Chapter 9 Section 1 The Beginnings of Industrialization

Chapter 9 Section 1 The Beginnings of Industrialization Objective: Compare the key inventions & improvements of the Industrial Revolution. Vocabulary: Industrial Revolution, Enclosure, Crop Rotation, Industrialization, Factors of Production, Factory, & Entrepreneur

Setting the Stage • Industrial Revolution: refers to the greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England in the mid 1700 s. • Jobs like creating textiles that were woven by hand now had machines to make the process extremely efficient • The Industrial Revolution eventually spread from England to Continental Europe & North America

Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain • Wealthy landowners began to buy up small farms & dramatically improved farming methods (Agricultural Revolution) • Larger fields called enclosures allowed landowners to experiment with more productive seeding & harvesting methods • Smaller farmers either had to become tenant farmers or move to the city

Rotating Crops • Farmers improved upon the medieval 3 -field-system • Crop Rotation: system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land • Livestock breeders also improved their methods by only allowing the “best” animals to breed • Food supplies increased & living conditions improved

Why the Industrial Revolution Began in England? • Industrialization: process of developing machine production of goods that require resources • These resources include water power, coal, iron ore, rivers, & harbors • Britain had all the natural resources & an expanding economy to support industrialization • Britain’s political stability gave the country a tremendous advantage over its neighbors • Factors of production: resources including land, labor, & capital (all 3 are needed to produce goods & services)

Check for Understanding • Which factor of production do you think is most important? Why? Sentence Starter: The most important factor of production is _____ because _____.

Inventions Spur Industrialization • In an explosion of creativity, inventions now revolutionized industry, one invention led to another • Wealthy textile merchants set up machines in large buildings called factories • Most factories needed waterpower, so the first ones were built near rivers & streams • Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin to remove seeds from raw cotton

Improvements in Transportation • The original steam engines gobbled great quantities of fuel, making it expensive to run • James Watt figured out a way to make the steam engine work faster & more efficiently while burning less fuel • Matthew Boulton was an entrepreneur who paid Watt a salary to build better engines • Entrepreneur: a person who organizes, manages, & takes on the risks of a business

Check for Understanding • Who is a modern day entrepreneur? Sentence Starter: A modern day entrepreneur would be _____________.

Water Transportation • Robert Fulton ordered a steam engine from Boulton & Watt • Fulton built a steamboat called the Clermont • Water transportation improved with the creation of canals (human-made waterways) • Canals helped to cut the cost of transporting raw materials & finished goods

Road Transportation • John Mc. Adam, a Scottish engineer equipped road beds with a layer of larger stone for drainage • Private investors formed companies that built roads & operated them for a profit • Roads were called turnpikes because people had to stop at tollgates to pay tolls before traveling farther

The Railway Age Begins • George Stephenson built the world’s first railroad line from 1821 to 1825 • It was 27 miles from Yorkshire coal fields to the port of Stockton on the North Sea

The Liverpool-Manchester Railroad • Entrepreneurs of Northern England wanted a railroad to connect the port of Liverpool with the inland city of Manchester • The Rocket built by Stephenson & his son was chosen as the best locomotive for the line • When the Liverpool. Manchester Railway opened in 1830, it was a huge success

Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain • Railroads spurred industrial growth by allowing manufacturers a cheap way to transport materials • Railroad boom created thousands of new jobs • It also boosted England’s agricultural & fishing industries