Transformations in Europe 1500 1750 Papacy c 1500

Transformations in Europe 1500 -1750

Papacy (c 1500) �Increase in stature � 54 new churches constructed � Other buildings in Rome � More money � More power �Increase in corruption � Indulgences �Sold to absolve past sins �Reduction of time in Purgatory

Pope Leo X �Medici family � Florence � Banking � Patron of Arts �St. Peter’s Basilica � Rome � Michelangelo �Sistine Chapel

Martin Luther (1483 -1546) �German monk � Went to university to become a lawyer � Thunderstorm �Upset at corruption in Church � Doctorate of theology from Wittenberg (Germany) �Enlightenment � Psalm 22 -Christ’s cry for mercy � Romans 1: 17 -”For it is written that “The just will live by faith” � Faith alone brings salvation

95 Theses � 1517 � Pope Leo X announces new indulgences � To pay for St. Peter’s Basilica �Castle Church, Wittenberg, Germany � Nailed to door of church � List of 95 grievances with the Catholic Church �Critiqued indulgences �Corruption of people’s faith by the church �Bible is the only authority �Salvation by faith and not deeds � Sent to Archbishop Albert Albrecht of Mainz �End sale of indulgences �Copies spread throughout Europe within 2 months

“Why does not the pope, whose wealth today is greater than the wealth of the richest Crassus, build the basilica of St. Peter with his own money rather than with the money of poor believers? ”

Luther the Heretic � 1518 -Luther summoned to Augsburg to defend Theses � 3 day debate � Luther refused to recant � 1520 -Pope Leo X’s papal bull (official papal document) � Luther is a heretic � Luther given 120 days to recant � January 3, 1521: Luther excommunicated � May 25, 1521: Holy Roman Emperor Charles V �Orders Luther’s works and writings to be burned �Luther “hides out” � Translates New Testament into German � 10 years to completion

Other Reformists �John Calvin (1509 -1564) � French � Left law to study theology � The Institutes of the Christian Religion � Predestined salvation �Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466 -1536) � Secretary of Henry de Bergen, bishop of Chambray �Allowed Erasmus to study in Paris �Introduced to Renaissance humanism � The Praise of Folly �Satire �Examined abuses of the church � Greek translation of New Testament

Counter Reformation (1545 -1563) �Council of Trent � 20 years of debate � Re-affirm the supremacy of the Pope � Distinguish Catholic practices and doctrine from Protestant � Reform monastic orders �Ignatius Loyola and the Jesuits 1540 Society of Jesus was established Overseas missions � Index of Forbidden Books � 583 heretical texts �Biblical translations �Erasmus, Calvin, Luther

The Inquisition �Discovery and punishment of heretics/heresy � 1231: Pope Gregory IX �Life imprisonment (recant) �Execution � Accused �Couldn’t face/question accuser �Couldn’t have counsel �Subject to testimony from criminals, etc �Spanish Inquisition � Spain and Portugal � Expulsion of Jews � Muslims � Protestants � Auto-da-fe

Religious Wars: France � 1572: St. Bartholomew’s Day � Henry of Navarre �Huguenot � Margaret, sister of Charles IX � Catherine de Medici �Admiral Gaspard de Coligny � 1598: Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes �Louis XIII and Louis XIV �Louis XV

Religious Wars: England �Henry VIII �Monasteries �Catherine of Aragon �Puritans �Archbishop of Canterbury �Church of England � Anglican Church

Witches �Local religion � Blended established religion with �Pagan �Folk customs �Spells �Natural events with supernatural causes � Earthquakes � Disease � Crop failure �Witch hunts � 16 th-17 th centuries � 100, 000 killed � ¾ women

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