Chapter 14 The Latin West 1200 1500 Europe
- Slides: 51
Chapter 14: The Latin West 1200 -1500 Europe from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance
European Renaissance • 1200 AD most Europeans were peasants bound to the land • Population doubled from 1000 AD to 1450 AD due to agricultural techniques and climate change • Windmills, 3 - field system, waterwheels, deforestation all helped bring more land under cultivation
3 -field system for farming
European Renaissance • Around 1250 crop yields decreased-possibly because of population pressure (mass starvation) • Led to a decrease in human resistance to disease by 1348 • Bubonic Plague-Black Death-overwhelmed Europe in 1348 • Devastating impact: social , political, economic, etc.
European Renaissance • End of the Middle Ages was one result of the Plague • It ravaged Europe for two years and returned periodically devastating the population • Europeans had little resistance
Plague outbreak 1347 -1350
Plague artwork
Plague Artwork
European Renaissance • Impact of Bubonic Plague: – Fewer workers so labor was more valuable – Peasants could demand higher wages – Oversupply of goods: became less expensive – Serfdom dies as demand for labor rises – Some people become more religious, while other question God.
European Renaissance • Impact of Bubonic Plague – Living standards improved; higher wages to attract workers, less time to learn a craft – Nobles die, less opposition to the king – Religion and learning flourish together – Technology advanced; mining, metallurgy, and mechanical energy with mills powered by water
Watermill
European Renaissance • Great Urban revival, fueled by the end of the Crusades and workers leaving the manors • Italian cities in the north become rich and powerful through trade; Genoa, Venice, Milan • Cities in Northern Europe on the Baltic and North Sea ban together to form the Hanseatic League for economic protection • Hanseatic League- group of cities united for trade influence and prices
European Renaissance • Flanders grows into a commercial center for wool imports and cloth manufacturing • England, Florence, and Italy enter into textiles too-very profitable • Trade fairs • Westward expansion of the Mongols fueled an increase in trade. Pax Mongolica
European Renaissance • Venice becomes champion in trade volume due to the Mediterranean trade • Some European cities were independent from nobles and kings • They could conduct trade more freely than Asian or Middle Eastern cities • Bringing cities under the control of King sometimes required force-(Paris) • Guilds- craft specialists who regulated craft rules and prices to protect their interests
Guilds • Groups of organized workers banned together for better wages
European Renaissance
European Renaissance • Large banking families appear: Medici family of Florence operated banks in Italy, Flanders, London. • They handled affairs for nobles, kings, the Church • Church prohibited usury • Usury- practice of loaning money at high interest rates (Jews become moneylenders)
Jewish persecution • Europe’s largest population of Jews lived in Spain. Persecution existed in most of Europe except in the papal city of Rome • Read pg 360 -361 and answer #1 -3
European Renaissance • Wealthy families were able to fund art & architecture
Medieval Universities
European Renaissance • Prior to 1200, monasteries were primary centers or learning • After 1200, colleges and universities were created and supported by the Church • Universities taught medicine, law, theology • Theology-the study of the nature of God and religious truth
European Renaissance • Theology was the primary subject and it brought together Greek philosophy, notably Aristotle, and Christian faith • The mixing of these was called Scholasticism • Most notable written work was the Summa Theologica, by Thomas Aquinas, a Dominican priest
European Renaissance • Political Aspects: • Kings sought to become stronger and centralize power • Kings were weak because of little or no treasury funds, Powerful nobles, Independent towns and cities, and still a Powerful Church
European Renaissance • 1215 AD, King John I of England is forced to sign the Magna Carta, thus giving: • Trial by jury of peers • Assembly of nobles could petition the king • Eventually became Parliament • No taxation without consent of nobles • England becomes exception to the pattern of strong monarchs
European Renaissance • In France, Philip the Fair arrests the Pope and installs his own pope at Avignon= Great Western Schism. • In general, Kings sought to increase power by: • Marrying into noble families • Taxing peasants • Appointing their own bishops and clergy (lay investiture)
European Renaissance • Kings fought each other to gain more power through land: • France and England fought each other. Hundred Years War 1337 -1453 • Although England lost, both monarchies emerged stronger
Joan of Arc helped France New weapons-longbow, crossbow Artillery
Map of Europe 1500 C. E.
European Renaissance New monarchies of France and England had: Stronger central governments National boundaries New tax system that provided funds to a treasury, and paid for national armies. • Strong connections to middle class and merchant class instead of nobles and church • Central government-all decisions come from a single government system • •
European Renaissance • Strong governments on the Iberian Peninsula too: • Spain and Portugal emerge as nations after forcing the Muslims out of Iberia after 700 years • The Reconquista • In 1492, Spain and Portugal also expelled all Jews who would not convert to Christianity
Map of Reconquista
European Renaissance • By the 1300’s a new emphasis on learning began that expanded upon the learning of universities and scholasticism • A new emphasis on understanding humans as well as God became the idea of “Humanism” • Humanism is the study of man and his world. Today it is known as humanities, such as sociology, psychology, anthropology, literature (the classics), religion.
European Renaissance • Dante Alighieri -Italy-1265 -1321 -wrote the Divine Comedy: journey through 9 layers of Hell and the entrance to Paradise using Greco. Roman classical themes, imagery. • Made accessible through his use of the vernacular (your local language) form of Tuscany
European Renaissance • Geoffrey Chaucer-England-1340 -1400: Wrote the Canterbury Tales: everyday life in medieval England, in vernacular. • Other Humanists writers: • Machiavelli: wrote The Prince; a political handbook for political leaders. Premise: the ends justifies the means • Thomas More: Utopia; perfect society of the future
European Renaissance • Humanists sought a return to original Greek and Roman texts. Pope Nicholas creates the Vatican library by buying authentic Greek and Roman translations of classic texts. • Emphasis on authenticity
European Renaissance • William Shakespeare: English playwright • Christopher Marlowe: English playwright
European Renaissance • Humanism helps create a new era after Middle Ages called the Renaissance • Renaissance = Rebirth of learning & culture (Greco-Roman) • Universities developed in Paris which incorporated the works of Aristotle which were saved by Muslims
Renaissance Art
European Renaissance • Why did Europe grow in power & wealth? • Education
European Renaissance • • Botticelli Michelangelo Leonardo Da Vinci Raphael Titian Giotto Jan Van Eyck
European Renaissance • Favorite themes of artists and patrons during the Renaissance were religious • Combined with authenticity of Humanism, religious subjects were presented in a more realistic style.
Gothic Architecture • High ceilings • Stained Glass
European Renaissance
European Renaissance
European Renaissance • Ideas were transmitted quickly throughout Europe by means of the printing press of Johan Gutenberg-it used moveable type • Craft guilds in various cities competed in quality and innovation created competitions though they discouraged
Printing Press • Allowed for the mass exchange of ideas (could copy books in minutes) • Spread of the Bible leads to Reformation
European Renaissance • The Renaissance had an economic base as cities expanded and developed architectural pride • Craft guilds in various cities competed in quality and innovation but stifled competition within their own cities • Rural areas offered different opportunities but could not compete with the economic and social attractions of the city
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