HOLT World History CHAPTER 14 THE HUMAN JOURNEY

HOLT World History CHAPTER 14 THE HUMAN JOURNEY The High Middle Ages Section 1: The Crusades Section 2: The Revival of Trade Section 3: The Growth of Towns Section 4: Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Section 5: Wars and the Growth of Nations Section 6: Challenges to Church Power HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 1: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Crusades Objectives: l Identify the main causes of the Crusades. l Describe the outcome of the First Crusade. l Describe the outcomes of the other major crusades. l Explain how the Crusades affected Europe. 2 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 1: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Crusades Causes of the Crusades l Free the Holy Land from Seljuq control l By 1080 the Seljuq Turks had conquered Palestine l In 1095, Pope Urban II called for a Crusade to drive the Turks from the Christian sights in the Holy Land l For over 200 years, European would undertake a series of wars to do this 3 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 1: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Crusades Causes of the Crusades 4 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 1: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Crusades The First Crusade l Brought much of the Holy Land under European control l Ended in July, 1099 with a massacre in Jerusalem l Created 4 Crusader states 5 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 1: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Crusades The First Crusade: Major Figures l Emperor Alexius I (Byzantine) l Called for help l Pope Urban II l Sermon in Clermont l Peter the Hermit l Raymond of Toulouse, Bohemund of Taranto, Adhemar of Le. Puy 6 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 1: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Crusades Other Major Crusades l The Second Crusade – failed to recapture Damascus (1147) l King Louis of France l The Third Crusade (1187) l again failed to recapture Jerusalem l Richard the Lion-heart, Phillip Augustus, Frederick Barbarossa 7 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 1: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Crusades Other Major Crusades l The Fourth Crusade (1201) l Led by Venice l attacked Constantinople l Constantinople collapsed in 1453 l Other crusades – crusades continued until the last Christian stronghold, Acre, fell in 1291 8 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 1: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Crusades Results of the Crusades l Four main Crusades, 4 minor ones l Militarily, they were a failure l Soldiers did learn about new weapons and military tactics l Political changes – fewer lords, stronger kings, end of feudalism, more powerful Christian church l Ideas and trade – new ideas and trade patterns 9 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 2: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Revival of Trade Objectives: l Explain factors that led to the revival of trade in Europe. l Describe goods traded in Europe and explain why fairs began. l Identify important business developments that resulted from the growth of trade. 10 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 2: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Revival of Trade Routes l Very little trade under Feudalism l All goods produced on the Manor l Trade revived after 1000 11 l Trade in Italy – sea and overland trade routes l Trade in northern Europe – growth in population and wealth l The Hanseatic League – German trading cities joined together to increase trade HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 2: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Revival of Trade Routes 12 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 2: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Revival of Trade Goods and Markets l After decline of trade for centuries, trade was revived. l Main reason was the Crusades l Wanted goods from Asia l Italians city-states of Venice and Genoa were the first to benefit l Other Italian states soon followed l Trade also revived in northern Europe l As trade increased, fairs and markets were created 13 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 2: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Revival of Trade Goods and Markets l Luxury goods such as dyes, medicines, silks, spices l Came from the Far East (Asia) l Manufactured goods such as cotton, linen, art objects l Came from the Far East (Asia) l Local markets gave rise to fairs for sale of imported goods with added tax l Fairs were social events and the main place to trade 14 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 2: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Revival of Trade Manufacturing, Banking, and Investment l Three developments grew from trade and fairs 1. Manufacturing increased 2. Banking system 3. Practice of investing capital l These practices formed the basis of capitalism 15 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 2: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Revival of Trade Manufacturing, Banking, and Investment l Capitalism l Regional currencies developed because of different values of money l Bills of Exchange were developed l Allowed businessmen to deposit money in one bank and use the money in another place 16 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 3: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Growth of Towns Objectives: l Identify rights townspeople gained during the late Middle Ages. l Explain how merchant and craft guilds contributed to their communities. l Describe how the growth of cities helped lead to the decline of serfdom. 17 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 3: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Growth of Towns The Rights of Townspeople l The revival of trade led to the growth of towns and cities l Town received Charters of Liberties from Kings l This growth caused a decline in the feudal system l Townspeople were exempt from working on the manor l Townspeople gained political liberties not enjoyed by serfs on the manor 18 l Serfs received freedom after a year and a day in a town HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 3: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Growth of Towns The Rights of Townspeople l A middle class of merchants and crafts workers emerged in towns and cities l Commercial privileges – could sell freely in town market, charge tolls to outsiders 19 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 3: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Growth of Towns Guilds l These merchants and crafts workers established guilds to regulate manufacturing and trade l Merchant Guilds – outside merchants had to pay a fee to trade in towns l Workers – craft guilds set guidelines for wages, hours, and working conditions; l l 20 start as apprentice: lived and worked for Master Workers then journeyman: had not yet created a masterpiece then master of that craft guild Led to a rise of the middle class – merchants and master workers HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 3: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY The Growth of Towns Medieval Towns l Town life – serfs escaped Manors to gain freedom l The Black Death – cities were dark, unsafe, dirty, and unhealthy, causing disease to spread rapidly l l Bubonic or pneumonic plague Spread by fleas carried on rats Hit Europe in 1348 1/3 -2/3 of the population died l Meant survivors could charge higher wages 21 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 4: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Objectives: l Analyze changes in languages and literature during the Middle Ages. l Examine changes in education during the Middle Ages. l Identify developments made in philosophy and science. l Describe the characteristic architecture of the later Middle Ages. 22 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 4: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Language and Literature l Early vernacular literature l everyday language used in songs, romances, rhymed comic stories, epics, and dramas l Gave rise to French, English, Italian, Spanish and other languages 23 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT World History Section 4: THE HUMAN JOURNEY Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Language and Literature l The flowering of vernacular literature l The Song of Roland (1100) l About the Franks and Moors l Dante Alighieri (1265 -1321) l Inferno, Paradise, Purgatory l Geoffrey Chaucer (1343 -1400) l The Canterbury Tales 24 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 4: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Education l University l teachers and students set up guilds to protect and gain rights for themselves, developed stages of study called degrees l Four major universities created by 1400 s l Paris, Oxford, Bologna, Salerno 25 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 4: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Philosophy and Science l Philosophy – scholasticism brought together faith and reason l Peter Abelard: Questioned Church's teaching l Thomas Aquinas: Summarized Christian thought l Science l mathematics and optics, advances in farming equipment 26 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 4: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Church Architecture l Romanesque architecture featured arches, domes, vaults, low horizontal lines, few windows 27 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 4: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Life and Culture in the Middle Ages Church Architecture l Gothic architecture – pointed arches, tall spires, high walls, stained-glass windows 28 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 5: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Wars and the Growth of Nations Objectives: l Identify how the Hundred Years’ War affected England France. l Analyze how Spain’s rulers both strengthened and weakened their nation. l Explain why the Holy Roman Empire remained weak throughout the later Middle Ages. 29 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 5: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Wars and the Growth of Nations England l The Hundred Years’ War l 1337 -1453 l Edward III of England claimed French throne, but French assembly chose Philip VI of Flanders; brought new weapons (longbows, gunpowder, cannon); Parliament gained more power over the king l The War of the Roses l 1455 -1485 l war for England’s throne ended with strong monarchy 30 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 5: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Wars and the Growth of Nations France l A fight for the throne – Joan of Arc helped France regain throne and drive English out l A return of strong kings – feudal lords lost power to the king, who unified France under royal control 31 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 5: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Wars and the Growth of Nations Spain l Ferdinand Isabella – gave Spain a strong monarchy but weakened business and trade through discrimination 32 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 5: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Wars and the Growth of Nations The Holy Roman Empire l Germany and Italy – independent prices in Germany and the pope in Italy refused to surrender power to the emperors 33 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 6: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Challenges to Church Power Objectives: l Identify the factors that led to the decline of the Catholic Church in the later Middle Ages. l Describe how the Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism affected the church. l Explain why great teachers and priests challenged the church during the later Middle Ages. 34 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 6: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Challenges to Church Power Weakens l Power shifted from the church to monarchs l Kings felt the Church limited trade l People began to question church practices l People felt the Church was more concerned about raising money l Church leadership lived lavish lifestyles 35 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 6: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Challenges to Church Power Weakens l 1294: l Phillip IV declared the clergy had to pay taxes l Pope angered l King accused the Pope of heresy in the Estates. General and had him captured. l French King took control of the Church 36 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 6: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Challenges to Church Power The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism l People lost respect for the church l Competition among opposing popes weakened papal and church authority l Babylonian Captivity: Late 1300 s the Popes were selected by the French, seat of the Papacy moved to French city of Avignon 37 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 6: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Challenges to Church Power The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism l The Great Schism: l Eventually two Popes were selected, one French and one Italian l 1378 -1418 l Led to a split within the church l People lost respect for the Church because they believed the French King controlled it. 38 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 6: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Challenges to Church Power The Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism l Situations were resolved by 1418 by Council of Constance but both weakened the power and prestige of the church 39 l Church came under attack from scholars and priests who blamed problems on the corruption of the clergy l Many clergy members had secret wives or mistresses HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 6: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Challenges to Church Power More Problems for the Church l Defender of the Faith (1324) l Stated that Pope was only an elected leader and had no power over Kings l John Wycliffe 40 l 1320 -1384 l did not believe in absolute power of pope and criticized abuses and wealth of the Church l Translated the Bible into English HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 6: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Challenges to Church Power More Problems for the Church l Jan Hus l 1369 -1415 l criticized abuses within the church l Burned at the stake as a heretic 41 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 6: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Challenges to Church Power Vocabulary List l Seljuq Turks l Hanseatic League l Domestic System l Market Economy l Craft Guild l Geoffrey Chaucer 42 l Joan of Arc l Louis XI l Babylonian Captivity l Defender of the Faith l Pope Urban II l Crusades HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT Section 6: World History THE HUMAN JOURNEY Challenges to Church Power Vocabulary List 43 l Constantinople/Byzant ium l Fair l Barter Economy l Usury l Romanesque l Gothic l Hundred Years’ War l War of the Roses l Pope Boniface VIII l Investment Capital l Parliament l John Wycliffe/Jan Huss HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON