HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA

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HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Chapter 18 AMERICANS IN WORLD WAR

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Chapter 18 AMERICANS IN WORLD WAR II Section 1: Early Difficulties Section 2: The Home Front Section 3: Victory in Europe Section 4: Victory in Asia 1 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 1: Early Difficulties Objectives: l

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 1: Early Difficulties Objectives: l What were the strengths and weaknesses of the Allied Powers and Axis Powers in 1941? l What steps did the United States take to prepare for war? l Where did the Japanese military attack after Pearl Harbor? l What were the early turning points of the war in the Pacific? l What were the major battles in Europe and North Africa in 1942? 2 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 1: Early Difficulties Allied Powers

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 1: Early Difficulties Allied Powers l Production capacity of U. S. and manpower of Soviet Union were advantages. l Disadvantages included the enormous amount of land in enemy hands, the multi-front aspect of the war, and the long fight that had to be faced. 3 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 1: Early Difficulties Axis Powers

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 1: Early Difficulties Axis Powers l Axis was better prepared economically and had been rearmed since the 1930 s. l Axis had firm control over invaded areas and already had airfields, barracks, and military training centers. l Axis powers’ main difficulty was defending multiple fronts. 4 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 1: Early Difficulties U. S.

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 1: Early Difficulties U. S. preparations for war l increased production l expanded the government l began to direct the economy l began to raise the army 5 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Increased Production l Arsenal – is a factory that makes ammunitions for the military.

Increased Production l Arsenal – is a factory that makes ammunitions for the military. l U. S. arsenal employment went from 22, 000 to 486, 000 in three years! 6

Increased Production l From 1940 to 1945 American manufacturing made large quantities of jeeps

Increased Production l From 1940 to 1945 American manufacturing made large quantities of jeeps tanks plains, and guns. 7

Increased Production l 88, 000 landing craft, 215 submarines, 147 aircraft carriers, 952 other

Increased Production l 88, 000 landing craft, 215 submarines, 147 aircraft carriers, 952 other warships, and 5, 200 merchant ships. 8

Government expansion l War Production Board WPB l Conversion of factories to make war

Government expansion l War Production Board WPB l Conversion of factories to make war goods l Started in January 1942 by Roosevelt l Office of War Mobilization OWM l May of 1943 l Controlled by James F. Byrnes 9

Directing the Economy l Office of Price Administration OPA l Kept inflation low l

Directing the Economy l Office of Price Administration OPA l Kept inflation low l Rationing of key materials l Selling war bonds 10

Raising and Army l Selective Training l Was a necessary law required to allow

Raising and Army l Selective Training l Was a necessary law required to allow the government to train troops in peace time. l Selective Service l AKA the draft l 21 – 35 had to register l Then later 18 – 45 11

Raising and Army l Women's Auxiliary Army Corps WAAC 12

Raising and Army l Women's Auxiliary Army Corps WAAC 12

Raising and Army l Women's air force Service WASP 13

Raising and Army l Women's air force Service WASP 13

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 1: Early Difficulties Japanese attacks

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 1: Early Difficulties Japanese attacks after Pearl Harbor l Clark Airforce Base in the Philippines l Burma l Borneo l the Netherlands East Indies l Wake Island l Hong Kong 14 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Douglas Mac. Arthur l In control of the force in the Philippines. l Graduate

Douglas Mac. Arthur l In control of the force in the Philippines. l Graduate from West Point l As the war ramped up Mac. Arthur was placed in charge of the entire war in the Pacific. 15

Bataan Death March l Douglas Mac. Arthur was ordered to remove himself from the

Bataan Death March l Douglas Mac. Arthur was ordered to remove himself from the Phillipines. l As he left he declared that he would be back. l 10, 000 POWs died. l There was a total of 70, 000 POW’sa 16

Clarke air force Base l Attack on December 8, 1941. l First attack on

Clarke air force Base l Attack on December 8, 1941. l First attack on the Philippines l For the next two week there was an on slot of Japanese attacks on islands in South East Asia 17

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 1: Early Difficulties Early turning

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 1: Early Difficulties Early turning points of war in Pacific l Battle of the Coral Sea l Battle of Midway l Guadalcanal 18 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Chester Nimitz l Leader of the U. S. Pacific Fleet l Aggressive leader. 19

Chester Nimitz l Leader of the U. S. Pacific Fleet l Aggressive leader. 19

Battle of the Coral Sea l May 7, 1942 l Allied Victory 20

Battle of the Coral Sea l May 7, 1942 l Allied Victory 20

Battle of the Midway l June 1942 l Two prong attack l One prong

Battle of the Midway l June 1942 l Two prong attack l One prong attacked Alaska l The main prong attacked a U. S. Military base in the Pacific 21

Battle of the Guadalcanal l August 1942 l First major offensive battle l Troops

Battle of the Guadalcanal l August 1942 l First major offensive battle l Troops landed l Ferocious fighting 22

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 1: Early Difficulties Major battles

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 1: Early Difficulties Major battles of 1942 in Europe and North Africa l Battle of El Alamein l Battle of Stalingrad 23 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

Battle for North Africa l Many battles were fought in North Africa l El

Battle for North Africa l Many battles were fought in North Africa l El Alamein Egypt was one of the most critical battles for both sides 24

Erwin Rommel l Commander of German Afrika Korps l Nicknamed Desert Fox 25

Erwin Rommel l Commander of German Afrika Korps l Nicknamed Desert Fox 25

Bernard Montgomery l British Leader l Key leader for stopping the Desert Fox 26

Bernard Montgomery l British Leader l Key leader for stopping the Desert Fox 26

Stalingrad l Critical battle in the Eastern European Front l Between this battle and

Stalingrad l Critical battle in the Eastern European Front l Between this battle and the battle of El Alamein this help turn the tide in the war 27

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 2: The Home Front Objectives:

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 2: The Home Front Objectives: l How did the U. S. government try to keep wartime morale high? l What was life like in the United States during World War II? l How did women contribute to the war effort? l What actions did the government take to protect the rights of minority groups? l How were Japanese Americans affected by the war? 28 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 2: The Home Front Keeping

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 2: The Home Front Keeping wartime morale high l Office of War Information l radio programs l movies 29 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 2: The Home Front Life

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 2: The Home Front Life in the U. S. during WWII l long work hours and many sacrifices l restrictions l blackouts l air-raid drills l victory gardens 30 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 2: The Home Front Contributions

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 2: The Home Front Contributions of women l entered job market to replace soldiers l worked in plants l produced war products 31 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 2: The Home Front Government

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 2: The Home Front Government actions to protect minority rights l Fair Employment Practices Committee l attempts to end discrimination in businesses with federal contracts 32 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 2: The Home Front Effects

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 2: The Home Front Effects on Japanese Americans l Many were relocated and interned. l Interned people lost their property. l Hawaiian islands put under martial law because Japanese population was too large to relocate. l Some Japanese received limited military service opportunities. 33 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 3: Victory in Europe Objectives:

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 3: Victory in Europe Objectives: l Where did the Allied offensive in Europe begin? l How did fighting in the Atlantic and in the air influence the land war in Europe? l How did the Allies successfully carry out the Normandy invasion? l What was the Holocaust? l How did the Allies finally defeat Germany? 34 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 3: Victory in Europe Allied

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 3: Victory in Europe Allied offensive in Europe The Allied offensive in Europe began in Sicily and Italy. 35 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 3: Victory in Europe Effects

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 3: Victory in Europe Effects of fighting in the Atlantic and in the air on the land war l Sea dominance allowed the Allies to protect cargo ships and bomb Axis vessels. l Strategic bombing from the air helped destroy German military factories and centers. 36 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 3: Victory in Europe The

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 3: Victory in Europe The Normandy Invasion l invasion of German-occupied France l disinformation campaign to distract Germans l dummy invasion used as a decoy l initial storming of beach caused high casualties l ultimately successful 37 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 3: Victory in Europe The

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 3: Victory in Europe The Holocaust was Nazi Germany’s slaughter of European Jews. The Germans took advantage of long -standing anti-Semitism and Allied inaction to do it. 38 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 3: Victory in Europe Final

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 3: Victory in Europe Final defeat of Germany l September, 1944: Battle of the Bulge l February, 1945: Yalta Conference l early 1945: Allies bomb Germany l March, 1945: Allies invade Germany l April, 1945: Hitler commits suicide l May, 1945: Germany surrenders 39 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 4: Victory in Asia Objectives:

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 4: Victory in Asia Objectives: l How did the United States carry out its islandhopping plan? l How did the battles at Iwo Jima and Okinawa affect the war? l What led the United States to use atomic weapons against Japan? l What were the human and economic costs of World War II? 40 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 4: Victory in Asia Island-hopping

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 4: Victory in Asia Island-hopping l conquered strategically important islands l cut off other islands l some islands chosen as launching pads for invasion of Japan 41 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 4: Victory in Asia Iwo

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 4: Victory in Asia Iwo Jima and Okinawa These two battles were incredibly difficult and bloody, and though the U. S. won, the fighting demonstrated that the Japanese would not surrender. 42 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 4: Victory in Asia Reasons

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 4: Victory in Asia Reasons for use of the atomic bomb l enormous cost of an invasion l continued Japanese resistance l desire to demonstrate U. S. power to the Soviet Union 43 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 4: Victory in Asia Costs

HOLT The American Nation IN THE MODERN ERA Section 4: Victory in Asia Costs of World War II l killed millions of people and wounded many more l resulted in the Holocaust l destroyed economies of many nations l ruined countless cities l destroyed national infrastructures 44 HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON