-oriented army officers. – Nicholas becomes more repressive – Russia avoids the wave of revolutions which swept through Europe during the 1830 s and 1848

Setting the Stage Russia falls behind the west industrially. n 1854 -1856 Crimean War: fought on the Black Sea. Western forces damaged the Russian armies entrenched positions. n 1855: Alexander II is convinced that it is time for change! n

Reform under Alexander II n For two decades, Russia engages in reform, based on Western standards. n 1861: Emancipation of the serfs-serfs got a piece of land they used to work. – Creates a large labor force – Zemstvoes: local political councils regulating roads, schools, and other regional policies. n Literacy increases n Increased Women’s rights

Industrialization Trans-Siberian Railroad: connected European Russia with the Pacific. n Stimulated iron and coal industries. n – Export of grain to the West. – Factories began to spring up throughout Russia.

Trans-Siberian Railroad

Russian (radical) Reformers n Intelligentsia: Russian term for articulate intellectuals as a class. – Wanted political freedom and deep social reform. – Wanted a different society than that in the west (which they saw as materialistic) n Anarchists: desired an abolition to all forms of government. – Heated opposition to tsarist autocracy

By the 1880’s… n Russia’s railroad network had quintupled since 1860 n Modern Factories were in St. Petersburg and Moscow. n Influx of foreign interests under Count Sergei Witte, Minister of Finance from 1892 -1903. – High tariffs to support Russian industry – Encourage western investors

The good, the bad, and well, that’s it The Good n By 1900, Russia surges to #4 in the world in steel production n Second only to the US in petroleum production and refining n n n The Bad Russian factories were huge, but not up to western technical standards Labor force was not highly skilled Backwards agricultural production system Largely illiterate peasant class which lacks capital Lack of middle-class

Reformers n By the 1870’s Alexander II is pulling back on reforms. – Censorship, dissidents arrested, etc. n Alexander II is assassinated by a terrorist bomb in 1881 – Successors continue industrialization, but continue political repression as well. – Persecution of the Jewish minority. § Pogroms: mass executions of Jews

Reformers n Socialism: Marxist doctrine spreads from the West to Russia – Lenin claimed that a proletariat was developing worldwide due to the spread of international capitalism, in advance of growing industrialization. – Bolsheviks: group of Russian Marxists, who formed the majority party.

Unrest Working class unrest grows in the cities, aided by the undercurrents of socialism being pushed by the intelligentsia. n Russian workers radicalize much more than western counterparts n – Unions, strikes – Become interested in the “equality” and “freedom” of Bolshevism n Russian government under Alexander III from 1881 -1894 remained stubbornly opposed to compromise

Nicholas II Emperor from 18941918 n The Last Imperial Emperor of Russia n Bad fortune was predicted by mystics after the Khadynka Tragedy during his coronation in 1896 n

Revolution!! Russo-Japanese War: 1904, Japan wins because Russia can’t mobilize quickly. n Unleashes massive protest n – Brutal repression was not well received, so reform follows. n Creation of a national parliament, the DUMA

n Stolypin Revolution! Reforms: – Peasants gain greater freedom – Peasants can buy and sell land. – Kulaks: wealthy peasant farmers who owned land used hired labor n Nicholas II was unable to keep his promises of reform. – Unable to surrender the autocratic tradition

Looking Ahead! n Russia heads into WWI as an unstable nation on the brink of industrialization, and plenty of social pressure at home. – It must fight in WWI to preserve diplomatic ties – It must continue to protect its little “Slavic Brothers” – But, the homefront is riddled with problems… – This will lead to one of the greatest (as in most influential) revolutions the world has ever seen!

Japan…Setting the Stage n Tokugawa Shogunate: Strict isolationism in Japan. – Feudal society between emperor, shogun, daimyo, and samurai Ban on western books was repealed in 1720 n Schools of Dutch studies throughout Japan around 1850 n

Japan n 1853: American Commodore Matthew Perry arrives insisting that America gain the right to trade with Japan. – 1854: He returns and gains that right, and gains extraterritoriality

Japan n Bureaucrats saw no other possibility than to open Japan – Daimyo oppose this, as do many samurai. – They appeal to the emperor (long a religious and ceremonial figure), rather than the shogun – Samurai are split on their support…some want change, others stress conservatism

Meiji Restoration 1866: Japanese Civil War. Samurai forces defeat Shogunate forces and declare Mutsuhito, or Meiji (Enlightened One) the new emperor. n 1868: Meiji Restoration-A profound period of change in Japan that will guide Japan to becoming a world power into the 20 th century n

The Meiji State n Abolishes feudalism – Daimyo are replaced by nationally appointed prefects (district administrators) Political power was centralized n Emperor and advisors enact economic and social change, quickly n

Japan n Samurai travel to the West and US to learn about economic and political reform. n 1873 -1876: Meiji Ministers enact true social revolution – 1876: Samurai class is abolished. n Constitution in 1889 establishes the Diet, or Parliamentary body – Could advise government, but not control it

The New Government Modeled after the Germans n Emperor commanded the military directly and directly named his ministers n – Western style clothing – Diet could pass laws, upon agreement of both houses, and pass budgets n Japanese government thus includes centralized Imperial Rule, combined with limited representative bodies copied from the West – Japan incorporated business leaders into its governing structure, while Russia defended its traditional social elite

Japanese Industrial Revolution n Create the conditions necessary for industrialization… – New government banks funded growing trade and provide capital for industry – State-built railroads spread – Steamships connect the islands Guilds and internal road tariffs are abolished…create a national market n Land Reform n

Japanese Industrial Revolution n Ministry of Industry (1870) – Maintained supervision of foreign advisories – Set overall economic policy – Copied established western practices, but adaptation made it suitable for Japan n Zaibatsu: Huge new industrial combines formed as a result of accumulation of capital.

Issues in Japanese Industrialization Dependence on imports of Western equipment and raw materials. n Massive population growth n – Supply of low-cost labor fuels class tensions n Education improves – Universal education system – Essential traditional moral education stressing loyalty to the Imperial House, love of country, filial piety, respect for superiors, faith in friends, charity towards inferiors, and respect for oneself. n Copied Western Fashion, hygiene, calendar, but not Christianity

Japanese/Western Differences n Position of Western Women offended the Japanese – Maintain inferiority of Women in the home Standards of Japanese courtesy conflict with the West n Shintoism gains followers throughout this period n

Japanese New Imperialism n Japan engages in imperialism at the turn of the 20 th century – Needs natural resources – Gives displaced samurai a way to exercise military talents n Sino-Japanese War (1894 -1895) – Treaty of Shimonoseki: April 17, 1895 – China was forced to acknowledge the complete independence of Korea; to cede the island of Taiwan, the P’enghu Islands, and the Liaodong Peninsula in northeastern China to Japan and pay a large indemnity. – Concerned that the treaty would destabilize the colonial balance of power in East Asia, Russia, France, and Germany then forced a revision of the Treaty of Shimonoseki under which Japan had to renounce its claim to Liaodong.

Russo-Japanese War (1904 -1905) Russia’s growing strength in East Asia due to the construction of Trans. Siberian Railway threatened Japanese interests in Manchuria n Japanese win handily by 1905 n Japanese take on Korea as protectorate in 1905 and annex Korea in 1910 n

Friction in Japanese Society n Clash between traditional standards and the young, who were more interested in western standards. n Japan’s parliament often clashed with the Emperor’s ministers – Dissolve Diet, then re-elect – Assassinations

The Antidote to Cultural Insecurity n National loyalty and devotion to the Emperor n Nationalism was built on traditions of superiority, cohesion, and deference to rulers. n Justified sacrifice and struggle as part of the national mission to preserve independence and dignity in the world